医巫闾山森林生态系统健康评价及指示昆虫的研究
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摘要
森林生态系统作为陆地生态系统的主体,是陆地上面积最大、分布最广、组成结构最复杂、物质资源最丰富的生态系统。森林生态系统的健康状况直接影响人类生态安全和可持续发展,健康森林是实现森林资源可持续发展的基础。森林生态系统健康的评价是保护和恢复森林生态系统健康的前提。对森林生态系统健康的分析与评价,对实现我国林业发展及生态安全具有重要意义。
医巫闾山国家自然保护区主要保护对象是“东亚地区特有的天然油松林”、“华北植物区系现存较完整的针阔叶混交林”和黑鹳等野生动物。医巫闾山自然保护区属森林生态系统和野生动物类型自然保护区,属暖温带半湿润地区,植物区系属华北植物区系,与蒙古、长白植物区系毗邻,是个过渡地带。因此,保护医巫闾山森林生态系统健康,保持生态系统平衡,充分发挥森林生态系统功能,并确保其与经济和社会的和谐发展具有重要意义。
本研究基于医巫闾山国家自然保护区,设置面积为30m×20m样地32块,对医巫闾山森林生态系统健康状况进行评价和指示昆虫进行筛选,研究结果表明：
1.本研究从森林生态系统结构、物种多样性、森林活力、土壤健康状况和系统抵抗力五个方面对医巫闾山自然保护区森林生态系统健康状况进行评价。选取冠层数、郁闭度、年龄结构、林分密度和近自然度5个林分结构指标；乔木丰富度、乔木Shannon指数、灌木丰富度、灌木Shannon指数、草本丰富度、草本Shannon指数、昆虫科级丰富度和昆虫科级Shannon指数8个物种多样性指标；林木蓄积量、更新幼树数量和叶面积指数3个森林活力指标；易燃度、森林病虫害为害程度和人为干扰3个抵抗力指标；土壤质地、土壤厚度和土壤含水率3个土壤健康指标,共22项健康评价指标,构建了森林生态系统健康评价体系。通过主成分分析和聚类分析方法进行分析,结果表明,医巫闾山森林生态系统整体健康状况良好,32块样地中没有不健康林分,具体划分为健康森林21块、亚健康森林6块和一般健康森林5块。
2.通过对医巫闾山森林昆虫群落组成特征进行研究,调查表明32块样地共采集11目112科340种4392头昆虫,其中类群较多的昆虫有鞘翅目、鳞翅目和膜翅目,分别占总昆虫物种数的31.18%、19.71%和18.82%,个体数分别占总采集昆虫的40.53%、24.48%和9.90%,较少的类群包括双翅目、半翅目、直翅目、螳螂目、革翅目、长翅目、脉翅目和毛翅目。共采集步甲科(Carabidae)昆虫412只,隶属于7属21种；天牛科(Cerambycidae)昆虫362只,隶属于5亚科39种。且不同健康状况森林生态系统中昆虫群落组成存在着一定程度的差异。健康状况的森林生态系统中平均每样地采集昆虫35种,155头,亚健康状况的森林生态系统中平均每样地采集昆虫26种,119头,在一般健康的森林平均每个样地中采集到昆虫19种,86头。在健康的森林生态系统中昆虫种类和数量均显著地高于亚健康样地和一般健康状况的样地。各健康状况森林中昆虫群落共有种有56种,占总物种数的16.47%。各健康状况森林中昆虫群落存在着比例较大的特有种,处于中等不相似水平。
3.医巫闾山森林生态系统中昆虫群落功能组分为植食性昆虫、捕食性昆虫、寄生性昆虫和其它类群,种数和个体数顺序为植食性昆虫类群>捕食性昆虫类群>寄生性昆虫类群>其它昆虫类群。昆虫群落功能组在各健康状况森林的样地中也存在差异。在一般健康状况的森林昆虫群落中植食性所占比例最高,相反,在健康森林中植食性昆虫类群所占比例最低,而昆虫群落中捕食性昆虫和寄生性昆虫物种数组成的天敌昆虫种类和数量在健康森林类型中最高。在健康森林生态系统昆虫群落种间制约作用较强,天敌昆虫种类较多,食物网更为复杂,昆虫群落稳定性较强,对外界干扰的抵抗能力强,相对于亚健康和一般健康状况森林更为稳定。
4.各健康状况森林生态系统间步甲和天牛群落组成和多样性均存在着较大差异。健康森林中步甲种类和数量最多,多样性也高于其它两种类型森林,天牛群落也有着相同趋势。运用指示值法筛选出医巫闾山森林生态系统健康状况有指示作用的步甲7种,天牛12种。对健康森林生态系统指示作用较好的步甲包括谷婪步甲(Harpalus calceatus (Duftschmid))、艳大步甲(Carabus lafossei coelestis Stew)和黄缘步甲(Chlaenius cicumdatus Brulle),天牛包括阿尔泰天牛(Amarysius altajensis Laxmann)、橡黑天牛(Leptura aethiops Poda)、四点象天牛(Mesosa myops (Dalman))、双簇天牛(Moechotypa diphysis (Pascoe))、红肩虎天牛(Plagionotus christophi (Kraatz))长角灰天牛(Acanthocinus aedilis L.)和山杨楔天牛(Saperda carcharias (Linnaeus))。黑腹广肩步甲(Calosoma maximowiczi Morawitz)、青脊步甲(Calosoma inguistor L.)、锯天牛(Prionus insular is Motsch)、松幽天牛(Asemum amurense Kratj)和家茸天牛(Trichoferus campestris (Faldermann)是亚健康状况森林的指示物种。一般健康森林的指示物种是瘤鞘艳步甲(Carabus(Coptobabrus) smaragoinus Fischer)、中华广肩步甲(Calosoma maderae chinense Kirby)和栗山天牛(Massicus raddei(BIessig))。
