当代城市墓园规划设计的研究
摘要
殡葬祭祀活动是人类社会生活的一项重要内容,源远流长,博大精深,经过数千年的演变和发展已形成完整的殡葬文化体系,是中国传统文化的一个重要部分。陵墓作为殡葬活动的物质载体,它的建设与发展在不同历史时期和社会背景下具有不同的鲜明特点。
在当今社会,公墓是人们寄托哀思的场所和国家推行殡葬改革的载体,是社会化服务中不可或缺的相对独立的行业。由于各种社会历史因素的影响,对于陵墓的研究多限于在历史学、考古学等领域展开。建筑学的研究也多集中在古代皇陵部分。墓园是园林化的城市公墓。它是城市发展的时代产物,是人民群众精神文明建设的产物、是城市人居环境建设的组成部分、是中国传统文化的传承载体。在城市化进程进一步加快的今天,严肃对待,认真研究城市墓园问题不仅是关于中国传统文化传承的问题更与城市人居环境、城市可持续发展有着直接密切的关系。因此,研究城市墓园问题具有重大的现实意义。同时,由于我国的墓园建设历史短暂,对于墓园的基础性系统研究还不是很完善。基于如此现状,对当代的墓园建设进行基础性研究,整合出一套适合当代社会发展的墓园建设的规划设计体系势在必行。
本文以当代城市墓园为研究对象,以园林艺术和殡葬文化为两条研究线索,采取相互结合,相互渗透地研究方法。通过历史学、文化学、建筑学、生态学等多学科的理论支持,探讨当今城市墓园的规划设计原则及方法。并结合国家方针政策、来进行墓园的长远规划。
本文将首先依据墓园的概念界定,结合理论指导和实践经验总结出墓园的基本特性。其次,本文对墓园规划建设的基本理论进行深入研究,整理出较为全面的理论成果,包括:儒、道、佛等哲学理论,传统园林理论,生态园林理论,环境行为理论、文脉主义理论。第三,本文依据理论研究成果为指导,对墓园建设方法及规划原则、内容进行研究,同时对墓园的景观要素的应用及塑造进行探索。第四,通过项目的实践作为实证性研究来检验对规划理论的总结,并优化了项目的合理性和可操作性。为现代墓园规划建设的新思路、新方法提供可借鉴的实践依据。最后,得出研究结论,总结出墓园规划设计的原则,并提出进一步研究的思考内容。
本文采取理论研究——技术性研究——实证性研究的辨证思想的研究技术路线对现代墓园建设进行系统研究,旨在为我国构建和谐社会下的园林建设提供更多的理论依据和实践指导,进而将绿地景观的研究进一步深入,促进人与自然的和谐发展。
The activity of funeral and sacrifice was a major content in human social life, which was long standing, broad and deep. Funeral culture system became a complete system after thousands of years' development and was an important part of traditional culture in China. Mausoleum, as the substance carrier of funeral and sacrifice activities, had different brilliant characters in construction and development during different historic periods and social backgrounds.
In modern society, cemetery was the place to wail with grief as well as the carrier of promoting funeral reformation. It was a relatively independent necessary industry in socialized service. Due to various social and historic influencing factors, studies on cemetery were mainly on history, archaeology and other aspects. Architectural research mainly focused on ancient imperial mausoleum. Landscape cemetery was landscaping of urban cemetery, which was the product of urban development. Due to the short development history of cemetery in China, its infrastructure study was not perfect. So it was necessary to form a cemetery planning and design system suited to modern social development based on the basic study of modern cemetery construction.
Urban cemetery was taken as research object in this paper. The two research clues, landscape architecture and funeral culture, were combined together. Planning and design principles and methods for modern urban cemetery were discussed though theoretical support of history, culture, architecture, ecology and many other subjects. Long-term plan were integrated with national guidelines and policies.
Firstly in this paper, according to the concept of cemetery, basic characters of cemetery were summarized combined with theoretical guidance and practical experience, which included land use characters, definition and function of cemetery. Secondly, basic theory for cemetery planning and construction was lucubrated. Relatively comprehensive theoretical achievements were obtained including Confucian, Buddhist and Taoist philosophy theories, traditional garden theory, ecological garden theory, environmental behavior theory and contextualism theory. Thirdly, according to the guidance of theoretical achievements, studies on cemetery construction methods, planning principles and content were carried out. Meanwhile, application and figuration of cemetery landscape elements were explored. Fourthly, taking item practice as demonstration research, programming theory was tested. Rationality and maneuverability of the item were optimized, which provided useful references for the new ideas and methods of modern cemetery panning and construction. Finally, conclusion was obtained. Cemetery panning and design principles were summarized. And considerations for further study were put forward.
