装载机工作装置液压系统节能技术研究
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摘要
装载机液压系统是装载机重要组成部分,液压系统过多功率损失是导致液压系统油温升高的主要原因。而以往对减少液压系统发热问题的处理方式,只是将精力集中到如何提高散热器的散热效率或增大油箱表面积,没有研究热量产生的原因,从这个意义上讲,研究发热产生的原因,设计合理的液压系统,从系统上减少热量的产生,是解决液压系统发热问题的主动做法。
本论以节能为出发点,减少液压系统过多的功率损失,降低液压系统的发热为目的,为此作者对装载机的工作装置液压系统中比较大的能量损失部位进行了详细的分析,找出了系统的功率损失原因,分别对动臂下降过程中节流损失过多;工作泵不能做到工作过程压力和流量相匹配而使溢流过多;不需频繁动作的先导系统压力源先导泵的溢流过多等不合理的部分进行了改进。根据动臂下降靠自重即能降落的原理,改进原系统,设计差动回路,并在下降过程中使工作泵卸荷,减少了节流损失;将原来的单工作泵系统改为双泵系统,根据实际工作过程合分流,使压力和流量相匹配而减少溢流损失;把原来的先导系统压力源先导泵用蓄能器取代,当转向系统不工作时转向泵给蓄能器充油,让它给先导系统做油源,这样减少了能量损失。又通过对改进系统做了大量的分析和实验,以及和原系统的比较,最后得出各部分改进系统的实用性和可行性,达到了节能的目的。
Loader is a kind of high efficiency, wide use machine。It is apply inextensively in the engineering, such as building, mineral mountain, railroad,highway, electricity of water, port, the farmland capital construction and nationaldefense...etc., it has important function to reduce the labor intensity of drivers,quicken the working speed of engineering constructs, improve engineering quality,Whether at domestic or international, loader develop in variety and quantity at ahigh speed, it is one of the important engineering machine, compose of powertransmission system, stepped device, work equipment, turnaround braking system,hydraulic system and manipulate system .Its hydraulic system include the workdevice hydraulic system 、 turnaround hydraulic system and gear-box hydraulicsystem in generally. Loader's hydraulic system will make oil to high temperature inusing process. According to research, loader oil's exorbitant temperature is a mainfactor to affect reliability of system and component and the work efficiency. so howto ensure loader's hydraulic system work in natural is a key to ensure loader workin natural.
In loader, hydraulic system use oil as a medium in order to achieve the powertransition. According Bernoulli equation when liquid is flowing, because ofglutinosity it will cause power losing, reduce efficiency of system. In the pressureoil road that the hydraulic system, because pressure is far larger than kinetic energyand potential energy, the lost power is pressure losing. The losing of hydraulicsystem on the one hand make efficiency of system low, on the other hand the losingpower will translate to heat energy, make the oil' temperature higher, and makedevice fault. But former processing method of the hot equilibrium problem ofhydraulic system is just concentrate on how to raise hot spread effect, have noresearch the reason of fever creation, by this meaning, study the reason of fevercreation and reduce the fever creation and make reasonable hydraulic system,
reducing the energy loss, is active way of resolves the fever the problem ofhydraulic system.This text make a analysis of power losing of hydraulic system of loader'swork device , it found the reason of power losing and point which part haveproblems。According to this problem we improve those parts and make a lot ofanalysis and tests and make compare with primary system, At last, it conclude thefeasibility of improved system.This text is divided to five chapters:Chapter 1, it introduces to loader's development trend in domestic andinternational, generalize the order and important meaning of economy energy ofhydraulic system .at the point of purpose and meanings of economy energy, weintroduced the source and an articles topic of this contents.Chapter 2, it made a detailed introduction towards arm work systemimprovement, first we analyzed the reason of energy losing in work. Then, weanalyzed the losing of the pressure of