高等级公路岩质边坡稳定性分析和生态防护设计研究
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摘要
随着我国公路建设的高速发展，公路岩质边坡的稳定性分析及坡面防护技术的研究已成为高等级公路面临的关键技术之一。我国高等级公路建设起步较晚，建设资金有限，因此，在岩质边坡防护方面，无论从观念上、技术上和建设规模上与先进发达国家都有一定的差距。而这些差距给高等级公路建设和国家发展的长远利益带来各种程度的负面影响。本文结合郴州高等级公路建设有限公司与湖南大学合作项目“高等级公路路堑边坡实用防护方法研究”，以桂嘉新建二级公路工程为依托，对岩质边坡的稳定型分析及其防护措施进行了较系统和深入的探讨。
通过对国内外已有公路岩质边坡修筑资料的综合分析，总结了目前公路边坡设计与施工中存在的一些问题，如设计安全性差、防护措施落后、对生态保护重视不够等；介绍了国内外研究现状与发展趋势，比较了传统防护与生态防护两种方法的优缺点。针对岩质边坡的特点，对岩质边坡的失稳形式和破坏机制进行了探讨，并对影响不同岩质边坡稳定性的主要因素进行了较深入的分析，探讨了岩质边坡两种常用的稳定性分析方法：工程地质法和理论分析—力学计算法，本论文着重用理论分析法—极限平衡法分析计算边坡稳定性，并用最优化方法搜索最危险滑动面。通过用Fortran语言编程计算算例—桂嘉二级公路K32+800处边坡稳定性，并与Sweden法和Bishop法计算结果相比。结合桂嘉二级公路的实际情况，对其岩质边坡进行坡面防护和施工工艺进行优化设计，并对滑塌边坡进行稳定性分析和治理。
通过对国内外边坡防护方法的综合分析，提出了适合高等级公路的坡面防护思路与方法；在国内外边坡生态防护研究的基础上，较全面地分析了边坡生态防护的工作机理，为进一步研究打下良好的基础。此外，本文结合理论分析与工程实践，成功地完成了桂嘉二级公路岩质边坡的坡面防护实践，通过周密系统的施工方案与现场检测，取得了丰富的现场资料，为今后高等级公路建设积累了宝贵的经验和数据。
With the rapid development of the road constructions in our country, the slope stability analysis and ecological protection design of rocky slope of highway are of great importance in highway building in hilly area. In this paper, it is thoroughly discussed that rock slope stability of rocky highway surface protection of rocky slope, which bases on the research project of the second-class highway between Gui Yang county and Jia He county. Hunan University and Chen Zhou Classified Highway Construction Limited Company have operated the research project. The theme-group discusses systematically and thoroughly the research on rocky slope stability analysis and ecological protection design.
By analyzing rocky slopes built at home and abroad, the theme-group not only summarizes the analysis methods of rocky slope and ecological protection, but also points out some questions which have not been solved yet. Considering the characteristics of rocky slopes, this paper discusses the stability analysis of rocky slopes, the searching methods of its corresponding critical slip surface and the factors affecting the stability of rocky slope. On the basis of the experiences on ecological protection of slopes at home and aboard, this paper proposes a working way fitting for the second-class highway between Gui Yang county and Jia He county. It also discusses thoroughly the mechanism of ecological protection basing on the research. Besides, during the research period, combining theory of analysis with practice of building the road, the theme-group succeeds in the research on stability analysis and utilizes some new methods in building the second-class highway. In soil engineering experiment, the theme-group
has obtained a lot of valuable datum which will be much helpful in building high-type highways in western China in the future.
通过对国内外已有公路岩质边坡修筑资料的综合分析，总结了目前公路边坡设计与施工中存在的一些问题，如设计安全性差、防护措施落后、对生态保护重视不够等；介绍了国内外研究现状与发展趋势，比较了传统防护与生态防护两种方法的优缺点。针对岩质边坡的特点，对岩质边坡的失稳形式和破坏机制进行了探讨，并对影响不同岩质边坡稳定性的主要因素进行了较深入的分析，探讨了岩质边坡两种常用的稳定性分析方法：工程地质法和理论分析—力学计算法，本论文着重用理论分析法—极限平衡法分析计算边坡稳定性，并用最优化方法搜索最危险滑动面。通过用Fortran语言编程计算算例—桂嘉二级公路K32+800处边坡稳定性，并与Sweden法和Bishop法计算结果相比。结合桂嘉二级公路的实际情况，对其岩质边坡进行坡面防护和施工工艺进行优化设计，并对滑塌边坡进行稳定性分析和治理。
通过对国内外边坡防护方法的综合分析，提出了适合高等级公路的坡面防护思路与方法；在国内外边坡生态防护研究的基础上，较全面地分析了边坡生态防护的工作机理，为进一步研究打下良好的基础。此外，本文结合理论分析与工程实践，成功地完成了桂嘉二级公路岩质边坡的坡面防护实践，通过周密系统的施工方案与现场检测，取得了丰富的现场资料，为今后高等级公路建设积累了宝贵的经验和数据。
With the rapid development of the road constructions in our country, the slope stability analysis and ecological protection design of rocky slope of highway are of great importance in highway building in hilly area. In this paper, it is thoroughly discussed that rock slope stability of rocky highway surface protection of rocky slope, which bases on the research project of the second-class highway between Gui Yang county and Jia He county. Hunan University and Chen Zhou Classified Highway Construction Limited Company have operated the research project. The theme-group discusses systematically and thoroughly the research on rocky slope stability analysis and ecological protection design.