In this paper, research technique route with dialectic thought (theoretical research—technical research—empirical research) were carried out to study modern cemetery construction systematically, which offered theoretical basis and practical guidance. Further studies on green land could be conducted, which promoted the harmonious development between human and natural.
在当今社会,公墓是人们寄托哀思的场所和国家推行殡葬改革的载体,是社会化服务中不可或缺的相对独立的行业。由于各种社会历史因素的影响,对于陵墓的研究多限于在历史学、考古学等领域展开。建筑学的研究也多集中在古代皇陵部分。墓园是园林化的城市公墓。它是城市发展的时代产物,是人民群众精神文明建设的产物、是城市人居环境建设的组成部分、是中国传统文化的传承载体。在城市化进程进一步加快的今天,严肃对待,认真研究城市墓园问题不仅是关于中国传统文化传承的问题更与城市人居环境、城市可持续发展有着直接密切的关系。因此,研究城市墓园问题具有重大的现实意义。同时,由于我国的墓园建设历史短暂,对于墓园的基础性系统研究还不是很完善。基于如此现状,对当代的墓园建设进行基础性研究,整合出一套适合当代社会发展的墓园建设的规划设计体系势在必行。
本文以当代城市墓园为研究对象,以园林艺术和殡葬文化为两条研究线索,采取相互结合,相互渗透地研究方法。通过历史学、文化学、建筑学、生态学等多学科的理论支持,探讨当今城市墓园的规划设计原则及方法。并结合国家方针政策、来进行墓园的长远规划。
本文将首先依据墓园的概念界定,结合理论指导和实践经验总结出墓园的基本特性。其次,本文对墓园规划建设的基本理论进行深入研究,整理出较为全面的理论成果,包括:儒、道、佛等哲学理论,传统园林理论,生态园林理论,环境行为理论、文脉主义理论。第三,本文依据理论研究成果为指导,对墓园建设方法及规划原则、内容进行研究,同时对墓园的景观要素的应用及塑造进行探索。第四,通过项目的实践作为实证性研究来检验对规划理论的总结,并优化了项目的合理性和可操作性。为现代墓园规划建设的新思路、新方法提供可借鉴的实践依据。最后,得出研究结论,总结出墓园规划设计的原则,并提出进一步研究的思考内容。
本文采取理论研究——技术性研究——实证性研究的辨证思想的研究技术路线对现代墓园建设进行系统研究,旨在为我国构建和谐社会下的园林建设提供更多的理论依据和实践指导,进而将绿地景观的研究进一步深入,促进人与自然的和谐发展。
The activity of funeral and sacrifice was a major content in human social life, which was long standing, broad and deep. Funeral culture system became a complete system after thousands of years' development and was an important part of traditional culture in China. Mausoleum, as the substance carrier of funeral and sacrifice activities, had different brilliant characters in construction and development during different historic periods and social backgrounds.
In modern society, cemetery was the place to wail with grief as well as the carrier of promoting funeral reformation. It was a relatively independent necessary industry in socialized service. Due to various social and historic influencing factors, studies on cemetery were mainly on history, archaeology and other aspects. Architectural research mainly focused on ancient imperial mausoleum. Landscape cemetery was landscaping of urban cemetery, which was the product of urban development. Due to the short development history of cemetery in China, its infrastructure study was not perfect. So it was necessary to form a cemetery planning and design system suited to modern social development based on the basic study of modern cemetery construction.
Urban cemetery was taken as research object in this paper. The two research clues, landscape architecture and funeral culture, were combined together. Planning and design principles and methods for modern urban cemetery were discussed though theoretical support of history, culture, architecture, ecology and many other subjects. Long-term plan were integrated with national guidelines and policies.
Firstly in this paper, according to the concept of cemetery, basic characters of cemetery were summarized combined with theoretical guidance and practical experience, which included land use characters, definition and function of cemetery. Secondly, basic theory for cemetery planning and construction was lucubrated. Relatively comprehensive theoretical achievements were obtained including Confucian, Buddhist and Taoist philosophy theories, traditional garden theory, ecological garden theory, environmental behavior theory and contextualism theory. Thirdly, according to the guidance of theoretical achievements, studies on cemetery construction methods, planning principles and content were carried out. Meanwhile, application and figuration of cemetery landscape elements were explored. Fourthly, taking item practice as demonstration research, programming theory was tested. Rationality and maneuverability of the item were optimized, which provided useful references for the new ideas and methods of modern cemetery panning and construction. Finally, conclusion was obtained. Cemetery panning and design principles were summarized. And considerations for further study were put forward.
In this paper, research technique route with dialectic thought (theoretical research—technical research—empirical research) were carried out to study modern cemetery construction systematically, which offered theoretical basis and practical guidance. Further studies on green land could be conducted, which promoted the harmonious development between human and natural.
引文
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