中国绿道与美国Greenway比较研究
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摘要
目前面对城市快速发展所带来的种种问题,美国的greenway已成为解决一系列城市问题的重要手段,同时较为成熟的理念与经验被其他各国所吸收,并付诸实践。我国珠三角在探索解决城市问题的途径上也开始引入greenway的建设模式,并将其定义成“绿道”。虽然“绿道”建设在全国范围内已经呈现出蓬勃兴起之势,但“绿道”概念的定义以及其建设的方式与方向等诸多问题,还表现得较为模糊与盲目。通过对美国greenway从最初的“公园路”发展到现阶段“相互连接的土地保护网路”的发展过程的回顾与梳理,得出现阶段美国的greenway其网络连接性和多功能性正得以逐步强化,并彰显其在生态保护、遗产保护、游憩体验等方面的功能与内涵。并通过对现阶段美国greenway定义、结构、构成方式、功能、分类及案例的分析,进一步明确了美国greenway的内涵。在回顾中国绿道发展过程,并对珠三角绿道规划及建设实施情况进行典型性分析的基础上,进行与美国greenway在各发展阶段、现阶段建设出发点、相关理念和具体实施等方面进行横向比较,初步得出现阶段中国“绿道”的发展,仅仅停留在基于“绿”与“道”的组合理解基础上所形成的单一建构模式,这与美国greenway发展的初级阶段特征极为一致,更类似于美国面向户外游憩所建设的游步道系统,与greenway所构建的“土地保护网络”之间,无论是深度,还是广度,以及维度等方面还存在一定差距。两者目标与差距的双重明确,不仅可以为中国绿道规划树立正确的思维与观念,同时为广泛的建设提供了以资借鉴的方法与途径。
At present, the rapid development of urban has brought a series of problems. In face of this situation, American greenway has become an important solution. Meanwhile, relatively mature ideas and experience are adopted by other countries and are put into practice then. The construction mode of greenway has also been introduced into the solution to the urban problems in Pearl River Delta of China, which is defined as "greenway". However, although the construction of "greenway" throughout the country is on an uptrend, the definition of "greenway", and the manner and direction of construction are still very vague and blind. Through the review and reorganization of the conception and mode of American greenway which starts from the initial "park way" and develops to the current "inter-connected land protection network", it proves that it is the development of the features such as the network connectivity and multifunction integration of American greenway that make it as a comprehensive solution in the aspects of ecological protection, heritage conservation, recreation experience.Then through the analysis of the present American greenway on the aspect of definition, structure, structure mode, function, classification and case to further clarify the connotation of American greenway.Based on the review of the development of Chinese greenway and the typicality analysis of greenway planning and construction implementation in the Pearl River Delta of China, this paper horizontally compares them with the development stage, starting point at present、related ideas and specific implementation of the current American greenway. It proves that the current development of Chinese greenway only stay in the single construction mode which is based on the simple combination of "green" and "road". Chinese greenway at present is almost the same as the early stage American greenway which is similar to the footpath system for outdoor recreation in the U.S. No matter in the depth, breadth or in the dimension, Chinese greenway still lags behind from the "land protection network" constructed by American greenway. The double confirmation of the target and difference in Chinese greenway and American greenway will not only set up the correct thinking and conception for the greenway planning in China, but also provide advisable means for extensive construction.
At present, the rapid development of urban has brought a series of problems. In face of this situation, American greenway has become an important solution. Meanwhile, relatively mature ideas and experience are adopted by other countries and are put into practice then. The construction mode of greenway has also been introduced into the solution to the urban problems in Pearl River Delta of China, which is defined as "greenway". However, although the construction of "greenway" throughout the country is on an uptrend, the definition of "greenway", and the manner and direction of construction are still very vague and blind. Through the review and reorganization of the conception and mode of American greenway which starts from the initial "park way" and develops to the current "inter-connected land protection network", it proves that it is the development of the features such as the network connectivity and multifunction integration of American greenway that make it as a comprehensive solution in the aspects of ecological protection, heritage conservation, recreation experience.Then through the analysis of the present American greenway on the aspect of definition, structure, structure mode, function, classification and case to further clarify the connotation of American greenway.Based on the review of the development of Chinese greenway and the typicality analysis of greenway planning and construction implementation in the Pearl River Delta of China, this paper horizontally compares them with the development stage, starting point at present、related ideas and specific implementation of the current American greenway. It proves that the current development of Chinese greenway only stay in the single construction mode which is based on the simple combination of "green" and "road". Chinese greenway at present is almost the same as the early stage American greenway which is similar to the footpath system for outdoor recreation in the U.S. No matter in the depth, breadth or in the dimension, Chinese greenway still lags behind from the "land protection network" constructed by American greenway. The double confirmation of the target and difference in Chinese greenway and American greenway will not only set up the correct thinking and conception for the greenway planning in China, but also provide advisable means for extensive construction.
引文
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2. Fabos J G. Introduction and overview:the greenway movement,uses and potentials of greenways[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,1995,(33):1-13.
3. Gobster P H. Perception and use of a metropolitan greenway system for recreation [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,1995,33:401-413.
4. Hellmund P C, Smith D S. Designing Greenways[M]. Washington,DC:Island Press,2006.
5. Jongman Rob H. G., Pungetti Gloria生态网络与绿道[M].英国:Cambridge University Press, 2011:246.
6. Little C E. Greenways for America[M]. Baltimore and London:The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990:237.
