光学反馈系统及其光学仿射变换研究
摘要
光学信息系统具有并行处理信息的优势,其速度远高于电子计算机的处理速度,但它一直受光学器件的技术和精度制约,系统存在相干噪声大、稳定性差、调节困难等缺点,因而导致信息光学技术在高精度处理方面多年来发展缓慢。近年来涌现的新技术使相干光信息处理系统取得突破性的进展成为可能。其一,具有高精度、高分辨率的纯相位光学调制器面世使得调节相干光的波前相位成为可能,由此可真正实现全光并行负反馈系统。其二,大截面光纤传像束和基于三维MEMS(微机电系统)技术的光交叉连接器问世,可实现参数可调的集成仿射线性变换并进而实现二维图像迭代函数系统(IFS)。
首先,论文从原有的光学反馈系统出发,分析了二维光学负反馈实现的可能,构建了基本的光学负反馈系统。其次,讨论了两种特殊的迭代函数系统,提出了用光学方法实现迭代函数系统的思想,图像迭代函数系统从本质上说是一个二维反馈系统,通过全光实现二维迭代函数系统,可以提高系统抗干扰能力和计算速度。再次,进行了常见光学仿射变换实验,鉴于实验具有调节困难、精度低、灵活性差和稳定性差等缺点,本文提出了基于光纤传像束和MEMS(微机电系统)光交叉连接的方法,通过利用MEMS光交叉连接可以实现任意端口间的交换特性,与光纤传像束结合能够用光学方法实现任意仿射变换。克服了上述问题。光学实验与数字仿真实验的对比有力地证实了该方法的优越性。随着大截面光纤传像束和MEMS技术的光交叉连接的进一步发展,有望提高并行图像处理系统的速度、精度、稳定性等方面获得突破。
目前用光纤传像束和MEMS光交叉连接实现任意仿射变换还存在分辨率不够高和对图像离散化等问题,我们可以利用透镜组实现缩放来提高分辨率,但灵活性稍差。因此,在提高系统分辨率方面还值得深入研究,以进一步提高系统精度。
Optical information processing has the advantage of high-speed parallel processing. Its processing speed is much faster than that of computer. but it has been restricted by current technology and precision of optical devices, so the system has high coherent noise, poor stability, adjustment difficulties and other shortcomings, which results in the slow development of information processing in high-precision optical technology over the past decades. In recent years a great breakthrough is possible for the emergence of new technology to achieve coherent optical information processing system. First, phase spatial light modulator with high precision and high-resolution made adjustable coherent light phase wavefront possible, thus can realize all-optical parallel negative feedback system. Second, the emergence of optical cross-connect for large cross-section optical fiber image bundle and MEMS technology can realize arbitrary affine transform in optics. Ultimately image iterated function system(IFS) can be obtained.
First of all, according to the existing optical feedback system, the two-dimensional optical negative feedback was analyzed, and a basic optical negative feedback system is constructed. Secondly, two specific iterated function systems were discussed, and an optical iterated function system is a two-dimensional feedback system. Through all-optical realization of two-dimensional iterated function systems, this can improve anti-jamming capabilities and the computing speed. Thirdly, conventional optical affine transform is implemented, with the shortage of experimental adjustment difficulties, low accuracy, poor flexibility and stability. A method for optical affine transform based on optical fiber bundle and MEMS (Micro-Electromechanical Systems) optical cross-connect is proposed. An arbitrary optical affine transform is realized by making use of the switch property of MEMS combined with optical fiber bundle. The shortcomings of traditional methods can be overcome effectively by this way. Comparison of optical experiment results and simulation results proves the superiority of this method. With further development of the technology of large cross-section fiber-optic image bundles and MEMS optical cross-connect, parallel image processing system is expected to achieve breakthrough in speed, precision and stability, etc.
Currently, the optical affine transform realized by the combination of optical cross-connection based on MEMS with optical fiber bundles has many problems such as the low resolution. As to discrete graphics, we can use lens group to achieve zoom which can improve the resolution, but it results in somewhat less flexibility. So the way to improve system resolution deserves studying to improve the precision system.