The forest ecosystem, with the largest area, prolific materials and the most complicated structure, is the main body of the terrestrial ecosystem. The health status of the forest ecosystem directly affects the safety of human ecology and sustainable development. Forest health is a basis for sustainable development of forest resources. The forest ecosystem health assessment is a premise that protects and restores forest ecosystem health. The analysis and assessment of forest ecosystem health is important to push forward the sustainable development of forestry and ecological safety.
The main protection objects of the YiWuLv Mountain national nature reserve are "the special species of East Asia, Chinese pine","well reserved natural coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest in Huabei flora" and some precious wild animal species, such as black stork. The YiWuLv Mountain national nature reserve is the forest ecosystem and wildlife nature reserve and locates in warm temperate semi humid climate zone. Its flora is of North China flora, neighboring to Mongolian flora and Changbai flora. Therefore, it is significant to YiWuLv Mountain by protecting forest ecosystems health, maintaining the ecosystem balance, giving full play to the forest ecological system function and keeping harmonious development with human, economic and society.
This study based on the YiWuLv Mountain national nature reserve with32plots by30m X20m. The forest ecosystem health was assessed and the indicator insects were selected. The results showed that:
This study assessed the forest status of YiWuLv Mountain national nature reserve from the forest ecosystem structure, biodiversity, forest vigor, soil health status, and resistance respectively. A total of22indicators were selected to construct the forest ecosystem health assessment system. The22indicators included crown layer, canopy density, age structure of stand, stand density, nature closeness, stand structure index, tree richness, tree Shannon-weiner index, shrub richness, shrub Shannon-weiner index, herbaceous richness, herbaceous Shannon-weiner index, family richness of insect, Shannon index of insect, forest cumulate quantity, number of sapling quantity, leaf area index, degree of combustibility, forest pest and disease damage degree, artificial interference, soil texture, soil thickness and soil moisture content. The principal component analysis and cluster analysis on forest ecosystem health of YiWuLv Mountain showed that the health status of32plots is good, and divided into21health forest plots,6sub-health forest plots and5general health forest plots.