7. Robert S. The evolution of greenways as an adaptive urban landscape form[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,1995,(33):65-80.
8. Rottle N D. Factors in the landscape-based greenway:a Mountains to Sound case study[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2006,(76):134-171.
9. Smith D S E A. Ecology of Greenways [M]:The University of Minnesota Press,1993:142.
10.Tan K W. A greenway network for singapore[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2006,(76):45-66.
11.Taylor J, Paine C, Fitzgibbon J. From greenbelt to greenways:four Canadian case studies[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,1995,(33):47-64.
12.Yu K. The evolution of Greenways in China[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2006,(76):223-239.
13.查尔斯·a·弗林克,孙帅.迈阿密河绿道一条工业河流的绿色基础设施[J].风景园林,2009,(3)：20-25.
14.陈爽,张皓.国外现代城市规划理论中的绿色思考[J].规划师,2003,(4)：71-74.
15.丁文清.城市绿道景观规划设计研究[D]：西安建筑科技大学,2010.
16.付斌.冈山市西川绿道公园日本[J].世界建筑,1985,(2)：28-29.
17.付军.论中国城市滨河区景观规划设计的生态方法[J].北京农学院学报,2006,(4)：16-19.
18.广东省建设厅.环城绿带规划指引[Z].2004a.
19.广东省建设厅.区域绿地规划指引[Z].2004b1.
20.广东省人民政府.珠江三角洲绿道网总体规划纲要[J].建筑监督检测与造价,2010,(3)：10-70.
21.广东省住房和城乡建设厅.广东省绿道控制区划定与管制工作指引[J].建筑监督检测与造价,2011,(4)：3-5.
22.广东省住房和城乡建设厅.珠三角区域绿道(省立)规划设计技术指引(试行)[J].建筑监督检测与造价,2010a,(3)：1-8.
23.广东省住房和城乡建设厅.印发绿道连接线建设及绿道与道路交叉路段建设技术指引的通知[J].建筑监督检测与造价,2010b,(Z1)：3-5.
24.韩西丽.实用景观——卢布尔雅那市环城绿道[J].城市规划,2008,(8)：81-86.
25.韩西丽,俞孔坚.伦敦城市开放空间规划中的绿色通道网络思想[J].新建筑,2004,(5)：7-9.
26.何防,锁秀,高阳,等.探索中国绿道的规划建设途径以珠三角区域绿道规划为例[J].风景园林,2010,(2)：70-73.
27.胡剑双,戴菲.中国绿道研究进展[J].中国园林,2010,(12)：88-93.
28.黄哲.绿色通道规划理论在生态旅游规划中的运用研究及实践探索[D]：湖南大学,2005.
29.贾俊,高晶.英国绿带政策的起源、发展和挑战[J].中国园林,2005,(3)：73-76.
30.姜允芳,石铁矛,苏娟.美国绿道网络的实施策略与控制管理[J].规划师,2010,(9)：88-92.
31.杰克·艾亨,周啸.论绿道规划原理与方法[J].风景园林,2011,(5)：104-107.
32.金经元.奥姆斯特德和波士顿公园系统(中)[J].上海城市管理职业技术学院学报,2002a,(3)：10-12.
33.金经元.奥姆斯特德和波士顿公园系统(上)[J].上海城市管理职业技术学院学报,2002b,(2)：11-13.
34.金经元.奥姆斯特德和波士顿公园系统(下)[J].上海城市管理职业技术学院学报,2002c,(4)：10-12.
35.金云峰,周煦.城市层面绿道系统规划模式探讨[J].现代城市研究,2011,(3)：33-37.
36.景峰,王亚英.绿道网络在北京旧城区构建的可行性研究[J].北京农学院学报,2010,(1)：73-76.
37.李昌浩.绿色通道(Greenway)的理论与实践研究[D]：南京林业大学,2005.
38.李昌浩,朱晓东.国外绿色通道建设进展及其对我国城市建设的启示[J].世界林业研究,2007,(3)：34-39.
39.李开然.绿道网络的生态廊道功能及其规划原则[J].中国园林,2010,(3)：24-27.
40.李团胜,王萍.绿道及其生态意义[J].生态学杂志,2001,(6)：59-61.
41.林康义,唐永强.比较.分类.类比[M].沈阳：辽宁人民出版社,1987.
42.刘滨谊,徐文辉.生态浙江绿道建设的战略设想[J].中国城市林业,2004,(6)：14-18.
43.刘滨谊,余畅.美国绿道网络规划的发展与启示[J].中国园林,2001，,(6)：77-81.
44.洛尔·考米尔,莫尼克·布兰科,雅克·博德里,等.法国的绿道概念,孰新孰旧?[J].中国园林,2011,(3)：55-58.
45.孟亚凡.绿色通道及其规划原则[J].中国园林,2004,(5)：17-21.
46.深圳市规划和国土资源委员会,深圳市城市规划设计研究院有限公司.深圳市绿道网专项规划简本[Z].2010.
47.沈磊,赵国裕.美国“绿廊”规划的世纪流变[J].北京规划建设,2005,(6)：161-165.
48.谭少华,赵万民绿道规划研究进展与展望[J].中国园林,2007,(2)：85-89.
49.谭晓鸽.绿道网络理论与实践[D]：天津大学,2007.
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