有机肥料对土壤磷素的影响及磷肥对小麦的增产原因
摘要
磷是植物必须的重要营养元素。土壤有效磷含量较低，也是许多地区农业生产的
主要限制因素，因而施用磷肥表现出显著的增产效应。由于土壤特定的理化性状及磷
酸盐的化学行为，作物对磷肥的利用率很低。重视有机肥料的施用是我国的传统。许
多研究表明，施用有机肥料可提高土壤有效磷；有机肥比无机磷肥提高土壤速效磷的
作用更大。关于有机肥料增加土壤速效磷的效果与肥料的种类、施用量、土壤肥力之
间的关系及随时间的动态变化，迄今报道较少。很早就有人推断，有机肥料中的磷素
作用效果长，作物吸收利用率高，但迄今并无可靠的数据证明这一问题。磷肥肥效受
到土壤环境条件、土壤有效磷含量、施肥方式及水氮等因素的影响，也与作物基因型
有关。不同作物利用土壤磷素的能力不同，同一作物不同基因型对磷肥的反应也不一
样。土壤全磷含量较为丰富，筛选磷高效作物品种，发挥植物自身潜力，利用土壤磷
素资源，已为许多研究者关注。因而，探讨不同作物类型间对磷肥反应差异的原因，
对选育磷高效作物品种具有重要意义。本研究采用室内培养试验、盆栽试验和大田试
验的方法，研究了有机肥料对土壤有效磷和有机磷组分的影响、有机肥料磷素的长效
性及磷肥对小麦的增产原因，获得了以下主要结论：
（１）有机肥料能够长期提高土壤有效磷含量。新鲜牛粪比腐熟牛粪增加有效磷
的强度更大，时效更持久：培养 ７０ 天新鲜牛粪有效磷增加值 １１７．６ ｍｇ／ｋｇ，与培养
起始相当，而腐熟牛粪显著降低，仅 ４７．０ ｍｇ／ｋｇ。新鲜牛粪和腐熟牛粪增加土壤有
效磷的规律不同：新鲜牛粪在培养前期有一个明显得由低到高的增加过程，腐熟牛粪
变化不大；培养一定时间之后，都随着培养时间延长而降低。高肥力土壤有效磷增加
效果大于低肥力土壤：淹水培养按 １％比例添加腐熟牛粪后，各培养期平均高肥力土
壤有效磷增加 １５．１ ｍｇ／ｋｇ，低肥力土壤为 ９．２ ｍｇ／ｋｇ。
（２）随着时间延长有机肥料增加土壤有效磷的效果逐渐降低，土壤有效磷发生
衰减。高肥力土壤有效磷日衰减量大于低肥力土壤；添加牛粪后日衰减量增加。增加
有效磷的同时，有机肥料也增加了累积态磷。土壤有效磷衰减和有机质减少具有较高
的相关性，与 ｐＨ 值不相关。说明有效磷衰减主要是由于有机质分解后土壤固定磷的
能力增强造成的。
（３）三料磷肥、土粪和牛粪都能提高土壤速效磷；牛粪的效果较显著，时效更
长久，小麦成熟期仍保持较高的速效磷。大田试验种植区各生育期平均，三料磷肥、
土粪和牛粪速效磷分别为对照的 １．４、４．７ 和 ８．８ 倍。成熟期盆栽种植区对照、三料
磷肥、土粪和牛粪速效磷分别为 ３．８、２４．６、３６．０ 和 １１５．８ ｍｇ／ｋｇ。
（４）速效磷与有机磷总量、活性有机磷、中活性有机磷极显著正相关，与中稳
性和高稳性有机磷不相关。三料磷肥对有机磷含量没有影响，土粪和牛粪提高了施肥
初期土壤有机磷总量，但随时间延长逐渐降低，小麦成熟期与对照趋于一致。有机磷
含量的变化主要来自于活性和中活性有机磷，而中稳性和高稳性有机磷较为稳定。
（５）土粪和牛粪增产作用大于三料磷肥，牛粪的作用最突出。盆栽试验三料磷
肥、土粪和牛粪干物质分别较对照增加 ３．７％、３１．８％和 ３７．８％。
（６）施磷增加了小麦产量，去除分蘖，磷肥的增产效果显著降低：未去分蘖，
施磷平均增产 ９９６ ｋｇ ｈａ－１，增产率 ２５．９％；去除分蘖仅增产 ３９６ ｋｇ ｈａ－１，增产率 １２．６
％。磷对低密度增产作用明显大于高密度，早播及晚播表现一致。未去分蘖，早播低
密度增产 １２７４ ｋｇｈａ－１，增产率 ３４．２％，高密度分别为 ９６２ ｋｇ ｈａ－１和 ２０．２％；晚播
低密度增产 １０１５ ｋｇ ｈａ－１，增产率 ３４．７％，高密度分别为 ７３５ ｋｇ ｈａ－１和 １８．５％。
（７）磷肥增加了小麦的收获穗数。高密度、不去分蘖收获穗数多，但主茎穗及
分蘖穗穗粒数显著降低，磷肥则非。
（８）磷肥对籽粒及茎叶的磷含量无影响，但显著增加了磷吸收量。
研究认为，农业生产中应进一步重视有机肥料的施用；磷肥对小麦的增产作用
主要在于增加分蘖穗，提高了收获穗数，同时保持了穗粒数；分蘖能力强的小麦基
因型对土壤及肥料磷的吸收、利用能力更大。
Phosphorus is a elementary nutrient element for the growth and development of
plant. Available P deficiency in soil is a key factor of limiting the development of
agriculture in many regions, thereby the application of P fertilizer was significantly
increased crop yields. As a result of special physical and chemical properties of soil, the
utilization rate of crop on P fertilizer is low. Applying organic manure in agriculture is
recognized in our country all long. Many results showed that available P in soil was
increased by adding organic manure, the effect of organic manure was higher than
inorganic P. However, report about dynamics changes of organic manure on available P is
less. Many researches consider that the validity of P in organic manure was high and
durative, but no reliable proof. Effect of P fertilizer is connected with soil condition,
adding fertilizer ways, water, nitrogen and crop specials. Ability of different crop utilizing
P is difference. Total P is abundant in soil, many of the researches carried out have
concentrated on how to breed variety for P efficiently utilization. Thereby, study on
difference of plant response on P is helpful. water and nutrients effectively to achieve the
goal of high yield, good quality and high efficiency. The methods of incubation experiment
and culture experiment were used to study the effect of organic manure on available P,
organic component in soil and the role of increasing wheat yields by P fertilizer. The main
experimental results were shown as followings:
(1) Available phosphorus increased muchly in soil by added organic manure. The role
of fresh beef feces was stronger and durative than that of rotten about increasing of
available phosphorus in soil. The role of organic manure in fertile soil was stronger than
that in infertile soil. The capacity of fixating phosphorus in infertile soil was higher than
one in fertile soil.