In order to study the insect community composition,4392insects were collected, which including340species from112Families of11Orders. Coleoptera, Heteroptera and Hymenoptera insects occupied the largest number of species in the community, accounting for31.18%,24.48%and9.9%, respectively. The small group included Diptera, Heteroptera, Orthoptera, Mantodea, Dermaptera, Mecoptera, Neuroptera, Trichoptera. A total of412Carabidae insects were collected, belonging to7Genus,21species and362Cerambycidae insects were collected, belonging to39species,5Sub-Families. There was a certain degree of difference with different health forest ecosystems on the composition of insect community.155insects and35species were collected in each plot of the health forest ecosystems;119insects and26species were collected in each plot of the sub-health forest ecosystems;86insects and19species were collected in each plot of the general health forest ecosystems. The species and number of insects in health forest ecosystems were significantly higher than those of sub-health and general health plots. The total number of common insect communities was56species in different health forest ecosystems, accounting for16.47%. A larger proportion of endemic species existed in different health forest ecosystems in a medium dissimilarity level.
The insect community function group of the YiWuLv Mountain forest ecosystem was divided into herbivorous insects, predatory insects, parasitic insects and other insects. The order of species and individuals was herbivorous insects>predatory insects>parasitic insects>other insects. The insect community function group also existed a certain degree of difference in different health forest ecosystems. The herbivorous insects occupied the highest proportion in general health forest. On the contrary, the herbivorous insects occupied the lowest proportion in health forest. The number and species of natural enemy that constituted byerbivorous insects and predatory insects was the highest in all forest types. There was a strong restrict between insect communities in the health forest with more natural enemy insects more complicated food web, more stable the insect communities, stronger resistance to outside interference, and more stable than the sub-health and general health forest ecosystem.
The community composition and diversity between Carabidae and Cerambycidae existed significant differences in different health forest ecosystems. The number and species of Carabidae were the largest in the health forest and the diversity was higher than the other types. The Cerambycidae community also had the same trend.7Carabidae species and11Cerambycidae species were selected through the indicator value in YiWuLv Mountain forest ecosystem, including Harpalus calceatus (Duftschmid), Carabus lafossei coelestis Stew, Chlaenius cicumdatus Brulle, Amarysius altajensis Laxmann, Leptura aethiops Poda, Mesosa myops (Dalman), Moechotypa diphysis (Pascoe), Plagionotus christophi (Kraatz), Acanthocinus aedilis L. and Saperda carcharias (Linnaeus). The indicator of sub-health species included Calosoma maximowiczi Morawitz, Calosoma inguistor L., Prionus insularis Motsch, Asemum amurense Kratj and Trichoferus campestris (Faldermann). The indicator of general health species included Carabus (Coptobabrus) smaragoinus Fischer, Calosoma maderae chinense Kirby and Massicus raddei(BIessig).