By analyzing rocky slopes built at home and abroad, the theme-group not only summarizes the analysis methods of rocky slope and ecological protection, but also points out some questions which have not been solved yet. Considering the characteristics of rocky slopes, this paper discusses the stability analysis of rocky slopes, the searching methods of its corresponding critical slip surface and the factors affecting the stability of rocky slope. On the basis of the experiences on ecological protection of slopes at home and aboard, this paper proposes a working way fitting for the second-class highway between Gui Yang county and Jia He county. It also discusses thoroughly the mechanism of ecological protection basing on the research. Besides, during the research period, combining theory of analysis with practice of building the road, the theme-group succeeds in the research on stability analysis and utilizes some new methods in building the second-class highway. In soil engineering experiment, the theme-group
has obtained a lot of valuable datum which will be much helpful in building high-type highways in western China in the future.
引文
[1] 钱家欢，殷宗泽．土工原理与计算(第二版)．北京：中国水利水电出版社，1996．
[2] Bishop A W. The use of the slip circle in the stability analysis of slopes. Geotechnique, 1955, 5(1):7-17.
[3] Morgenstern N, Price V E. The analysis of the stability of general slip surfaces. Geotechnique, 1965, 15(1): 79-93.
[4] Spencer E. A method of analysis of the stability of embankments assuming parallel inter-slice forces. Geotechnique, 1967, 17(1): 11-26.
[5] Spencer E. Trust line criterion in embankment stability analysis. Geotechnique, 1973, 23(1): 85-100.
[6] Janbu N. Slope stability computation. In: Hirschfeld, Poulos S J. Embankment-dam Engineering, Casagrande Volume, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1973, 47-86.
[7] Sarma S K. Stability analysis of embankments and slopes. Geotechnique, 1973, 23(3): 423-433.
[8] Li K S. White W. Rapid evaluation of the critical slip surface in slope stability problems. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 1987, 11: 449-473.
[9] Srbulov M M. Limit equilibrium method with local factors of safety for slope stability. Can. geotech. J. 1987, 124(4): 652-656.
[10] 潘家铮．建筑物的抗滑稳定和滑坡分析．北京：水利出版社，1980．
[11] 陈祖煜．潘家铮最大最小原理的证明．清华大学学报，1998，(1)：6-13．
[12] 孙君实．条分法的提法及其数值计算的最优化方法．水力发电学报，1983，(1)：11-18．
[13] 孙君实．条分法的数值分析．岩土工程学报，1984．6(2)：1-12．
[14] Collins I F, et al. Slope stability analysis for materials with a non-linear failure envelope. Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech.. 1988 12(5): 533-550.
[15] 蔡中民等．非线性Mohr-Coulomb体边坡的极限荷载．固体力学学报，1995，16(3)：254-258．
[16] Chowdhury R N, et al. Probability model of progressive failure of slopes. J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 1982, 108(GT6): 803-819.
[17] Chowdhury R N, et al. Reliability model of progressive slope failure.
Geotechnique, 1987, 37(4): 467-481.
[18] Scavia C, et al. Probabilistic stability analysis of block toppling failure in rock slopes. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abstr. 1990, 27(6): 465-478.
[19] Chowdhury R N, Xu D W. Slope system reliability with general surface. Soils and Foundations. 1994, 34(3): 99-105.