(2) Increasing value of available phosphorus decreased gradually with the
prolongation incubated-time, fixation of phosphorus was occurred in soil. Availability of
phosphorus was declined. Organic manure enhanced solid phosphorus, as well as. The
decline of available phosphorus was significantly correlated with the decrease of soil
organic matter, not with pH. The capacity of phosphorus adsorption in soil was
strengthened after the decomposition of soil organic matter.
(3) Application of phosphate fertilizer, organic manure increased soil available P, and
the effects of organic manure were more significant than phosphate fertilizer, there are
higher available P at maturity of wheat.
(4) No difference was found in content and component of organic P for phosphate
fertilizer added, while the increase was observed at initial stages by organic manure
applications, the reduction of organic P was observed with time postpone, there was no
significant difference with control at maturity of wheat. The changes of organic P content
was cause from Labile pool and Moderately Labile pool , Moderately Resistant pool and
Resistant pool were stable. There were significantly correlation for available P with total
organic P, Labile pool and Moderately Labile pool, and unrelated with Moderately
Resistant pool and Resistant pool. The results of plantation and fallow were consistent.
(5) Application of organic manure showed higher effect on crop yield than phosphate
fertilizer, it might be related with the available supplying of phosphors nutrient.
(6) Application of P fertilizer significantly increased yields of wheat. Increasing
yield were lower at cutting tillers by P; higher at low plant density, the same results
obtained by application of P on wheat at different times for sowing.
(7) Harvesting ear numbers were high, however grains numbers per ear obviously
reduced with high plant density and no cutting tillers; different results was observed with
added P.
(8) No difference was found in P content by applying P, but increased in P uptake
rate.
It
主要限制因素，因而施用磷肥表现出显著的增产效应。由于土壤特定的理化性状及磷
酸盐的化学行为，作物对磷肥的利用率很低。重视有机肥料的施用是我国的传统。许
多研究表明，施用有机肥料可提高土壤有效磷；有机肥比无机磷肥提高土壤速效磷的
作用更大。关于有机肥料增加土壤速效磷的效果与肥料的种类、施用量、土壤肥力之
间的关系及随时间的动态变化，迄今报道较少。很早就有人推断，有机肥料中的磷素
作用效果长，作物吸收利用率高，但迄今并无可靠的数据证明这一问题。磷肥肥效受
到土壤环境条件、土壤有效磷含量、施肥方式及水氮等因素的影响，也与作物基因型
有关。不同作物利用土壤磷素的能力不同，同一作物不同基因型对磷肥的反应也不一
样。土壤全磷含量较为丰富，筛选磷高效作物品种，发挥植物自身潜力，利用土壤磷
素资源，已为许多研究者关注。因而，探讨不同作物类型间对磷肥反应差异的原因，
对选育磷高效作物品种具有重要意义。本研究采用室内培养试验、盆栽试验和大田试
验的方法，研究了有机肥料对土壤有效磷和有机磷组分的影响、有机肥料磷素的长效
性及磷肥对小麦的增产原因，获得了以下主要结论：
（１）有机肥料能够长期提高土壤有效磷含量。新鲜牛粪比腐熟牛粪增加有效磷
的强度更大，时效更持久：培养 ７０ 天新鲜牛粪有效磷增加值 １１７．６ ｍｇ／ｋｇ，与培养
起始相当，而腐熟牛粪显著降低，仅 ４７．０ ｍｇ／ｋｇ。新鲜牛粪和腐熟牛粪增加土壤有
效磷的规律不同：新鲜牛粪在培养前期有一个明显得由低到高的增加过程，腐熟牛粪
变化不大；培养一定时间之后，都随着培养时间延长而降低。高肥力土壤有效磷增加
效果大于低肥力土壤：淹水培养按 １％比例添加腐熟牛粪后，各培养期平均高肥力土
壤有效磷增加 １５．１ ｍｇ／ｋｇ，低肥力土壤为 ９．２ ｍｇ／ｋｇ。
（２）随着时间延长有机肥料增加土壤有效磷的效果逐渐降低，土壤有效磷发生
衰减。高肥力土壤有效磷日衰减量大于低肥力土壤；添加牛粪后日衰减量增加。增加
有效磷的同时，有机肥料也增加了累积态磷。土壤有效磷衰减和有机质减少具有较高
的相关性，与 ｐＨ 值不相关。说明有效磷衰减主要是由于有机质分解后土壤固定磷的
能力增强造成的。
（３）三料磷肥、土粪和牛粪都能提高土壤速效磷；牛粪的效果较显著，时效更
长久，小麦成熟期仍保持较高的速效磷。大田试验种植区各生育期平均，三料磷肥、
土粪和牛粪速效磷分别为对照的 １．４、４．７ 和 ８．８ 倍。成熟期盆栽种植区对照、三料
磷肥、土粪和牛粪速效磷分别为 ３．８、２４．６、３６．０ 和 １１５．８ ｍｇ／ｋｇ。
（４）速效磷与有机磷总量、活性有机磷、中活性有机磷极显著正相关，与中稳
性和高稳性有机磷不相关。三料磷肥对有机磷含量没有影响，土粪和牛粪提高了施肥
初期土壤有机磷总量，但随时间延长逐渐降低，小麦成熟期与对照趋于一致。有机磷
含量的变化主要来自于活性和中活性有机磷，而中稳性和高稳性有机磷较为稳定。
（５）土粪和牛粪增产作用大于三料磷肥，牛粪的作用最突出。盆栽试验三料磷
肥、土粪和牛粪干物质分别较对照增加 ３．７％、３１．８％和 ３７．８％。
（６）施磷增加了小麦产量，去除分蘖，磷肥的增产效果显著降低：未去分蘖，
施磷平均增产 ９９６ ｋｇ ｈａ－１，增产率 ２５．９％；去除分蘖仅增产 ３９６ ｋｇ ｈａ－１，增产率 １２．６
％。磷对低密度增产作用明显大于高密度，早播及晚播表现一致。未去分蘖，早播低
密度增产 １２７４ ｋｇｈａ－１，增产率 ３４．２％，高密度分别为 ９６２ ｋｇ ｈａ－１和 ２０．２％；晚播
低密度增产 １０１５ ｋｇ ｈａ－１，增产率 ３４．７％，高密度分别为 ７３５ ｋｇ ｈａ－１和 １８．５％。
（７）磷肥增加了小麦的收获穗数。高密度、不去分蘖收获穗数多，但主茎穗及
分蘖穗穗粒数显著降低，磷肥则非。
（８）磷肥对籽粒及茎叶的磷含量无影响，但显著增加了磷吸收量。
研究认为，农业生产中应进一步重视有机肥料的施用；磷肥对小麦的增产作用
主要在于增加分蘖穗，提高了收获穗数，同时保持了穗粒数；分蘖能力强的小麦基
因型对土壤及肥料磷的吸收、利用能力更大。
Phosphorus is a elementary nutrient element for the growth and development of
