锡林河流域水体痕量元素研究
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摘要
天然水的化学成分是水在循环过程中与周围环境长期相互作用的结果,因此天然水化学组成从一定程度上记录着水体形成和运移的历史。水体中的痕量元素组成在很大程度上表征着水体环境质量状况、区域环境化学特征、水体元素分布及迁移转化的规律,对其特征的研究对于正确理解流域内地表水与大气降水和地下水的补给关系、河水的离子组成和来源具有重要意义。
锡林郭勒草原是世界范围内温带草原最有代表性的地区。近年来,区域生态环境已出现明显退化并引起学术界和政府的广泛关注。干旱半干旱地区生态环境的退化和水资源的过度开发利用直接相关。锡林河流域水文方面的研究很少,这给区域生态环境的恢复治理带来了一定困难。
本文是在2006～2008年连续3年对锡林河流域开展野外考察和取样(24个取样点,416个样品),取得第一手水化学数据资料的基础上,利用相关分析手段如主成分分析法和聚类分析等,较全面地分析了锡林河流域痕量元素的时空分布特征,并尝试对其形成原因做了一定的解释,阐述了锡林河流域水体之间的转化关系。主要研究结果和初步结论如下：
(1)锡林河河水痕量元素平均浓度大部分在0.1～10μg·L-1之间,与松花江干流、长江干流和海水进行对比,映射出河水中痕量元素的组成与地理位置密切相关。同时,结合区域地下水和大气降水痕量元素平均浓度,表明地表水同时受大气降水和地下水补给并主要依靠地下水补给。
(2)锡林河流域痕量元素年内、年际变化较稳定。地表水和地下水大部分元素变化趋势相似,年内浓度变化表现为5月浓度较大,8月较小,主要原因是痕量元素在冬季积雪中富集,随着径流量增大,元素浓度被稀释。部分元素浓度变化有所不同,可能受到吸附作用或其他补给源的影响。年际间大部分元素在2007年间浓度略小,主要是由于07年全年干旱,降水少,降水淋滤作用减小；同时由于流域地表水主要受地下水补给,在干旱年中地表水和浅层地下水补给主要来源于深层地下水,而深层地下水痕量元素浓度明显低于浅层地下水,因此,地表水和地下水在07年同时表现出浓度降低。
(3)地表水痕量元素和常量元素浓度从上游到下游大部分呈上升趋势,与地下水补给和蒸发作用有关。各元素均在S7～S8处有不同程度的增加,由于地下水的侧向径流补给及人类活动的影响有关。地下水从上游至下游方向,各元素均在G4出现峰值,可能与南岸不同岩性构造发生的水岩作用和人类生活有密切关系；垂直于锡林河方向由南向北,元素浓度在G9处浓度变化明显,这是由于此处受到的基岩裂隙水的补给；G5、G8为深层地下水,大部分元素浓度较其他点位均低。
(4)使用主成分分析法对元素的相关性和主成分的分类,对元素的变化规律有了初步的判断,从而印证第四章各元素时间分布的结果,结果表明大部分元素相关,其中TDS、HCO3-、Cl-、SO42-、Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Sr、B、Li之间高度相关,其变化趋势也相似。主成分分析结果发现,元素变化主要受到岩石溶滤作用、土壤淋滤作用、周围采矿、人为作用以及大气降水作用的影响。
(5)通过聚类分析,将24个点位分成为聚合区与发散区。S1～S12,以及G1～G3、G5、G8最先聚合,视为同一补给源,基本上受岩石风化作用和蒸发结晶作用的共同影响,外界的影响较小。与降水发生二次聚合,说明降水还受到远处其他水汽的补给。与G4、G6、G7、S13发生第三次聚合,表明此处受外界影响较大。与G9、G10离散,由于G9受到山区基岩裂隙水的补给,G10可能受到更远处水源的补给,此结果与第四章个元素空间分布结果一致。
The chemical components of natural water are the consequences of long-term interaction between water and the surrounding environment. As a result, the chemical composition of water records, to a certain extent, the history of water formation and movement. To a large extent, the composition of trace elements in water body characterizes the water environmental quality, the chemical signatures of regional environment, the rules of the distribution, migration and transmission of water elements. The studies on the features of trace elements have the significance both for understanding the relationship between surface water and precipitation or groundwater in a basin scale, and for ion composition and ion source in the river.
Xilin Gol prairie is the most typical temperate grassland all over the world. In recent years, the sharply degeneration of regional environment has extensivly attracts academic and governmental attention. As we have known, the degeneration of environment of arid and semi-arid region is directly related to overutilization of water resources. However, because of the rare studies on the regional hydrology in Xilin river basin, it brings a bit more difficulties for the restoration of the ecological environment.
This paper is based on the firsthand chemical data information by the field work and sample (24sampling points,471samples) in Xilin river basin from2006to2008and use relatively analytical tools, like PCA, cluster analysis, etc. It analyzes roundly the spatial and temporal distribution characteristic of trace element that tries to be given a certain explanation of the forming reason, and states the transforming relationship of water in this basin. Above all, the main results and preliminary conclusions as follows:
(1)Compared with SongHua River, Yangtze River and sea, the average concentrations of most of trace elements is in between0.1～10μg·L-1in Xilin River, which indicates the trace element composition is closely related to geography location. In addition, according to the average concentrations of trace elements in local groundwater and meteoric waters, it indicates that surface water depends on meteoric waters and groundwater at the same time, principally groundwater.