[20] 祝玉学等．露天矿边坡设计的可靠性分析方法．水文地质工程地质，1980，(5)：42-46．
[21] 祝玉学，黄礼富．Rosenblueth方法在排土场可靠性分析中的应用．矿山技术，1990，(3)：10-15．
[22] 祝玉学．边坡工程的可靠性分析．矿山技术，1990，(4)：61-65．
[23] 包承纲，于丽．土坡在非常条件下稳定分析的概率方法．1987，9(3)：16-26．
[24] 陈昌富，彭振斌．含主控弱面双滑块破坏边坡可靠度优化分析．中南工业大学学报，1996，27(4)：387-391．
[25] 陈昌富，彭振斌．露天采场边坡可靠度优化分析及其应用．湖南冶金，1996，(4)：43-46．
[26] Pasternack S C, Gao S. Numerical methods in the stability analysis of slopes. Computers & Structures. 1988, 130(3): 573-579.
[27] Matsui T, San K-C. Finite element slope stability analysis by shear strength reduction technique. Soils and Foundations 1992, 132(1): 59-70.
[28] 王如路，孙钧．边坡分析数值方法新进展-DDA 方法．见：张有天主编．岩石高边坡的变形与稳定．北京：水力水电出版社，1999，144-154．
[29] Cai W M, et al. Slope stability analysis using fracture mechanics approach. Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech. 1990, 12(3): 261-281.
[30] Michalowski R L. slope stability analysis-a kinematical approach. Geotechnique 1995,.45(2): 283-293.
[31] 李文秀．露天矿山边坡稳定问题的模糊(Fuzzy)概率分析．土木工程学报，1988，2l(3)：81-89．
[32] 李文秀．岩土边坡稳定性的模糊测度分析．岩土工程学报，1996，18(2)：10-16．
[33] 冯夏庭等．边坡稳定性的神经网络估计．工程地质学报，1995，(4)：54-61．
[34] 夏元友等．基于神经网络的岩质边坡稳定性评估系统研究．自然灾害学报，1996，5(1)：98-104．
[35] 张德政，孙连英，高谦．用神经网络评价边坡稳定性．水文地质工程地质，1997，(1)：11-13．
[36] 陈祖煜．土质边坡稳定分析．北京：中国水利水电出版社，2002．
[37] 李旭光，毛文碧，徐福有．日本的公路边坡绿化防护．公路交通科技，1995，12(2)：59-64．
[38] 舒翔，杜鹃，草映泓，廖晓谨．生态工程在高速公路岩石边坡防护工程中的应用．公路，2001，(7)：86-89．
[39] 金钟．喷砼植草技术在惠河高速公路边坡防护中的试验应用．公路，2001，(2)：18-19．
[40] 邹胜文，饶黄棠，江玉林等．高等级公路边坡生物防护方式浅析．公路，2000，(4)：50-52．
[41] 陈人豪，李济群，王利群等．固土网垫应用研究——铁路边坡铺网挚植草被防护试验．天津纺织工学院学报，1999，18(2)：21-24．
[42] 湖南省水利水电勘测设计院编．边坡工程地质．北京：中国水利水电出版社，1996．
[43] 中国科学院武汉岩体力学研究所编．岩质边坡稳定性的试验研究与计算方法．北京：科学出版社，1988．
[44] 李斌主编．公路工程地质．人民交通出版社，2001，145-147
[45] 周思孟主编．复杂岩体若干岩石力学问题．中国水利水电出版社．1998．6
[46] 杨文渊，钱绍武．道路施工工程师手册．北京：人民交通出版社，1996
[47] 陈昌富．仿生算法及其在边坡和基坑工程中的应用：[湖南大学博士学位论文]．长沙：湖南大学，2001
[2] Bishop A W. The use of the slip circle in the stability analysis of slopes. Geotechnique, 1955, 5(1):7-17.
[3] Morgenstern N, Price V E. The analysis of the stability of general slip surfaces. Geotechnique, 1965, 15(1): 79-93.
[4] Spencer E. A method of analysis of the stability of embankments assuming parallel inter-slice forces. Geotechnique, 1967, 17(1): 11-26.
[5] Spencer E. Trust line criterion in embankment stability analysis. Geotechnique, 1973, 23(1): 85-100.
[6] Janbu N. Slope stability computation. In: Hirschfeld, Poulos S J. Embankment-dam Engineering, Casagrande Volume, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1973, 47-86.
[7] Sarma S K. Stability analysis of embankments and slopes. Geotechnique, 1973, 23(3): 423-433.
[8] Li K S. White W. Rapid evaluation of the critical slip surface in slope stability problems. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 1987, 11: 449-473.
[9] Srbulov M M. Limit equilibrium method with local factors of safety for slope stability. Can. geotech. J. 1987, 124(4): 652-656.
[10] 潘家铮．建筑物的抗滑稳定和滑坡分析．北京：水利出版社，1980．
[11] 陈祖煜．潘家铮最大最小原理的证明．清华大学学报，1998，(1)：6-13．
[12] 孙君实．条分法的提法及其数值计算的最优化方法．水力发电学报，1983，(1)：11-18．
[13] 孙君实．条分法的数值分析．岩土工程学报，1984．6(2)：1-12．
[14] Collins I F, et al. Slope stability analysis for materials with a non-linear failure envelope. Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech.. 1988 12(5): 533-550.