plant. Available P deficiency in soil is a key factor of limiting the development of
agriculture in many regions, thereby the application of P fertilizer was significantly
increased crop yields. As a result of special physical and chemical properties of soil, the
utilization rate of crop on P fertilizer is low. Applying organic manure in agriculture is
recognized in our country all long. Many results showed that available P in soil was
increased by adding organic manure, the effect of organic manure was higher than
inorganic P. However, report about dynamics changes of organic manure on available P is
less. Many researches consider that the validity of P in organic manure was high and
durative, but no reliable proof. Effect of P fertilizer is connected with soil condition,
adding fertilizer ways, water, nitrogen and crop specials. Ability of different crop utilizing
P is difference. Total P is abundant in soil, many of the researches carried out have
concentrated on how to breed variety for P efficiently utilization. Thereby, study on
difference of plant response on P is helpful. water and nutrients effectively to achieve the
goal of high yield, good quality and high efficiency. The methods of incubation experiment
and culture experiment were used to study the effect of organic manure on available P,
organic component in soil and the role of increasing wheat yields by P fertilizer. The main
experimental results were shown as followings:
(1) Available phosphorus increased muchly in soil by added organic manure. The role
of fresh beef feces was stronger and durative than that of rotten about increasing of
available phosphorus in soil. The role of organic manure in fertile soil was stronger than
that in infertile soil. The capacity of fixating phosphorus in infertile soil was higher than
one in fertile soil.
(2) Increasing value of available phosphorus decreased gradually with the
prolongation incubated-time, fixation of phosphorus was occurred in soil. Availability of
phosphorus was declined. Organic manure enhanced solid phosphorus, as well as. The
decline of available phosphorus was significantly correlated with the decrease of soil
organic matter, not with pH. The capacity of phosphorus adsorption in soil was
strengthened after the decomposition of soil organic matter.
(3) Application of phosphate fertilizer, organic manure increased soil available P, and
the effects of organic manure were more significant than phosphate fertilizer, there are
higher available P at maturity of wheat.
(4) No difference was found in content and component of organic P for phosphate
fertilizer added, while the increase was observed at initial stages by organic manure
applications, the reduction of organic P was observed with time postpone, there was no
significant difference with control at maturity of wheat. The changes of organic P content
was cause from Labile pool and Moderately Labile pool , Moderately Resistant pool and
Resistant pool were stable. There were significantly correlation for available P with total
organic P, Labile pool and Moderately Labile pool, and unrelated with Moderately
Resistant pool and Resistant pool. The results of plantation and fallow were consistent.
(5) Application of organic manure showed higher effect on crop yield than phosphate
fertilizer, it might be related with the available supplying of phosphors nutrient.
(6) Application of P fertilizer significantly increased yields of wheat. Increasing
yield were lower at cutting tillers by P; higher at low plant density, the same results
obtained by application of P on wheat at different times for sowing.
(7) Harvesting ear numbers were high, however grains numbers per ear obviously
reduced with high plant density and no cutting tillers; different results was observed with
added P.
(8) No difference was found in P content by applying P, but increased in P uptake
rate.