(2)There is little annual and interannual change of trace element in Xilin River basin. And the changed trend of most elements of surface water and ground water is similar, the record of annual change of concentration is that the concentration is higher in April and May and lower in July and August. Because the trace element enriches in snow in winter, and the element concentration is diluted with runoff increased. However, the change of concentration of a part of element is different, which may be influenced by absorption or other recharge sources. In2007, mainly due to the drought, the precipitation amount decreased and precipitation leaching effect reduced. At the same time, in drought years the main supply source of shallow groundwater is deep groundwater, and the deep groundwater concentration is obviously lower than the of shallow groundwater. Most elements concentration in the surface water and groundwater is slightly smaller than other years, the surface water and groundwater both show a lower concentration in2007.
(3)The concentration of most of the trace elements and macroelements of surface water is on the rise from upstream to downstream, which is related to supply and evaporation from groundwater. To varying degrees, each element increases in the point location S7-S8for the effects of human behaviors and the supply of the side runoff. Each element for groundwater reaches to peak at the point location G4from upstream to downstream, which is closely related to water-rock interaction occurring on the different lithologic structure at south bank and human behaviors. Moreover, perpendicular to the direction of Xilin River, from south to north element concentration changes obviously at the point location G9, this because there is the supply of bedrock fissure water. In addition, the point locations G5and G8are deep phreatic water, whose element concentrations are lower than other point locations.
(4)Using PCA can classify correlation and main component of element, and we can preliminary judge the change rule of elements to confirm the results of each element's time distribution at chapter four, which show that most elements are relative, and the elements like TDS、HCO3-、Cl-、SO42-、Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Sr、B、Li are high correlation and their changed trends are similar. As a result of PCA, the change of element is influenced by rock-eluviation, soil-eluviation, mining, human behaviors and meteoric waters.
(5)24point locations are classified the convergence and divergence zone by clustering analysis. The point locations like S1～S12, G1～G3, G5and G8are polymerized first, regarded as the same supply recharge source, which is influenced by rock-weathering and evaporative crystallization and less from outside. Then a secondary polymerization occurs between the first polymer and rainfall, which shows rainfall is affected by other supply of far moisture. The third polymerization occurs between the second polymer and G4, G6, G7and S13, which shows influence from outside is strong. Otherwise, the polymer stragglings with G9and G10, because bedrock fissure water from coteau supplies G9, and farther water source may supply G10, which is consistent with the result of each element's time distribution at chapter four.
锡林郭勒草原是世界范围内温带草原最有代表性的地区。近年来,区域生态环境已出现明显退化并引起学术界和政府的广泛关注。干旱半干旱地区生态环境的退化和水资源的过度开发利用直接相关。锡林河流域水文方面的研究很少,这给区域生态环境的恢复治理带来了一定困难。
本文是在2006～2008年连续3年对锡林河流域开展野外考察和取样(24个取样点,416个样品),取得第一手水化学数据资料的基础上,利用相关分析手段如主成分分析法和聚类分析等,较全面地分析了锡林河流域痕量元素的时空分布特征,并尝试对其形成原因做了一定的解释,阐述了锡林河流域水体之间的转化关系。主要研究结果和初步结论如下：
(1)锡林河河水痕量元素平均浓度大部分在0.1～10μg·L-1之间,与松花江干流、长江干流和海水进行对比,映射出河水中痕量元素的组成与地理位置密切相关。同时,结合区域地下水和大气降水痕量元素平均浓度,表明地表水同时受大气降水和地下水补给并主要依靠地下水补给。
(2)锡林河流域痕量元素年内、年际变化较稳定。地表水和地下水大部分元素变化趋势相似,年内浓度变化表现为5月浓度较大,8月较小,主要原因是痕量元素在冬季积雪中富集,随着径流量增大,元素浓度被稀释。部分元素浓度变化有所不同,可能受到吸附作用或其他补给源的影响。年际间大部分元素在2007年间浓度略小,主要是由于07年全年干旱,降水少,降水淋滤作用减小；同时由于流域地表水主要受地下水补给,在干旱年中地表水和浅层地下水补给主要来源于深层地下水,而深层地下水痕量元素浓度明显低于浅层地下水,因此,地表水和地下水在07年同时表现出浓度降低。
(3)地表水痕量元素和常量元素浓度从上游到下游大部分呈上升趋势,与地下水补给和蒸发作用有关。各元素均在S7～S8处有不同程度的增加,由于地下水的侧向径流补给及人类活动的影响有关。地下水从上游至下游方向,各元素均在G4出现峰值,可能与南岸不同岩性构造发生的水岩作用和人类生活有密切关系；垂直于锡林河方向由南向北,元素浓度在G9处浓度变化明显,这是由于此处受到的基岩裂隙水的补给；G5、G8为深层地下水,大部分元素浓度较其他点位均低。
(4)使用主成分分析法对元素的相关性和主成分的分类,对元素的变化规律有了初步的判断,从而印证第四章各元素时间分布的结果,结果表明大部分元素相关,其中TDS、HCO3-、Cl-、SO42-、Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Sr、B、Li之间高度相关,其变化趋势也相似。主成分分析结果发现,元素变化主要受到岩石溶滤作用、土壤淋滤作用、周围采矿、人为作用以及大气降水作用的影响。
(5)通过聚类分析,将24个点位分成为聚合区与发散区。S1～S12,以及G1～G3、G5、G8最先聚合,视为同一补给源,基本上受岩石风化作用和蒸发结晶作用的共同影响,外界的影响较小。与降水发生二次聚合,说明降水还受到远处其他水汽的补给。与G4、G6、G7、S13发生第三次聚合,表明此处受外界影响较大。与G9、G10离散,由于G9受到山区基岩裂隙水的补给,G10可能受到更远处水源的补给,此结果与第四章个元素空间分布结果一致。
The chemical components of natural water are the consequences of long-term interaction between water and the surrounding environment. As a result, the chemical composition of water records, to a certain extent, the history of water formation and movement. To a large extent, the composition of trace elements in water body characterizes the water environmental quality, the chemical signatures of regional environment, the rules of the distribution, migration and transmission of water elements. The studies on the features of trace elements have the significance both for understanding the relationship between surface water and precipitation or groundwater in a basin scale, and for ion composition and ion source in the river.