the original system, particularly made a detailanalysis of the oil loss which passed through multi-valve. We also make a lot ofimprovement aim at the original system , through analyzing energy loss of newsystem and carry on two systems comparison, we make a conclusion that the newsystem make less loss pressure power than original system, and then through theanalysis to speed of descend, get improve the reliability of system.Chapter 3 , accumulator replaces the forerunner pump as forerunnersystem ,first introduce the principle and structure of original system, , and pointedthe weakness, then put the forward with the new system of the accumulator, andintroduced the principle structure, point out advantage of use accumulator asforerunner oil source , through the work principle of decompression valve ,and thenthrough from accumulator to the cavity analyzing hydraulic system , and getfunction relation, and through function conclude possibility of accumulator as firstsystem provide the oil.Chapter 4 make a detailed introduction towards economy energy analysis ofloader work pump, first analysis the work principle of the original system, from the
process of analysis , found out the unreasonableness of lose energy of high ratio oforiginal system , then put forward the necessity of the improve system, and thenaim at the original system designed reasonable system, introduced the workprinciple of the improvement system, through the analysis, get advantage of theimprovement economy energy system, and then through experiment curve,compared with new and original systems, and we gets, although the improvementsystem has the variety of the discharge in the process of double pump confluenceand reposition of redundant personnel, bur it did not affect stability of loader, thenew system is stable.Chapter 5 Conclusion, this text through improving a few unreasonablepositions of hydraulic system, coming to a purpose of economy energy andpromoting hot balance, make a meaningful trial of developing more economyenergy loader next step.
本论以节能为出发点,减少液压系统过多的功率损失,降低液压系统的发热为目的,为此作者对装载机的工作装置液压系统中比较大的能量损失部位进行了详细的分析,找出了系统的功率损失原因,分别对动臂下降过程中节流损失过多;工作泵不能做到工作过程压力和流量相匹配而使溢流过多;不需频繁动作的先导系统压力源先导泵的溢流过多等不合理的部分进行了改进。根据动臂下降靠自重即能降落的原理,改进原系统,设计差动回路,并在下降过程中使工作泵卸荷,减少了节流损失;将原来的单工作泵系统改为双泵系统,根据实际工作过程合分流,使压力和流量相匹配而减少溢流损失;把原来的先导系统压力源先导泵用蓄能器取代,当转向系统不工作时转向泵给蓄能器充油,让它给先导系统做油源,这样减少了能量损失。又通过对改进系统做了大量的分析和实验,以及和原系统的比较,最后得出各部分改进系统的实用性和可行性,达到了节能的目的。
Loader is a kind of high efficiency, wide use machine。It is apply inextensively in the engineering, such as building, mineral mountain, railroad,highway, electricity of water, port, the farmland capital construction and nationaldefense...etc., it has important function to reduce the labor intensity of drivers,quicken the working speed of engineering constructs, improve engineering quality,Whether at domestic or international, loader develop in variety and quantity at ahigh speed, it is one of the important engineering machine, compose of powertransmission system, stepped device, work equipment, turnaround braking system,hydraulic system and manipulate system .Its hydraulic system include the workdevice hydraulic system 、 turnaround hydraulic system and gear-box hydraulicsystem in generally. Loader's hydraulic system will make oil to high temperature inusing process. According to research, loader oil's exorbitant temperature is a mainfactor to affect reliability of system and component and the work efficiency. so howto ensure loader's hydraulic system work in natural is a key to ensure loader workin natural.