It
引文
［１］ 安卫红，张淑民．石灰性土壤无机磷的分级及其有效性研究［Ｊ］．土壤通报，１９９１，２２（１）：
３４－３７．
［２］ 曹翠玉，张亚丽，沈其荣等．有机肥料对黄潮土有效磷库的影响［Ｊ］．土壤，１９９８，３０（５）：２３５
–２３８．
［３］ 曹一平，崔健宇．石灰性土壤中油菜根际磷的化学动态及生物有效性［Ｊ］．植物营养与肥料
学报，１９９４，１（试刊）：４９－５４．
［４］ 陈欣，宇万太，沈善敏．磷肥低量施用制度下土壤磷库的发展变化Ⅱ土壤有效磷及土壤无
机磷组成［Ｊ］．土壤学报，１９９７，３４（１）：８１－８７．
［５］ 冯固，杨茂秋，白灯莎．用 ３２Ｐ示踪研究石灰性土壤中磷素的形态及有效性的变化［Ｊ］．土
壤学报，１９９６，３３（３）：３０１－３０６．
［６］ 冯固，杨茂秋，白灯莎等．土壤磷、肥料磷和ＶＡ菌根真菌对植物磷营养的贡献［Ｊ］． 核农
学报，１９９７，１１（４）：２３７～２４２．
［７］ 高超，张桃林，吴蔚东等．氧化还原条件对土壤磷素固定与释放的影响［Ｊ］．土壤学报，
２００２，３９（４）：５４２－５４９．
［８］ 顾益初，蒋柏藩，鲁如坤．风化对土壤粒级中磷素形态转化及其有效性的影响［Ｊ］．土壤学
报，１９８４，２１（２）：１３４－１４３．
［９］ 顾益初，蒋柏藩．石灰性土壤无机磷的测定方法［Ｊ］．土壤，１９９０，２２（２）：１０１－１１０．
［１０］ 顾益初，钦绳武．长期施用磷肥条件下潮土中磷素的积累、形态转化和有效性［Ｊ］．土
壤，１９９７（１）：１３－１７．
［１１］ 郭智芬，徐书新．石灰性土壤不同形态无机磷对作物磷营养的贡献［Ｊ］．中国农业科
学，１９９７，３０（１０）：２６－３２．
［１２］ 贺铁，李世俊．Ｂｏｗｍａｎ－Ｃｏｌｅ 土壤有机磷分级方法的探讨［Ｊ］．土壤学报，１９８７，２４（２）：
１５２－１５９．
［１３］ 何振立，袁可能． 有机阴离子对磷酸根吸附的影响［Ｊ］．土壤学报，１９９０，２７（４）：３７７－３８４．
［１４］ 蒋柏藩．石灰性土壤无机磷有效性的研究［Ｊ］．土壤，１９９２，２４：６１－６４．
［１５］ 蒋柏藩．磷肥在土壤中的形态转化及其有效性［Ｊ］．土壤学进展 １９８１，９（２）：１－１１．
［１６］ 蒋柏藩，顾益初．石灰性土壤无机磷分级体系研究［Ｊ］．中国农业科学，１９８９，２２（３）：５８－６６．
［１７］ 蒋柏藩，沈仁芳．石灰性土壤无机磷形态分布及其有效性［Ｊ］．土壤学报，１９９２，２９（１）：
８０－８５．
［１８］ 蒋柏藩．土壤磷的化学行为与有效磷的测试［Ｊ］．土壤，１９９２，２２（４）：１８１－１８９．
［１９］ 蒋仁成，厉志华．有机肥和无机肥在提高黄潮土肥力中的作用研究［Ｊ］． 土壤学报，１９９０，
２７（２）：１７９－１８５．
［２０］ 李博文．潮土磷酸酶活性与有机磷组分转化的关系及有机物料对酶活性影响的研究［Ａ］．
中国土壤学会青年工作委员会．中国土壤学会第五届全国青年土壤科学工作者学术讨论
会论文集－现代土壤科学研究［Ｃ］．北京：中国农业科技出版社，１９９４．４２８－４３０．
［２１］ 李晓林，曹一平．ＶＡ 菌根对土壤磷锌的吸收［Ｊ］．土壤，１９９１，２３（５）：２５７－２６２．
［２２］ 李晓林，曹一平．ＶＡ 菌根菌丝对土壤磷和铜的吸收及其相关性［Ｊ］．中国农业科学，
１９９２，２５（５）：６５－７２．
［２３］ 李昌纬译 根兹布勒哥一列别捷夫法测定土壤矿质磷的分组成份（内部资料）．１９７９．
［２４］ 李祖荫．石灰性土壤中粘粒与碳酸钙的固磷作用［Ｊ］．土壤肥料，１９８３（２）：１３－１７．
［２５］ 李祖荫．石灰性土壤上磷肥的后效［Ｊ］．土壤，１９９２．
38 有机肥料对土壤磷素的影响及磷肥对小麦增产原因
［２６］ 李鸿钧 土壤有机磷变化规律与作物磷素吸收［Ｊ］．土壤肥料 １９８９（６）：８－１１．
［２７］ 李和生， 马宏瑞， 赵春生． 根际土壤有机磷组分及其有效性分析［Ｊ］． 土壤通报，１９９８，
２９（３）：１１６－１１８．
［２８］ 刘建玲， 张福锁． 小麦玉米轮作长期肥料定位试验中土壤磷库的变化 Ⅰ．磷肥产量效应
及土壤总磷库、无机磷库的变化［Ｊ］． 应用生态学报，２０００，１１（ ３）：３６０－３６４．
［２９］ 刘建玲， 张福锁．小麦玉米轮作长期肥料定位试验中土壤磷库的变化 Ⅱ．土壤Ｏｌｓｅｎ－Ｐ及
各形态无机磷的动态变化［Ｊ］．应用生态学报，２０００，１１（３）：３６５－３６８．
［３０］ 鲁如坤．土壤磷素化学研究进展［Ｊ］．土壤学进展，１９９０，１８（１６）：１－５．
［３１］ 鲁如坤，时正元，顾益初． 土壤积累态磷研究Ⅱ，磷肥的表观积累利用率［Ｊ］．土
壤，１９９５，２７（６）：２８６－２８７．
［３２］ 鲁如坤，时正元， 钱承梁．土壤积累态磷研究Ⅲ．几种典型土壤中积累态磷的形态特征及
其有效性［Ｊ］．土壤，１９９７，２９（２）：５７－６０．
［３３］ 鲁如坤，时正元，钱承梁． 磷在土壤中有效性的衰减［Ｊ］． 土壤学报，２０００，３７（３）：３２３－３２９
［３４］ 吕家珑，李祖荫．石灰性土壤固磷机制的探讨［Ｊ］．土壤通报，１９９１，２２（５）：２０４－２０６．