首先,论文从原有的光学反馈系统出发,分析了二维光学负反馈实现的可能,构建了基本的光学负反馈系统。其次,讨论了两种特殊的迭代函数系统,提出了用光学方法实现迭代函数系统的思想,图像迭代函数系统从本质上说是一个二维反馈系统,通过全光实现二维迭代函数系统,可以提高系统抗干扰能力和计算速度。再次,进行了常见光学仿射变换实验,鉴于实验具有调节困难、精度低、灵活性差和稳定性差等缺点,本文提出了基于光纤传像束和MEMS(微机电系统)光交叉连接的方法,通过利用MEMS光交叉连接可以实现任意端口间的交换特性,与光纤传像束结合能够用光学方法实现任意仿射变换。克服了上述问题。光学实验与数字仿真实验的对比有力地证实了该方法的优越性。随着大截面光纤传像束和MEMS技术的光交叉连接的进一步发展,有望提高并行图像处理系统的速度、精度、稳定性等方面获得突破。
目前用光纤传像束和MEMS光交叉连接实现任意仿射变换还存在分辨率不够高和对图像离散化等问题,我们可以利用透镜组实现缩放来提高分辨率,但灵活性稍差。因此,在提高系统分辨率方面还值得深入研究,以进一步提高系统精度。
Optical information processing has the advantage of high-speed parallel processing. Its processing speed is much faster than that of computer. but it has been restricted by current technology and precision of optical devices, so the system has high coherent noise, poor stability, adjustment difficulties and other shortcomings, which results in the slow development of information processing in high-precision optical technology over the past decades. In recent years a great breakthrough is possible for the emergence of new technology to achieve coherent optical information processing system. First, phase spatial light modulator with high precision and high-resolution made adjustable coherent light phase wavefront possible, thus can realize all-optical parallel negative feedback system. Second, the emergence of optical cross-connect for large cross-section optical fiber image bundle and MEMS technology can realize arbitrary affine transform in optics. Ultimately image iterated function system(IFS) can be obtained.
First of all, according to the existing optical feedback system, the two-dimensional optical negative feedback was analyzed, and a basic optical negative feedback system is constructed. Secondly, two specific iterated function systems were discussed, and an optical iterated function system is a two-dimensional feedback system. Through all-optical realization of two-dimensional iterated function systems, this can improve anti-jamming capabilities and the computing speed. Thirdly, conventional optical affine transform is implemented, with the shortage of experimental adjustment difficulties, low accuracy, poor flexibility and stability. A method for optical affine transform based on optical fiber bundle and MEMS (Micro-Electromechanical Systems) optical cross-connect is proposed. An arbitrary optical affine transform is realized by making use of the switch property of MEMS combined with optical fiber bundle. The shortcomings of traditional methods can be overcome effectively by this way. Comparison of optical experiment results and simulation results proves the superiority of this method. With further development of the technology of large cross-section fiber-optic image bundles and MEMS optical cross-connect, parallel image processing system is expected to achieve breakthrough in speed, precision and stability, etc.
Currently, the optical affine transform realized by the combination of optical cross-connection based on MEMS with optical fiber bundles has many problems such as the low resolution. As to discrete graphics, we can use lens group to achieve zoom which can improve the resolution, but it results in somewhat less flexibility. So the way to improve system resolution deserves studying to improve the precision system.
引文
[1]赵建林.高等光学[M].西安.西北工业大学出版社.
[2]孟书苹.基于光学小波变换系统研究[D].重庆大学硕士毕业论文,2005.
[3] D.G.Feitelson. Optical computing a survey for computer scientists[M]. the MIT Press, 1988。
[4]庄松林等.光学反馈系统[J].光学仪器, 1979, 1.
[5] J. Cederquist and S. H. Lee. Coherent optical feedback for the analog solution of partial differential equations [J]. Journal of the Optical Society of America, vol. 7, issue 8:944,1980.
[6] A. Lohmann. In Communication and Information Theory Aspects of Modern Optics[J]. General Electric, Syracuse, New York ,1962 .
[7] J. Cederquist and S. H. Lee. The use of feedback in optical information processing[J]. Appl. Phys. 18, 311--319 ,1979.
[8] B. B. Mandelbrot. The Fractal Geometry of Nature[J]. New York:W H Freeman,1983.
[9]李永国,颜忠诚.分形理论及其在生命科学中的应用[J].首都师范大学学报(自然科学版),2009.2 (1).
[10] M F Barnsley,S Demko. Iterated function system and the global construction of fractal [J]. Proceeding of Royal Society of.London.Mathematical and Physical Sciences,1985, 399(1817):243~275.
[11] Heinz-Otto Peitgen等著.田逢春主译.混沌与分形—科学的新疆界[M].国防工业出版社, 2008:16,174, 158,152-154,177.