医巫闾山国家自然保护区主要保护对象是“东亚地区特有的天然油松林”、“华北植物区系现存较完整的针阔叶混交林”和黑鹳等野生动物。医巫闾山自然保护区属森林生态系统和野生动物类型自然保护区,属暖温带半湿润地区,植物区系属华北植物区系,与蒙古、长白植物区系毗邻,是个过渡地带。因此,保护医巫闾山森林生态系统健康,保持生态系统平衡,充分发挥森林生态系统功能,并确保其与经济和社会的和谐发展具有重要意义。
本研究基于医巫闾山国家自然保护区,设置面积为30m×20m样地32块,对医巫闾山森林生态系统健康状况进行评价和指示昆虫进行筛选,研究结果表明：
1.本研究从森林生态系统结构、物种多样性、森林活力、土壤健康状况和系统抵抗力五个方面对医巫闾山自然保护区森林生态系统健康状况进行评价。选取冠层数、郁闭度、年龄结构、林分密度和近自然度5个林分结构指标；乔木丰富度、乔木Shannon指数、灌木丰富度、灌木Shannon指数、草本丰富度、草本Shannon指数、昆虫科级丰富度和昆虫科级Shannon指数8个物种多样性指标；林木蓄积量、更新幼树数量和叶面积指数3个森林活力指标；易燃度、森林病虫害为害程度和人为干扰3个抵抗力指标；土壤质地、土壤厚度和土壤含水率3个土壤健康指标,共22项健康评价指标,构建了森林生态系统健康评价体系。通过主成分分析和聚类分析方法进行分析,结果表明,医巫闾山森林生态系统整体健康状况良好,32块样地中没有不健康林分,具体划分为健康森林21块、亚健康森林6块和一般健康森林5块。
2.通过对医巫闾山森林昆虫群落组成特征进行研究,调查表明32块样地共采集11目112科340种4392头昆虫,其中类群较多的昆虫有鞘翅目、鳞翅目和膜翅目,分别占总昆虫物种数的31.18%、19.71%和18.82%,个体数分别占总采集昆虫的40.53%、24.48%和9.90%,较少的类群包括双翅目、半翅目、直翅目、螳螂目、革翅目、长翅目、脉翅目和毛翅目。共采集步甲科(Carabidae)昆虫412只,隶属于7属21种；天牛科(Cerambycidae)昆虫362只,隶属于5亚科39种。且不同健康状况森林生态系统中昆虫群落组成存在着一定程度的差异。健康状况的森林生态系统中平均每样地采集昆虫35种,155头,亚健康状况的森林生态系统中平均每样地采集昆虫26种,119头,在一般健康的森林平均每个样地中采集到昆虫19种,86头。在健康的森林生态系统中昆虫种类和数量均显著地高于亚健康样地和一般健康状况的样地。各健康状况森林中昆虫群落共有种有56种,占总物种数的16.47%。各健康状况森林中昆虫群落存在着比例较大的特有种,处于中等不相似水平。
3.医巫闾山森林生态系统中昆虫群落功能组分为植食性昆虫、捕食性昆虫、寄生性昆虫和其它类群,种数和个体数顺序为植食性昆虫类群>捕食性昆虫类群>寄生性昆虫类群>其它昆虫类群。昆虫群落功能组在各健康状况森林的样地中也存在差异。在一般健康状况的森林昆虫群落中植食性所占比例最高,相反,在健康森林中植食性昆虫类群所占比例最低,而昆虫群落中捕食性昆虫和寄生性昆虫物种数组成的天敌昆虫种类和数量在健康森林类型中最高。在健康森林生态系统昆虫群落种间制约作用较强,天敌昆虫种类较多,食物网更为复杂,昆虫群落稳定性较强,对外界干扰的抵抗能力强,相对于亚健康和一般健康状况森林更为稳定。
4.各健康状况森林生态系统间步甲和天牛群落组成和多样性均存在着较大差异。健康森林中步甲种类和数量最多,多样性也高于其它两种类型森林,天牛群落也有着相同趋势。运用指示值法筛选出医巫闾山森林生态系统健康状况有指示作用的步甲7种,天牛12种。对健康森林生态系统指示作用较好的步甲包括谷婪步甲(Harpalus calceatus (Duftschmid))、艳大步甲(Carabus lafossei coelestis Stew)和黄缘步甲(Chlaenius cicumdatus Brulle),天牛包括阿尔泰天牛(Amarysius altajensis Laxmann)、橡黑天牛(Leptura aethiops Poda)、四点象天牛(Mesosa myops (Dalman))、双簇天牛(Moechotypa diphysis (Pascoe))、红肩虎天牛(Plagionotus christophi (Kraatz))长角灰天牛(Acanthocinus aedilis L.)和山杨楔天牛(Saperda carcharias (Linnaeus))。黑腹广肩步甲(Calosoma maximowiczi Morawitz)、青脊步甲(Calosoma inguistor L.)、锯天牛(Prionus insular is Motsch)、松幽天牛(Asemum amurense Kratj)和家茸天牛(Trichoferus campestris (Faldermann)是亚健康状况森林的指示物种。一般健康森林的指示物种是瘤鞘艳步甲(Carabus(Coptobabrus) smaragoinus Fischer)、中华广肩步甲(Calosoma maderae chinense Kirby)和栗山天牛(Massicus raddei(BIessig))。
The forest ecosystem, with the largest area, prolific materials and the most complicated structure, is the main body of the terrestrial ecosystem. The health status of the forest ecosystem directly affects the safety of human ecology and sustainable development. Forest health is a basis for sustainable development of forest resources. The forest ecosystem health assessment is a premise that protects and restores forest ecosystem health. The analysis and assessment of forest ecosystem health is important to push forward the sustainable development of forestry and ecological safety.