［３５］ 吕家珑，张一平，刘思春等 施磷水平对 ＳＰＡＣ 水分能量特征的影响［Ｊ］． 生态学报，２０００，
２０（２）：２５５－２６３．
［３６］ 吕家珑，张一平，陶国树等． ２３ 年肥料定位试验 ０～１００ｃｍ 土壤剖面中各形态磷之间的关系
［Ｊ］． 水土保持学报，２００３，１７（３）：４８－５０．
［３７］ 莫淑勋，钱菊芳，钱承梁．猪粪与有机肥料中磷素养分循环再利用的研究［Ｊ］．土壤学报，
１９９１，２８（３）：３０９－３１５．
［３８］ 倪仲吾． 有机无机配施对土壤中磷的有效性和水稻生长及产量的影响［Ｊ］．土壤通报，
１９９０，２１（４）：１６７－１６９
［３９］ 彭林，彭详林．黄土地区土壤中磷的含量、分布、形态转化与磷肥合理施用［Ｊ］．土壤学报，
１９８０，２６（４）：３４４－３５２．
［４０］ 曲东，尉庆丰，张英莉．酸性水对土娄土无机磷形态的影响．现代土壤科学研究，北京：中国
农业科技出版社，１９９４：２７９～２８１．
［４１］ 邱凤琼，丁庆堂，党连超．三种黑土中有机碳、氮、磷的形态分布与肥力的关系［Ｊ］．土
壤学报，１９８３，２０（１）：２３－２９．
［４２］ 仇子军 用回归设计研究 Ｏｌｓｅｎ 法浸提石灰性土壤有效磷的浸出形态及其相互关系．西北
农业大学，硕士学位论文，１９８７．
［４３］ 邵煜庭，甄清香．灌漠土磷素形态及其有效性的研究［Ｊ］．中国农业科学，１９９１，２４（６）：
５１－５７．
［４４］ 沈善敏．中国土壤肥力［Ｍ］．北京：中国农业出版社，１９９７．
［４５］ 沈善敏．论我国磷肥生产对策［Ｊ］．土壤通报，１９８５（４）：１４５－１６１．
［４６］ 沈仁芳．潮土无机磷的形态及其分布特点［Ｊ］．河南农业科学，１９９２，１２：２４－２５．
［４７］ 沈仁芳，蒋柏藩．石灰性土壤无机磷的形态分布及其有效性［Ｊ］．土壤学报，１９９２，２９：８０－８６
［４８］ 史瑞和．江苏省几种土壤磷素状况和磷肥肥效［Ｊ］．土壤学报，１９６２，１０：３７４－３７９．
［４９］ 时正元，鲁如坤，顾益初．土壤积累态磷研究Ⅰ．一次大量施磷的产量效应［Ｊ］．土壤， １９９５，
２７（２）：５７－５９．
［５０］ 索东让，王平．土壤磷素对作物产量及供磷能力的影响［Ｊ］．土壤通报， ２００２，３３（４）：
３１６－３１７．
［５１］ 孙羲，章永松．有机肥料和土壤有机磷对水稻的营养效果［Ｊ］．土壤学报， １９９２，２９（４）：
３６５－３６９．
参考文献39
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１９９９，３０（１）：３１－３４．
［５７］ 汪洪钢，吴观以，李慧荃．ＶＡ 菌根对绿豆吸磷和固氮的影响［Ｊ］．土壤学报， １９８３，２０（２）：
２０３－２０８．
［５８］ 汪炎炳，徐建文．秸秆还田培肥改土实验研究［Ｊ］．土壤通报， １９９１，２２（４）：１７１－１７３．
［５９］ 王旭东，张一平，李祖荫．有机磷在土娄土中的组成变异的研究［Ｊ］．土壤肥料，１９９７（５）：
１６－１８．
［６０］ 王旭东，李祖荫，张一平．不同有机物肥料施入土壤后的磷素转化能力的差异［Ｊ］．土壤通
报，１９９８，２９（３）：１１３－１１５．
［６１］ 王同朝，卫丽，吴克宁等．旱农区水磷耦合效应对春小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响［Ｊ］．
农业工程学报，２０００，１６（１）：５３－５５．
［６２］ 王永和． 有机肥料对石灰性土壤磷素无机磷组分的影响［Ｊ］．土壤，１９９６（４）：１８０－１８３．
［６３］ 熊恒多，李世俊，范业宽．酸性水稻土有机磷分级法的探讨［Ｊ］．土壤学报，１９９２，３０（４）：
３９０－３９９．
［６４］ 夏正连． 绿肥不同化学组成对土壤有效磷影响的研究［Ｊ］．土壤肥料，１９８７（４）：１６－１８．
［６５］ 姚炳贵，姚丽竹．津郊潮土磷素组成及其演变规律的定位研究［Ｊ］．土壤学报，１９９７，３４（３）：
２８６－２９３．
［６６］ 尹金来，曹翠玉，史瑞和．徐淮地区石灰性土壤固磷的研究［Ｊ］．土壤学报，１９８９，２６（２）：
１３１－１３８．
［６７］ 尹金来，沈其荣，周春霖等．猪粪和磷肥对石灰性土壤有机磷组分及有效性的影响［Ｊ］．土
壤学报，２００１，３８（３）２９５－３００．
［６８］ 尹金来，沈其荣，周春霖等． 猪粪和磷肥对石灰性土壤无机磷组分及有效性的影响［Ｊ］．中
国农业科学，２００１，３４（３）：２９６－３００．
［６９］ 尹金来，周春霖，沈其荣等．水稻水作与旱作条件下土壤和植物磷素有效性的研究［Ｊ］．
南京农业大学学报，２００２，２５（４）：５３－５６．
［７０］ 宇万太，陈欣．磷肥低量施用制度下土壤磷库的发展变化Ⅰ土壤总磷库和有机无机磷库
［Ｊ］．土壤学报，１９９６，３３（４）：３７３－３７９．
［７１］ 赵晓齐，鲁如坤．有机肥对土壤磷素吸附的影响［Ｊ］．土壤学报，１９９１，２８（１）：７－１３．