[12]李响等.光纤传像束的研究进展[J].光机电信息,2009,26(7).
[13]徐明泉等.光纤传像束的应用特点[J].玻璃纤维,1999,3.
[14] Polla D L. MEMS technology and applications[J].International Symposium on VLSI Technology,Systems, and Applications[C].TaiPei 1999.
[15] Zheng X Z, et al.Three-dimensional MEMS photonic cross-connect switch design and performance[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics,2003,9 (20):571-578.
[16]张以谟等.光学信息处理讲座第十一讲相干光学反馈技术[J].物理, 1985, 5.
[17] D. P. Jablonowski t and S. H. Lee. A coherent optical feedback system_for optical information processing(J), Appl. Phys. 8, 51-58 (1975).
[18]张以谟等.环形反馈系统的建立及其在图象对比度控制中的应用[J].天津大学学报, 1985(3).
[19]冯璧华等.利用相干光反馈系统实现模糊图像的复原[J].中国激光, 1994(12).
[20] B. Gutlich et al. Forcing and control of localized states in optical single feedback systems[J]. Appl. Phys. B 81, 927–936 (2005),DOI: 10.1007/s00340-005-2011-2.
[21] G K Harkness et al. Fourier space control in an LCLV feedback system[J]. J. Opt. B: Quantum Semiclass. Opt. 1 (1999) 177–182. Printed in the UK,PII: S1464-4266(99)96012-3.
[22]刘智深等.多通道傅里叶变换光学反馈图象处理[J].科学通报, 1983, 10 .
[23] T.Bedford,et al. Fractal coding of monochrome image. Signal Processing Image Communication[J]. 1994. 6: 405-419.
[24] MattewMaeDonald.ASP.NET完全手册[M].电子工业出版社,2003,3:232一294.
[25]张凯.虚拟植物生长中树木的快速绘制[D].长春理工大学硕士学位论文,2005:15-17.
[26]曾文锋等.基于仿射变换模型的图像配准中的平移、旋转和缩放[J].红外与激光工程,2001,2(1).
[27]覃凤清.基于分形的图像压缩研究[D].四川大学硕士学位论文,2006,22.
[28]韩伟等.一种简单的计算机全自动图像仿真方法[J].工程图学学报,2001,2.
[29]刘勍等.基于分形理论的图像压缩编码技术[J].信息与电子工程2004.2 (4).
[30] YOSHIKI ICHIOKA. Optical information processing and beyond[J]. PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, VOL. 84, NO. 5, MAY 199.
[31] Jun Tanida et al. Optical fractal synthesizer: concept and experimental verification[J]. Optical Society of America. 10 February 1993 / Vol. 32, No. 5.
[32] A.Forrester,J.Courtial,M.J.Padgett, 27-Fractal generation using optical feedback with incoherent gain[J]. Optics Communications 190(2001): 123-127.
[33] Joseph W.Goodman著.秦克诚等译.傅里叶光学导论[M].电子工业出版社, 2006.9.
[34]张洪鑫等.液晶空间光调制器用于波前校正的研究[J].红外与激光工程,37(6),2008.12.
[35]张健,吴丽莹,刘伯晗.液晶空间光调制器与相干光波前实时变换[J].红外与激光工程,37(1),2008.2.
[36]于凤霞等.酸溶法光纤传像束透光性能的研究[J].光学技术,2007,33(4).
[37] Yano, et al. Optical MEMS for photonic switching-compact and stable optical crossconnect switches for simple, fast, and flexible wavelength applications in recent photonic networks[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics. 2005, 11 (2).
[38]游明俊.信息光学基础实验[M].兵器工业出版社,1992,8.
[39] S·K·Gupta, R·Hradaynath,许立国.道威棱镜的角度公差[J].光学技术,1983. 10(6).
[40]廖延彪.光纤光学[M].清华大学出版社,2000.
[41]刘德森.纤维光学[M].北京:科学出版社, 1987.
[42] Conde,Depeursinge et al. Comparative Measurement of Image Quality in Image[J]. Guides.OE/LASE Conference CA,1994
[43]张振远,孙磊,李莉,张敏捷.基于层叠法工艺制造柔性多路集成大阵面光纤传像束实验研究[J].玻璃纤维,2004:4-15.
[44]徐明泉.光纤传像束的传光特性表征[J].光纤与光缆及其应用技术,1997.