In loader, hydraulic system use oil as a medium in order to achieve the powertransition. According Bernoulli equation when liquid is flowing, because ofglutinosity it will cause power losing, reduce efficiency of system. In the pressureoil road that the hydraulic system, because pressure is far larger than kinetic energyand potential energy, the lost power is pressure losing. The losing of hydraulicsystem on the one hand make efficiency of system low, on the other hand the losingpower will translate to heat energy, make the oil' temperature higher, and makedevice fault. But former processing method of the hot equilibrium problem ofhydraulic system is just concentrate on how to raise hot spread effect, have noresearch the reason of fever creation, by this meaning, study the reason of fevercreation and reduce the fever creation and make reasonable hydraulic system,
reducing the energy loss, is active way of resolves the fever the problem ofhydraulic system.This text make a analysis of power losing of hydraulic system of loader'swork device , it found the reason of power losing and point which part haveproblems。According to this problem we improve those parts and make a lot ofanalysis and tests and make compare with primary system, At last, it conclude thefeasibility of improved system.This text is divided to five chapters:Chapter 1, it introduces to loader's development trend in domestic andinternational, generalize the order and important meaning of economy energy ofhydraulic system .at the point of purpose and meanings of economy energy, weintroduced the source and an articles topic of this contents.Chapter 2, it made a detailed introduction towards arm work systemimprovement, first we analyzed the reason of energy losing in work. Then, weanalyzed the losing of the pressure of the original system, particularly made a detailanalysis of the oil loss which passed through multi-valve. We also make a lot ofimprovement aim at the original system , through analyzing energy loss of newsystem and carry on two systems comparison, we make a conclusion that the newsystem make less loss pressure power than original system, and then through theanalysis to speed of descend, get improve the reliability of system.Chapter 3 , accumulator replaces the forerunner pump as forerunnersystem ,first introduce the principle and structure of original system, , and pointedthe weakness, then put the forward with the new system of the accumulator, andintroduced the principle structure, point out advantage of use accumulator asforerunner oil source , through the work principle of decompression valve ,and thenthrough from accumulator to the cavity analyzing hydraulic system , and getfunction relation, and through function conclude possibility of accumulator as firstsystem provide the oil.Chapter 4 make a detailed introduction towards economy energy analysis ofloader work pump, first analysis the work principle of the original system, from the