Xilin Gol prairie is the most typical temperate grassland all over the world. In recent years, the sharply degeneration of regional environment has extensivly attracts academic and governmental attention. As we have known, the degeneration of environment of arid and semi-arid region is directly related to overutilization of water resources. However, because of the rare studies on the regional hydrology in Xilin river basin, it brings a bit more difficulties for the restoration of the ecological environment.
This paper is based on the firsthand chemical data information by the field work and sample (24sampling points,471samples) in Xilin river basin from2006to2008and use relatively analytical tools, like PCA, cluster analysis, etc. It analyzes roundly the spatial and temporal distribution characteristic of trace element that tries to be given a certain explanation of the forming reason, and states the transforming relationship of water in this basin. Above all, the main results and preliminary conclusions as follows:
(1)Compared with SongHua River, Yangtze River and sea, the average concentrations of most of trace elements is in between0.1～10μg·L-1in Xilin River, which indicates the trace element composition is closely related to geography location. In addition, according to the average concentrations of trace elements in local groundwater and meteoric waters, it indicates that surface water depends on meteoric waters and groundwater at the same time, principally groundwater.
(2)There is little annual and interannual change of trace element in Xilin River basin. And the changed trend of most elements of surface water and ground water is similar, the record of annual change of concentration is that the concentration is higher in April and May and lower in July and August. Because the trace element enriches in snow in winter, and the element concentration is diluted with runoff increased. However, the change of concentration of a part of element is different, which may be influenced by absorption or other recharge sources. In2007, mainly due to the drought, the precipitation amount decreased and precipitation leaching effect reduced. At the same time, in drought years the main supply source of shallow groundwater is deep groundwater, and the deep groundwater concentration is obviously lower than the of shallow groundwater. Most elements concentration in the surface water and groundwater is slightly smaller than other years, the surface water and groundwater both show a lower concentration in2007.
(3)The concentration of most of the trace elements and macroelements of surface water is on the rise from upstream to downstream, which is related to supply and evaporation from groundwater. To varying degrees, each element increases in the point location S7-S8for the effects of human behaviors and the supply of the side runoff. Each element for groundwater reaches to peak at the point location G4from upstream to downstream, which is closely related to water-rock interaction occurring on the different lithologic structure at south bank and human behaviors. Moreover, perpendicular to the direction of Xilin River, from south to north element concentration changes obviously at the point location G9, this because there is the supply of bedrock fissure water. In addition, the point locations G5and G8are deep phreatic water, whose element concentrations are lower than other point locations.
(4)Using PCA can classify correlation and main component of element, and we can preliminary judge the change rule of elements to confirm the results of each element's time distribution at chapter four, which show that most elements are relative, and the elements like TDS、HCO3-、Cl-、SO42-、Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Sr、B、Li are high correlation and their changed trends are similar. As a result of PCA, the change of element is influenced by rock-eluviation, soil-eluviation, mining, human behaviors and meteoric waters.
(5)24point locations are classified the convergence and divergence zone by clustering analysis. The point locations like S1～S12, G1～G3, G5and G8are polymerized first, regarded as the same supply recharge source, which is influenced by rock-weathering and evaporative crystallization and less from outside. Then a secondary polymerization occurs between the first polymer and rainfall, which shows rainfall is affected by other supply of far moisture. The third polymerization occurs between the second polymer and G4, G6, G7and S13, which shows influence from outside is strong. Otherwise, the polymer stragglings with G9and G10, because bedrock fissure water from coteau supplies G9, and farther water source may supply G10, which is consistent with the result of each element's time distribution at chapter four.
引文
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