［７２］ 赵建强．土壤磷可逆转化及苜蓿施磷反应指标［Ｊ］．山西农业科学，１９８９（２）：３－６．
［７３］ 赵建强．山西省主要土壤磷素动态及有效性［Ｊ］．土壤通报，１９８９，２０（５）：２１１－２１４．
［７４］ 章永松，林咸永．有机肥（物）土壤中磷的活化作用机理研究Ⅰ．有机肥（物）对不同形态无
机磷的活化作用［Ｊ］．植物营养与肥料学报，１９９８，４（２）：１５１－１５５．
［７５］ 章永松，林咸永．有机肥（物）土壤中磷的活化作用机理研究Ⅱ．有机肥（物）分解产生的有
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［７６］ 张教林，陈爱国．热带胶园土壤磷素形态和生物有效性［Ｊ］．土壤与环境，１９９９，８（４）： ２８４
40 有机肥料对土壤磷素的影响及磷肥对小麦增产原因
－２８６
［７７］ 张教林，陈爱国，刘志秋．定植３，１３，３４年热带胶园的土壤磷素形态变化和有效性研究［Ｊ］．
土壤，２０００，６：３１９－３２２．
［７８］ 张守敬．水稻土中磷的有效性及其测定［Ｊ］．土壤，１９８２，１４（４）：１５２－１５４．
［７９］ 张泉清．黑土和淡黑钙土的有效磷测定方法的研究［Ｊ］．土壤学报，１９８６，２３（３）：２６２－２６７．
［８０］ 张若萍，何静安． 土壤磷素形态与磷肥固定强度效应研究［Ｊ］．土壤肥料，１９９０（４）：２４－２７．
［８１］ 张岁岐，山仑，薛青武．氮磷营养对小麦水分关系的影响［Ｊ］． 植物营养与肥料学报
２０００，６（２）：１４７－１５１．
［８２］ 张为政．土壤磷组分的通径分析及其相对有效性［Ｊ］．土壤学报，１９９１，２８（４）：４１７－４２５．
［８３］ 张为政，陈魁卿． 有机肥对土壤有机磷组分及其有效性的影响［Ｊ］．东北农学院学报，
１９８８（２）：１１１－１１８
［８４］ 张亚丽，沈其荣，曹翠玉．有机肥对土壤有机磷组分及生物有效性的影响［Ｊ］．南京农业大
学学报，１９９８，２１（３）：５９－６３．
［８５］ 张杨珠，黄运湘，周清等．高产土壤条件下双季杂交稻施磷效应研究［Ｊ］．湖南农业大学学
报， ２０００，２６（３）：２０８－２１３．
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３４－３７．
［２］ 曹翠玉，张亚丽，沈其荣等．有机肥料对黄潮土有效磷库的影响［Ｊ］．土壤，１９９８，３０（５）：２３５
–２３８．
［３］ 曹一平，崔健宇．石灰性土壤中油菜根际磷的化学动态及生物有效性［Ｊ］．植物营养与肥料
学报，１９９４，１（试刊）：４９－５４．
［４］ 陈欣，宇万太，沈善敏．磷肥低量施用制度下土壤磷库的发展变化Ⅱ土壤有效磷及土壤无
机磷组成［Ｊ］．土壤学报，１９９７，３４（１）：８１－８７．
［５］ 冯固，杨茂秋，白灯莎．用 ３２Ｐ示踪研究石灰性土壤中磷素的形态及有效性的变化［Ｊ］．土
壤学报，１９９６，３３（３）：３０１－３０６．
［６］ 冯固，杨茂秋，白灯莎等．土壤磷、肥料磷和ＶＡ菌根真菌对植物磷营养的贡献［Ｊ］． 核农
学报，１９９７，１１（４）：２３７～２４２．
［７］ 高超，张桃林，吴蔚东等．氧化还原条件对土壤磷素固定与释放的影响［Ｊ］．土壤学报，
２００２，３９（４）：５４２－５４９．
［８］ 顾益初，蒋柏藩，鲁如坤．风化对土壤粒级中磷素形态转化及其有效性的影响［Ｊ］．土壤学
报，１９８４，２１（２）：１３４－１４３．
［９］ 顾益初，蒋柏藩．石灰性土壤无机磷的测定方法［Ｊ］．土壤，１９９０，２２（２）：１０１－１１０．
［１０］ 顾益初，钦绳武．长期施用磷肥条件下潮土中磷素的积累、形态转化和有效性［Ｊ］．土
壤，１９９７（１）：１３－１７．
［１１］ 郭智芬，徐书新．石灰性土壤不同形态无机磷对作物磷营养的贡献［Ｊ］．中国农业科
学，１９９７，３０（１０）：２６－３２．
［１２］ 贺铁，李世俊．Ｂｏｗｍａｎ－Ｃｏｌｅ 土壤有机磷分级方法的探讨［Ｊ］．土壤学报，１９８７，２４（２）：
１５２－１５９．
［１３］ 何振立，袁可能． 有机阴离子对磷酸根吸附的影响［Ｊ］．土壤学报，１９９０，２７（４）：３７７－３８４．
［１４］ 蒋柏藩．石灰性土壤无机磷有效性的研究［Ｊ］．土壤，１９９２，２４：６１－６４．
［１５］ 蒋柏藩．磷肥在土壤中的形态转化及其有效性［Ｊ］．土壤学进展 １９８１，９（２）：１－１１．
［１６］ 蒋柏藩，顾益初．石灰性土壤无机磷分级体系研究［Ｊ］．中国农业科学，１９８９，２２（３）：５８－６６．
［１７］ 蒋柏藩，沈仁芳．石灰性土壤无机磷形态分布及其有效性［Ｊ］．土壤学报，１９９２，２９（１）：
８０－８５．
［１８］ 蒋柏藩．土壤磷的化学行为与有效磷的测试［Ｊ］．土壤，１９９２，２２（４）：１８１－１８９．
［１９］ 蒋仁成，厉志华．有机肥和无机肥在提高黄潮土肥力中的作用研究［Ｊ］． 土壤学报，１９９０，
２７（２）：１７９－１８５．
［２０］ 李博文．潮土磷酸酶活性与有机磷组分转化的关系及有机物料对酶活性影响的研究［Ａ］．
中国土壤学会青年工作委员会．中国土壤学会第五届全国青年土壤科学工作者学术讨论