[45]徐明泉.陆小健.光纤传像束极限分辨率的测试[J].玻璃纤维,1999.
[46]徐明泉.张振远.光纤束透过率的测试研究[J].玻璃纤维,2007(1).
[47]孙磊.大截面光纤传像束及应用[J].应用光学,2000,21(1).
[48] Patrick B. Chu et al. MEMS: The Path to Large Optical Cross connects[J]. IEEE Communications Magazine ? March 2002.
[49]徐亮等.三维微机电系统中微反射镜的转动分析[J].光子技术,2005,3.
[50] Tsuyoshi Yamamoto et al. A Three-Dimensional MEMS Optical Switching Module Having 100 Input and 100 Output Ports(J), IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 15, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2003.
[51] David J. Bishop et al. The Lucent LambdaRouter: MEMS Technology of the Future Here Today(J), OPTICAL SWITCHING, IEEE Communications Magazine March 2002.
[52]邱祖全.光交叉连接用三维MEMS技术[J].研究生论坛,光机电信息,June 2007.
[53]丁松峰.三维微电子机械系统结构分析设计及其应用[D].南京邮电大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[54] Frame, M. Fractal video feedback as analog iterated function systems[J]. Fractals-Complex Geometry Patterns and Scaling in Nature and Society, 2008,16(3).
[55] Yano,et al. Optical MEMS for Photonic Switching-Compact and Stable Optical Crossconnect Switches for Simple, Fast, and Flexible Wavelength Applications in Recent Photonic Network[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics. 2005,11(2).
[2]孟书苹.基于光学小波变换系统研究[D].重庆大学硕士毕业论文,2005.
[3] D.G.Feitelson. Optical computing a survey for computer scientists[M]. the MIT Press, 1988。
[4]庄松林等.光学反馈系统[J].光学仪器, 1979, 1.
[5] J. Cederquist and S. H. Lee. Coherent optical feedback for the analog solution of partial differential equations [J]. Journal of the Optical Society of America, vol. 7, issue 8:944,1980.
[6] A. Lohmann. In Communication and Information Theory Aspects of Modern Optics[J]. General Electric, Syracuse, New York ,1962 .
[7] J. Cederquist and S. H. Lee. The use of feedback in optical information processing[J]. Appl. Phys. 18, 311--319 ,1979.
[8] B. B. Mandelbrot. The Fractal Geometry of Nature[J]. New York:W H Freeman,1983.
[9]李永国,颜忠诚.分形理论及其在生命科学中的应用[J].首都师范大学学报(自然科学版),2009.2 (1).
[10] M F Barnsley,S Demko. Iterated function system and the global construction of fractal [J]. Proceeding of Royal Society of.London.Mathematical and Physical Sciences,1985, 399(1817):243~275.
[11] Heinz-Otto Peitgen等著.田逢春主译.混沌与分形—科学的新疆界[M].国防工业出版社, 2008:16,174, 158,152-154,177.
[12]李响等.光纤传像束的研究进展[J].光机电信息,2009,26(7).
[13]徐明泉等.光纤传像束的应用特点[J].玻璃纤维,1999,3.
[14] Polla D L. MEMS technology and applications[J].International Symposium on VLSI Technology,Systems, and Applications[C].TaiPei 1999.
[15] Zheng X Z, et al.Three-dimensional MEMS photonic cross-connect switch design and performance[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics,2003,9 (20):571-578.
[16]张以谟等.光学信息处理讲座第十一讲相干光学反馈技术[J].物理, 1985, 5.
[17] D. P. Jablonowski t and S. H. Lee. A coherent optical feedback system_for optical information processing(J), Appl. Phys. 8, 51-58 (1975).
[18]张以谟等.环形反馈系统的建立及其在图象对比度控制中的应用[J].天津大学学报, 1985(3).
[19]冯璧华等.利用相干光反馈系统实现模糊图像的复原[J].中国激光, 1994(12).
[20] B. Gutlich et al. Forcing and control of localized states in optical single feedback systems[J]. Appl. Phys. B 81, 927–936 (2005),DOI: 10.1007/s00340-005-2011-2.
[21] G K Harkness et al. Fourier space control in an LCLV feedback system[J]. J. Opt. B: Quantum Semiclass. Opt. 1 (1999) 177–182. Printed in the UK,PII: S1464-4266(99)96012-3.
[22]刘智深等.多通道傅里叶变换光学反馈图象处理[J].科学通报, 1983, 10 .