process of analysis , found out the unreasonableness of lose energy of high ratio oforiginal system , then put forward the necessity of the improve system, and thenaim at the original system designed reasonable system, introduced the workprinciple of the improvement system, through the analysis, get advantage of theimprovement economy energy system, and then through experiment curve,compared with new and original systems, and we gets, although the improvementsystem has the variety of the discharge in the process of double pump confluenceand reposition of redundant personnel, bur it did not affect stability of loader, thenew system is stable.Chapter 5 Conclusion, this text through improving a few unreasonablepositions of hydraulic system, coming to a purpose of economy energy andpromoting hot balance, make a meaningful trial of developing more economyenergy loader next step.
引文
[1]黎启柏.电液比例控制与数字控制系统[M].机械工业出版社.1997.6 72~76
[2]李静淑.关于油缸差动连接时压力损失的计算[J]. 职业教育研究 1995.4 期
[3]雷天觉.新编液压工程手册[M].机械工业出版社.1990 1770~1776
[4]徐灏.机械设计手册[M].机械工业出版设.1992
[5]张革平.浅析《液压传动》中的差动连接[J]. 承德技术学院学报 1997
[6]官忠范.液压传动系统[M].机械工业出版社.1981
[7]Jim L. Rau. Power steering concepts for off-the-road Vehicles. Proceedings of the Third National Fluid Power Systems and Controls conference .1976
[8]吉林工业大学.工程机械液压与液力传动[M].机械工业出版社.1979
[9]徐元昌.流体传动与控制[M].同济大学出版社,1998
[10]曾贤启.工程流体力学基础[M].航空工业出版社.1993.6
[11]盛敬超 .液压流体力学[M].机械工业出版社.1980
[12]陈江.浅谈工程机械先导压力源的几种形式[J].工程机械 .2001年09期
[13]陈卫东.汽车起重机液压先导比例控制系统[J].起重运输机械 2005
[14]高湖海.装载机械[M].冶金工业出版社.1995.5
[15]方匡阳、郑志驶、蒋俊.装载机双泵合分流挡位控制卸荷液压系统[J].工程机械.2003.03
[16]陈愈.液压阀[M].中国铁道出版社.1983
[17]Russell W.Henke. Introduction to Fluid Power Circuits and Systems. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company .1984
[18]盖军衔.优先卸荷阀工作原理和常见故障分析[J].工程机械与维修.2005
[19]徐建华.遥控装载机电液操纵系统的设计与研究[J].硕士论文 2003
[20]刘昕晖.吉林大学博士后研究工作报告[J].吉林大学.2000
[21]郭洪江.XGL 装载机液压系统热平衡问题的研究[J].硕士论文.2004
[22]陈家丽 . 外轮式装载机新技术与新结构及其发展[J].建筑机械 化.2002.1 17～19
[23]宋晓蓉.浅谈液压系统的发热[J].现代机械.1999.3 74～75
[24]芮德宇.液压传动系统中压力损失的探讨[J].机床与液压.1998.3 52～53
[25] 姚晶宇、王庆丰.采用双联泵结构的新型液压动力转向泵研究[J].机床与液压 .2005 年 10 期
[26]李启麟、刘红霞.液压传动中的能量损失与压力损失[J].液压与气动.2002.5
[27]谢萍.装载机液压系统油液油温过高的原因分析[J].工程机械与维修.2002.4
[28] Lambeck R P. Hydraulic Pumps and Motors: Selection and Application for Hydraulic Power Control System. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc .1983
[29]胡寿松,自动控制原理[M],北京:国防工业出版社,1994
[30]盖军衔.关于装载机双泵合流系统节能效果的分析[M].工程机械.2005. 09
[31]施亚梅.浅谈如何降低液压系统功率损失[J].液压与气动.1995.05
[32]王剑华.减少液压系统压力损失的方法[J].机械制造与自动化.2003.5
[33]李海涛、贾现军.装载机液压系统压力损失的成因及防失措施[J].机电产品开发与创新.1998.6
[34]陈伟.拖式混凝土泵摆动系统仿真与缓冲实验研究[J].硕士论文.2005
[35]陈家丽.国外轮式装载机新技术与新结构及其发展[J].建筑机械化,2002,(1):17 -20
[36]王国彪.国外轮式装载机技术的发展现状[J]工程机械与维2001,(3 ):39
[37]宋占伟,闻邦椿.装载机电子控制技术的发展及应用[J].工程机械,2000,(10):19 -24
[38]李建军.装载机市场形势分析与产品发展方向探讨[J].广西机械,2001,(4 ):58 -61
[39]朱长亮.我国轮式装载机产品的发展工程机械与维修[J],1999,(8 ):26 -29
[40]王国彪,王岩松,马铸.轮式装载机的现状与技术发展[J],工程机械与维 修,1998,(3 ):9-11
[41]何瀚.换向阀在液压系统中的压力损失[J].建筑机械技术与管理.2000.3 30～31
[42]景军清 轮式装载机动态信号负荷传感全液压转向系统特性分析与试验 硕士论文[J].2005
[43]徐涛,数值计算方法[M],长春:吉林科学技术出版社,1998
[44]Peter Dransfield .Hydraulic Control System –Design and Analysis of Their Dynamics, Spring-Verlag.1981