[15] 蔡中民等．非线性Mohr-Coulomb体边坡的极限荷载．固体力学学报，1995，16(3)：254-258．
[16] Chowdhury R N, et al. Probability model of progressive failure of slopes. J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 1982, 108(GT6): 803-819.
[17] Chowdhury R N, et al. Reliability model of progressive slope failure.
Geotechnique, 1987, 37(4): 467-481.
[18] Scavia C, et al. Probabilistic stability analysis of block toppling failure in rock slopes. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abstr. 1990, 27(6): 465-478.
[19] Chowdhury R N, Xu D W. Slope system reliability with general surface. Soils and Foundations. 1994, 34(3): 99-105.
[20] 祝玉学等．露天矿边坡设计的可靠性分析方法．水文地质工程地质，1980，(5)：42-46．
[21] 祝玉学，黄礼富．Rosenblueth方法在排土场可靠性分析中的应用．矿山技术，1990，(3)：10-15．
[22] 祝玉学．边坡工程的可靠性分析．矿山技术，1990，(4)：61-65．
[23] 包承纲，于丽．土坡在非常条件下稳定分析的概率方法．1987，9(3)：16-26．
[24] 陈昌富，彭振斌．含主控弱面双滑块破坏边坡可靠度优化分析．中南工业大学学报，1996，27(4)：387-391．
[25] 陈昌富，彭振斌．露天采场边坡可靠度优化分析及其应用．湖南冶金，1996，(4)：43-46．
[26] Pasternack S C, Gao S. Numerical methods in the stability analysis of slopes. Computers & Structures. 1988, 130(3): 573-579.
[27] Matsui T, San K-C. Finite element slope stability analysis by shear strength reduction technique. Soils and Foundations 1992, 132(1): 59-70.
[28] 王如路，孙钧．边坡分析数值方法新进展-DDA 方法．见：张有天主编．岩石高边坡的变形与稳定．北京：水力水电出版社，1999，144-154．
[29] Cai W M, et al. Slope stability analysis using fracture mechanics approach. Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech. 1990, 12(3): 261-281.
[30] Michalowski R L. slope stability analysis-a kinematical approach. Geotechnique 1995,.45(2): 283-293.
[31] 李文秀．露天矿山边坡稳定问题的模糊(Fuzzy)概率分析．土木工程学报，1988，2l(3)：81-89．
[32] 李文秀．岩土边坡稳定性的模糊测度分析．岩土工程学报，1996，18(2)：10-16．
[33] 冯夏庭等．边坡稳定性的神经网络估计．工程地质学报，1995，(4)：54-61．
[34] 夏元友等．基于神经网络的岩质边坡稳定性评估系统研究．自然灾害学报，1996，5(1)：98-104．
[35] 张德政，孙连英，高谦．用神经网络评价边坡稳定性．水文地质工程地质，1997，(1)：11-13．
[36] 陈祖煜．土质边坡稳定分析．北京：中国水利水电出版社，2002．
[37] 李旭光，毛文碧，徐福有．日本的公路边坡绿化防护．公路交通科技，1995，12(2)：59-64．
[38] 舒翔，杜鹃，草映泓，廖晓谨．生态工程在高速公路岩石边坡防护工程中的应用．公路，2001，(7)：86-89．
[39] 金钟．喷砼植草技术在惠河高速公路边坡防护中的试验应用．公路，2001，(2)：18-19．
[40] 邹胜文，饶黄棠，江玉林等．高等级公路边坡生物防护方式浅析．公路，2000，(4)：50-52．
[41] 陈人豪，李济群，王利群等．固土网垫应用研究——铁路边坡铺网挚植草被防护试验．天津纺织工学院学报，1999，18(2)：21-24．
[42] 湖南省水利水电勘测设计院编．边坡工程地质．北京：中国水利水电出版社，1996．
[43] 中国科学院武汉岩体力学研究所编．岩质边坡稳定性的试验研究与计算方法．北京：科学出版社，1988．
[44] 李斌主编．公路工程地质．人民交通出版社，2001，145-147
[45] 周思孟主编．复杂岩体若干岩石力学问题．中国水利水电出版社．1998．6
[46] 杨文渊，钱绍武．道路施工工程师手册．北京：人民交通出版社，1996
[47] 陈昌富．仿生算法及其在边坡和基坑工程中的应用：[湖南大学博士学位论文]．长沙：湖南大学，2001