The main protection objects of the YiWuLv Mountain national nature reserve are "the special species of East Asia, Chinese pine","well reserved natural coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest in Huabei flora" and some precious wild animal species, such as black stork. The YiWuLv Mountain national nature reserve is the forest ecosystem and wildlife nature reserve and locates in warm temperate semi humid climate zone. Its flora is of North China flora, neighboring to Mongolian flora and Changbai flora. Therefore, it is significant to YiWuLv Mountain by protecting forest ecosystems health, maintaining the ecosystem balance, giving full play to the forest ecological system function and keeping harmonious development with human, economic and society.
This study based on the YiWuLv Mountain national nature reserve with32plots by30m X20m. The forest ecosystem health was assessed and the indicator insects were selected. The results showed that:
This study assessed the forest status of YiWuLv Mountain national nature reserve from the forest ecosystem structure, biodiversity, forest vigor, soil health status, and resistance respectively. A total of22indicators were selected to construct the forest ecosystem health assessment system. The22indicators included crown layer, canopy density, age structure of stand, stand density, nature closeness, stand structure index, tree richness, tree Shannon-weiner index, shrub richness, shrub Shannon-weiner index, herbaceous richness, herbaceous Shannon-weiner index, family richness of insect, Shannon index of insect, forest cumulate quantity, number of sapling quantity, leaf area index, degree of combustibility, forest pest and disease damage degree, artificial interference, soil texture, soil thickness and soil moisture content. The principal component analysis and cluster analysis on forest ecosystem health of YiWuLv Mountain showed that the health status of32plots is good, and divided into21health forest plots,6sub-health forest plots and5general health forest plots.
In order to study the insect community composition,4392insects were collected, which including340species from112Families of11Orders. Coleoptera, Heteroptera and Hymenoptera insects occupied the largest number of species in the community, accounting for31.18%,24.48%and9.9%, respectively. The small group included Diptera, Heteroptera, Orthoptera, Mantodea, Dermaptera, Mecoptera, Neuroptera, Trichoptera. A total of412Carabidae insects were collected, belonging to7Genus,21species and362Cerambycidae insects were collected, belonging to39species,5Sub-Families. There was a certain degree of difference with different health forest ecosystems on the composition of insect community.155insects and35species were collected in each plot of the health forest ecosystems;119insects and26species were collected in each plot of the sub-health forest ecosystems;86insects and19species were collected in each plot of the general health forest ecosystems. The species and number of insects in health forest ecosystems were significantly higher than those of sub-health and general health plots. The total number of common insect communities was56species in different health forest ecosystems, accounting for16.47%. A larger proportion of endemic species existed in different health forest ecosystems in a medium dissimilarity level.
The insect community function group of the YiWuLv Mountain forest ecosystem was divided into herbivorous insects, predatory insects, parasitic insects and other insects. The order of species and individuals was herbivorous insects>predatory insects>parasitic insects>other insects. The insect community function group also existed a certain degree of difference in different health forest ecosystems. The herbivorous insects occupied the highest proportion in general health forest. On the contrary, the herbivorous insects occupied the lowest proportion in health forest. The number and species of natural enemy that constituted byerbivorous insects and predatory insects was the highest in all forest types. There was a strong restrict between insect communities in the health forest with more natural enemy insects more complicated food web, more stable the insect communities, stronger resistance to outside interference, and more stable than the sub-health and general health forest ecosystem.
The community composition and diversity between Carabidae and Cerambycidae existed significant differences in different health forest ecosystems. The number and species of Carabidae were the largest in the health forest and the diversity was higher than the other types. The Cerambycidae community also had the same trend.7Carabidae species and11Cerambycidae species were selected through the indicator value in YiWuLv Mountain forest ecosystem, including Harpalus calceatus (Duftschmid), Carabus lafossei coelestis Stew, Chlaenius cicumdatus Brulle, Amarysius altajensis Laxmann, Leptura aethiops Poda, Mesosa myops (Dalman), Moechotypa diphysis (Pascoe), Plagionotus christophi (Kraatz), Acanthocinus aedilis L. and Saperda carcharias (Linnaeus). The indicator of sub-health species included Calosoma maximowiczi Morawitz, Calosoma inguistor L., Prionus insularis Motsch, Asemum amurense Kratj and Trichoferus campestris (Faldermann). The indicator of general health species included Carabus (Coptobabrus) smaragoinus Fischer, Calosoma maderae chinense Kirby and Massicus raddei(BIessig).
引文
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