[23] T.Bedford,et al. Fractal coding of monochrome image. Signal Processing Image Communication[J]. 1994. 6: 405-419.
[24] MattewMaeDonald.ASP.NET完全手册[M].电子工业出版社,2003,3:232一294.
[25]张凯.虚拟植物生长中树木的快速绘制[D].长春理工大学硕士学位论文,2005:15-17.
[26]曾文锋等.基于仿射变换模型的图像配准中的平移、旋转和缩放[J].红外与激光工程,2001,2(1).
[27]覃凤清.基于分形的图像压缩研究[D].四川大学硕士学位论文,2006,22.
[28]韩伟等.一种简单的计算机全自动图像仿真方法[J].工程图学学报,2001,2.
[29]刘勍等.基于分形理论的图像压缩编码技术[J].信息与电子工程2004.2 (4).
[30] YOSHIKI ICHIOKA. Optical information processing and beyond[J]. PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, VOL. 84, NO. 5, MAY 199.
[31] Jun Tanida et al. Optical fractal synthesizer: concept and experimental verification[J]. Optical Society of America. 10 February 1993 / Vol. 32, No. 5.
[32] A.Forrester,J.Courtial,M.J.Padgett, 27-Fractal generation using optical feedback with incoherent gain[J]. Optics Communications 190(2001): 123-127.
[33] Joseph W.Goodman著.秦克诚等译.傅里叶光学导论[M].电子工业出版社, 2006.9.
[34]张洪鑫等.液晶空间光调制器用于波前校正的研究[J].红外与激光工程,37(6),2008.12.
[35]张健,吴丽莹,刘伯晗.液晶空间光调制器与相干光波前实时变换[J].红外与激光工程,37(1),2008.2.
[36]于凤霞等.酸溶法光纤传像束透光性能的研究[J].光学技术,2007,33(4).
[37] Yano, et al. Optical MEMS for photonic switching-compact and stable optical crossconnect switches for simple, fast, and flexible wavelength applications in recent photonic networks[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics. 2005, 11 (2).
[38]游明俊.信息光学基础实验[M].兵器工业出版社,1992,8.
[39] S·K·Gupta, R·Hradaynath,许立国.道威棱镜的角度公差[J].光学技术,1983. 10(6).
[40]廖延彪.光纤光学[M].清华大学出版社,2000.
[41]刘德森.纤维光学[M].北京:科学出版社, 1987.
[42] Conde,Depeursinge et al. Comparative Measurement of Image Quality in Image[J]. Guides.OE/LASE Conference CA,1994
[43]张振远,孙磊,李莉,张敏捷.基于层叠法工艺制造柔性多路集成大阵面光纤传像束实验研究[J].玻璃纤维,2004:4-15.
[44]徐明泉.光纤传像束的传光特性表征[J].光纤与光缆及其应用技术,1997.
[45]徐明泉.陆小健.光纤传像束极限分辨率的测试[J].玻璃纤维,1999.
[46]徐明泉.张振远.光纤束透过率的测试研究[J].玻璃纤维,2007(1).
[47]孙磊.大截面光纤传像束及应用[J].应用光学,2000,21(1).
[48] Patrick B. Chu et al. MEMS: The Path to Large Optical Cross connects[J]. IEEE Communications Magazine ? March 2002.
[49]徐亮等.三维微机电系统中微反射镜的转动分析[J].光子技术,2005,3.
[50] Tsuyoshi Yamamoto et al. A Three-Dimensional MEMS Optical Switching Module Having 100 Input and 100 Output Ports(J), IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 15, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2003.
[51] David J. Bishop et al. The Lucent LambdaRouter: MEMS Technology of the Future Here Today(J), OPTICAL SWITCHING, IEEE Communications Magazine March 2002.
[52]邱祖全.光交叉连接用三维MEMS技术[J].研究生论坛,光机电信息,June 2007.
[53]丁松峰.三维微电子机械系统结构分析设计及其应用[D].南京邮电大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[54] Frame, M. Fractal video feedback as analog iterated function systems[J]. Fractals-Complex Geometry Patterns and Scaling in Nature and Society, 2008,16(3).
[55] Yano,et al. Optical MEMS for Photonic Switching-Compact and Stable Optical Crossconnect Switches for Simple, Fast, and Flexible Wavelength Applications in Recent Photonic Network[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics. 2005,11(2).