[45]Microcontrollers Hand book ,Intel Corp.1986
[46]林立华.浅谈油液的温升对液压系统的影响[J].镇江高专学报.1998.12
[47]Vehicle Hydraulic Systems and Digital/ Electro-hydraulic controls, 1991. SAE SP-882.ISBN 1-56091-174-3
[48]何存兴.液压元件[M].机械工业出版社.1982
[49]John J. Pippenger.Hydraulic Valves and Controls.Marcel Dekker,INC.1984
[50]林国重、盛东初.液压传动与控制[M].北京工业学院出版社.1986.6
[51]Robert D. Applied of Fluid Dynamics Handbook. Van Nostrand Company Inc.1984
[52]刘顺安,液压与气压传动[M],长春:吉林科学技术出版社,1999
[53]刘学元.液压油温升过高过快的原因及对策[J].工程机械与维修.1997.9
[2]李静淑.关于油缸差动连接时压力损失的计算[J]. 职业教育研究 1995.4 期
[3]雷天觉.新编液压工程手册[M].机械工业出版社.1990 1770~1776
[4]徐灏.机械设计手册[M].机械工业出版设.1992
[5]张革平.浅析《液压传动》中的差动连接[J]. 承德技术学院学报 1997
[6]官忠范.液压传动系统[M].机械工业出版社.1981
[7]Jim L. Rau. Power steering concepts for off-the-road Vehicles. Proceedings of the Third National Fluid Power Systems and Controls conference .1976
[8]吉林工业大学.工程机械液压与液力传动[M].机械工业出版社.1979
[9]徐元昌.流体传动与控制[M].同济大学出版社,1998
[10]曾贤启.工程流体力学基础[M].航空工业出版社.1993.6
[11]盛敬超 .液压流体力学[M].机械工业出版社.1980
[12]陈江.浅谈工程机械先导压力源的几种形式[J].工程机械 .2001年09期
[13]陈卫东.汽车起重机液压先导比例控制系统[J].起重运输机械 2005
[14]高湖海.装载机械[M].冶金工业出版社.1995.5
[15]方匡阳、郑志驶、蒋俊.装载机双泵合分流挡位控制卸荷液压系统[J].工程机械.2003.03
[16]陈愈.液压阀[M].中国铁道出版社.1983
[17]Russell W.Henke. Introduction to Fluid Power Circuits and Systems. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company .1984
[18]盖军衔.优先卸荷阀工作原理和常见故障分析[J].工程机械与维修.2005
[19]徐建华.遥控装载机电液操纵系统的设计与研究[J].硕士论文 2003
[20]刘昕晖.吉林大学博士后研究工作报告[J].吉林大学.2000
[21]郭洪江.XGL 装载机液压系统热平衡问题的研究[J].硕士论文.2004
[22]陈家丽 . 外轮式装载机新技术与新结构及其发展[J].建筑机械 化.2002.1 17～19
[23]宋晓蓉.浅谈液压系统的发热[J].现代机械.1999.3 74～75
[24]芮德宇.液压传动系统中压力损失的探讨[J].机床与液压.1998.3 52～53
[25] 姚晶宇、王庆丰.采用双联泵结构的新型液压动力转向泵研究[J].机床与液压 .2005 年 10 期
[26]李启麟、刘红霞.液压传动中的能量损失与压力损失[J].液压与气动.2002.5
[27]谢萍.装载机液压系统油液油温过高的原因分析[J].工程机械与维修.2002.4
[28] Lambeck R P. Hydraulic Pumps and Motors: Selection and Application for Hydraulic Power Control System. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc .1983
[29]胡寿松,自动控制原理[M],北京:国防工业出版社,1994
[30]盖军衔.关于装载机双泵合流系统节能效果的分析[M].工程机械.2005. 09
[31]施亚梅.浅谈如何降低液压系统功率损失[J].液压与气动.1995.05
[32]王剑华.减少液压系统压力损失的方法[J].机械制造与自动化.2003.5
[33]李海涛、贾现军.装载机液压系统压力损失的成因及防失措施[J].机电产品开发与创新.1998.6
[34]陈伟.拖式混凝土泵摆动系统仿真与缓冲实验研究[J].硕士论文.2005
[35]陈家丽.国外轮式装载机新技术与新结构及其发展[J].建筑机械化,2002,(1):17 -20
[36]王国彪.国外轮式装载机技术的发展现状[J]工程机械与维2001,(3 ):39
[37]宋占伟,闻邦椿.装载机电子控制技术的发展及应用[J].工程机械,2000,(10):19 -24
[38]李建军.装载机市场形势分析与产品发展方向探讨[J].广西机械,2001,(4 ):58 -61
[39]朱长亮.我国轮式装载机产品的发展工程机械与维修[J],1999,(8 ):26 -29
[40]王国彪,王岩松,马铸.轮式装载机的现状与技术发展[J],工程机械与维 修,1998,(3 ):9-11
[41]何瀚.换向阀在液压系统中的压力损失[J].建筑机械技术与管理.2000.3 30～31
[42]景军清 轮式装载机动态信号负荷传感全液压转向系统特性分析与试验 硕士论文[J].2005
[43]徐涛,数值计算方法[M],长春:吉林科学技术出版社,1998
[44]Peter Dransfield .Hydraulic Control System –Design and Analysis of Their Dynamics, Spring-Verlag.1981
[45]Microcontrollers Hand book ,Intel Corp.1986
[46]林立华.浅谈油液的温升对液压系统的影响[J].镇江高专学报.1998.12
[47]Vehicle Hydraulic Systems and Digital/ Electro-hydraulic controls, 1991. SAE SP-882.ISBN 1-56091-174-3
[48]何存兴.液压元件[M].机械工业出版社.1982
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