会论文集－现代土壤科学研究［Ｃ］．北京：中国农业科技出版社，１９９４．４２８－４３０．
［２１］ 李晓林，曹一平．ＶＡ 菌根对土壤磷锌的吸收［Ｊ］．土壤，１９９１，２３（５）：２５７－２６２．
［２２］ 李晓林，曹一平．ＶＡ 菌根菌丝对土壤磷和铜的吸收及其相关性［Ｊ］．中国农业科学，
１９９２，２５（５）：６５－７２．
［２３］ 李昌纬译 根兹布勒哥一列别捷夫法测定土壤矿质磷的分组成份（内部资料）．１９７９．
［２４］ 李祖荫．石灰性土壤中粘粒与碳酸钙的固磷作用［Ｊ］．土壤肥料，１９８３（２）：１３－１７．
［２５］ 李祖荫．石灰性土壤上磷肥的后效［Ｊ］．土壤，１９９２．
38 有机肥料对土壤磷素的影响及磷肥对小麦增产原因
［２６］ 李鸿钧 土壤有机磷变化规律与作物磷素吸收［Ｊ］．土壤肥料 １９８９（６）：８－１１．
［２７］ 李和生， 马宏瑞， 赵春生． 根际土壤有机磷组分及其有效性分析［Ｊ］． 土壤通报，１９９８，
２９（３）：１１６－１１８．
［２８］ 刘建玲， 张福锁． 小麦玉米轮作长期肥料定位试验中土壤磷库的变化 Ⅰ．磷肥产量效应
及土壤总磷库、无机磷库的变化［Ｊ］． 应用生态学报，２０００，１１（ ３）：３６０－３６４．
［２９］ 刘建玲， 张福锁．小麦玉米轮作长期肥料定位试验中土壤磷库的变化 Ⅱ．土壤Ｏｌｓｅｎ－Ｐ及
各形态无机磷的动态变化［Ｊ］．应用生态学报，２０００，１１（３）：３６５－３６８．
［３０］ 鲁如坤．土壤磷素化学研究进展［Ｊ］．土壤学进展，１９９０，１８（１６）：１－５．
［３１］ 鲁如坤，时正元，顾益初． 土壤积累态磷研究Ⅱ，磷肥的表观积累利用率［Ｊ］．土
壤，１９９５，２７（６）：２８６－２８７．
［３２］ 鲁如坤，时正元， 钱承梁．土壤积累态磷研究Ⅲ．几种典型土壤中积累态磷的形态特征及
其有效性［Ｊ］．土壤，１９９７，２９（２）：５７－６０．
［３３］ 鲁如坤，时正元，钱承梁． 磷在土壤中有效性的衰减［Ｊ］． 土壤学报，２０００，３７（３）：３２３－３２９
［３４］ 吕家珑，李祖荫．石灰性土壤固磷机制的探讨［Ｊ］．土壤通报，１９９１，２２（５）：２０４－２０６．
［３５］ 吕家珑，张一平，刘思春等 施磷水平对 ＳＰＡＣ 水分能量特征的影响［Ｊ］． 生态学报，２０００，
２０（２）：２５５－２６３．
［３６］ 吕家珑，张一平，陶国树等． ２３ 年肥料定位试验 ０～１００ｃｍ 土壤剖面中各形态磷之间的关系
［Ｊ］． 水土保持学报，２００３，１７（３）：４８－５０．
［３７］ 莫淑勋，钱菊芳，钱承梁．猪粪与有机肥料中磷素养分循环再利用的研究［Ｊ］．土壤学报，
１９９１，２８（３）：３０９－３１５．
［３８］ 倪仲吾． 有机无机配施对土壤中磷的有效性和水稻生长及产量的影响［Ｊ］．土壤通报，
１９９０，２１（４）：１６７－１６９
［３９］ 彭林，彭详林．黄土地区土壤中磷的含量、分布、形态转化与磷肥合理施用［Ｊ］．土壤学报，
１９８０，２６（４）：３４４－３５２．
［４０］ 曲东，尉庆丰，张英莉．酸性水对土娄土无机磷形态的影响．现代土壤科学研究，北京：中国
农业科技出版社，１９９４：２７９～２８１．
［４１］ 邱凤琼，丁庆堂，党连超．三种黑土中有机碳、氮、磷的形态分布与肥力的关系［Ｊ］．土
壤学报，１９８３，２０（１）：２３－２９．
［４２］ 仇子军 用回归设计研究 Ｏｌｓｅｎ 法浸提石灰性土壤有效磷的浸出形态及其相互关系．西北
农业大学，硕士学位论文，１９８７．
［４３］ 邵煜庭，甄清香．灌漠土磷素形态及其有效性的研究［Ｊ］．中国农业科学，１９９１，２４（６）：
５１－５７．
［４４］ 沈善敏．中国土壤肥力［Ｍ］．北京：中国农业出版社，１９９７．
［４５］ 沈善敏．论我国磷肥生产对策［Ｊ］．土壤通报，１９８５（４）：１４５－１６１．
［４６］ 沈仁芳．潮土无机磷的形态及其分布特点［Ｊ］．河南农业科学，１９９２，１２：２４－２５．
［４７］ 沈仁芳，蒋柏藩．石灰性土壤无机磷的形态分布及其有效性［Ｊ］．土壤学报，１９９２，２９：８０－８６
［４８］ 史瑞和．江苏省几种土壤磷素状况和磷肥肥效［Ｊ］．土壤学报，１９６２，１０：３７４－３７９．
［４９］ 时正元，鲁如坤，顾益初．土壤积累态磷研究Ⅰ．一次大量施磷的产量效应［Ｊ］．土壤， １９９５，
２７（２）：５７－５９．
［５０］ 索东让，王平．土壤磷素对作物产量及供磷能力的影响［Ｊ］．土壤通报， ２００２，３３（４）：
３１６－３１７．
［５１］ 孙羲，章永松．有机肥料和土壤有机磷对水稻的营养效果［Ｊ］．土壤学报， １９９２，２９（４）：
３６５－３６９．
参考文献39
［５２］ 苏玲，林咸永，章永松等．水稻土淹水过程中不同土层铁形态的变化及对磷吸附解吸特性
的影响［Ｊ］．浙江大学学报（农业与生命科学版），２００１，２７（２）：１２４－１２８．
［５３］ 王光火，朱祖祥．石灰性土壤与磷酸盐反应及吸附态磷的同位素交换性［Ｊ］．土壤学报，
１９９３，３０（４）：３７４－３７９．
［５４］ 王庆仁，李继云，李振声． 不同基因型小麦磷素营养阈值的研究［Ｊ］． 西北植物学报，１９９９，
１９（３）：３６３—３７０．
［５５］ 王庆仁，李继云，李振声． 磷高效小麦基因型对不同磷肥效应的研究［Ｊ］． 环境科学，
１９９９，２０（５）：６－１０．
［５６］ 王宏凯，周广业，丁宁平等． 不同肥力土壤的供磷能力和磷肥肥效的研究［Ｊ］． 土壤通报，
１９９９，３０（１）：３１－３４．
［５７］ 汪洪钢，吴观以，李慧荃．ＶＡ 菌根对绿豆吸磷和固氮的影响［Ｊ］．土壤学报， １９８３，２０（２）：
２０３－２０８．
［５８］ 汪炎炳，徐建文．秸秆还田培肥改土实验研究［Ｊ］．土壤通报， １９９１，２２（４）：１７１－１７３．
［５９］ 王旭东，张一平，李祖荫．有机磷在土娄土中的组成变异的研究［Ｊ］．土壤肥料，１９９７（５）：
１６－１８．
［６０］ 王旭东，李祖荫，张一平．不同有机物肥料施入土壤后的磷素转化能力的差异［Ｊ］．土壤通
报，１９９８，２９（３）：１１３－１１５．
［６１］ 王同朝，卫丽，吴克宁等．旱农区水磷耦合效应对春小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响［Ｊ］．
农业工程学报，２０００，１６（１）：５３－５５．
［６２］ 王永和． 有机肥料对石灰性土壤磷素无机磷组分的影响［Ｊ］．土壤，１９９６（４）：１８０－１８３．
［６３］ 熊恒多，李世俊，范业宽．酸性水稻土有机磷分级法的探讨［Ｊ］．土壤学报，１９９２，３０（４）：
３９０－３９９．
［６４］ 夏正连． 绿肥不同化学组成对土壤有效磷影响的研究［Ｊ］．土壤肥料，１９８７（４）：１６－１８．
［６５］ 姚炳贵，姚丽竹．津郊潮土磷素组成及其演变规律的定位研究［Ｊ］．土壤学报，１９９７，３４（３）：
２８６－２９３．
［６６］ 尹金来，曹翠玉，史瑞和．徐淮地区石灰性土壤固磷的研究［Ｊ］．土壤学报，１９８９，２６（２）：
１３１－１３８．
［６７］ 尹金来，沈其荣，周春霖等．猪粪和磷肥对石灰性土壤有机磷组分及有效性的影响［Ｊ］．土
壤学报，２００１，３８（３）２９５－３００．
［６８］ 尹金来，沈其荣，周春霖等． 猪粪和磷肥对石灰性土壤无机磷组分及有效性的影响［Ｊ］．中
国农业科学，２００１，３４（３）：２９６－３００．
［６９］ 尹金来，周春霖，沈其荣等．水稻水作与旱作条件下土壤和植物磷素有效性的研究［Ｊ］．
南京农业大学学报，２００２，２５（４）：５３－５６．
［７０］ 宇万太，陈欣．磷肥低量施用制度下土壤磷库的发展变化Ⅰ土壤总磷库和有机无机磷库
［Ｊ］．土壤学报，１９９６，３３（４）：３７３－３７９．
［７１］ 赵晓齐，鲁如坤．有机肥对土壤磷素吸附的影响［Ｊ］．土壤学报，１９９１，２８（１）：７－１３．
［７２］ 赵建强．土壤磷可逆转化及苜蓿施磷反应指标［Ｊ］．山西农业科学，１９８９（２）：３－６．
［７３］ 赵建强．山西省主要土壤磷素动态及有效性［Ｊ］．土壤通报，１９８９，２０（５）：２１１－２１４．
［７４］ 章永松，林咸永．有机肥（物）土壤中磷的活化作用机理研究Ⅰ．有机肥（物）对不同形态无
机磷的活化作用［Ｊ］．植物营养与肥料学报，１９９８，４（２）：１５１－１５５．
［７５］ 章永松，林咸永．有机肥（物）土壤中磷的活化作用机理研究Ⅱ．有机肥（物）分解产生的有
机酸及其对不同形态磷的活化作用［Ｊ］．植物营养与肥料学报，１９９８，４（２）：１５１－１５５．
［７６］ 张教林，陈爱国．热带胶园土壤磷素形态和生物有效性［Ｊ］．土壤与环境，１９９９，８（４）： ２８４
40 有机肥料对土壤磷素的影响及磷肥对小麦增产原因
－２８６
［７７］ 张教林，陈爱国，刘志秋．定植３，１３，３４年热带胶园的土壤磷素形态变化和有效性研究［Ｊ］．
土壤，２０００，６：３１９－３２２．
［７８］ 张守敬．水稻土中磷的有效性及其测定［Ｊ］．土壤，１９８２，１４（４）：１５２－１５４．
［７９］ 张泉清．黑土和淡黑钙土的有效磷测定方法的研究［Ｊ］．土壤学报，１９８６，２３（３）：２６２－２６７．
［８０］ 张若萍，何静安． 土壤磷素形态与磷肥固定强度效应研究［Ｊ］．土壤肥料，１９９０（４）：２４－２７．
［８１］ 张岁岐，山仑，薛青武．氮磷营养对小麦水分关系的影响［Ｊ］． 植物营养与肥料学报
２０００，６（２）：１４７－１５１．
［８２］ 张为政．土壤磷组分的通径分析及其相对有效性［Ｊ］．土壤学报，１９９１，２８（４）：４１７－４２５．
［８３］ 张为政，陈魁卿． 有机肥对土壤有机磷组分及其有效性的影响［Ｊ］．东北农学院学报，
１９８８（２）：１１１－１１８
［８４］ 张亚丽，沈其荣，曹翠玉．有机肥对土壤有机磷组分及生物有效性的影响［Ｊ］．南京农业大
学学报，１９９８，２１（３）：５９－６３．
［８５］ 张杨珠，黄运湘，周清等．高产土壤条件下双季杂交稻施磷效应研究［Ｊ］．湖南农业大学学
报， ２０００，２６（３）：２０８－２１３．
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