不同预处理方法对兔骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤保护效应的实验研究
|
摘要
目的:临床上各种原因引起的骨骼肌缺血十分常见。缺血组织恢复血液灌注后,部分组织细胞功能代谢障碍及结构破坏反而更重,这种血液再灌注使缺血性损伤进一步加重的现象称为缺血-再灌注损伤(ischemia-reperfusion injury,I/R)。而有学者发现短暂重复缺血,间断再灌注的方法能够提高组织缺血耐受性,这种方法称为缺血预处理(ischemicpreconditioning IPC)。IPC提高组织对缺血的耐受性,减轻组织缺血再灌注损伤的作用已经在不同实验动物的不同器官、组织中得到证实。但是缺血预处理时间和循环次数并无统一标准,不同的预处理方法对骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用是否有差别、何种缺血预处理方法能对骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用达到最大程度目前也尚无统一意见。
本研究模拟临床气囊止血带的应用方法,建立兔后肢缺血再灌注损伤模型,观察不同的缺血预处理方法(缺血间隔时间、间隔次数)对骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用是否存在差别,以期发现何种预处理方法能使IPC保护作用最强。
方法:选择体重2.2-2.7kg,新西兰白兔56只,随机分为I/R、A、B、C、D、E、F组7组,每组8只。I/R组不行预处理。A组:进行2次5min间断缺血,中间间隔2次5min间断再灌流预处理,随后持续缺血4h,最后松止血带恢复肢体血流。
B组:进行3次5min间断缺血,中间间隔3次5min间断再灌流预处理,随后持续缺血4h,最后松止血带恢复肢体血流。
C组:进行4次5min间断缺血,中间间隔4次5min间断再灌流预处理,随后持续缺血4h,最后松止血带恢复肢体血流。
D组:进行2次10min间断缺血,中间间隔2次10min间断再灌流预处理,随后持续缺血4h,最后松止血带恢复肢体血流。
E组:进行3次10min间断缺血,中间间隔3次10min间断再灌流预处理,随后持续缺血4h,最后松止血带恢复肢体血流。
F组:进行4次10min间断缺血,中间间隔4次10min间断再灌流预处理,随后持续缺血4h,最后松止血带恢复肢体血流。
再用气囊止血带阻断兔后肢血流4h,造成骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤模型。测定再灌注2h后兔血清中肌酸磷酸肌酶(CPK)和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)含量,肌肉干湿比。使用SPSS11.0统计软件包进行统计分析,各组数据均进行正态检验及方差齐性检验,以均数±标准差表示,不同预缺血时间、循环次数对骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响数据采用方差分析(ANOVA),组间比较采用SNK-q检验。
结果:
1、血清中CPK、AST含量的比较
I/R组和行预处理各组再灌注2h后动物血清中CPK和AST均有不同程度的升高。I/R组再灌注2h后动物血清中CPK含量为9267.2±671.2,AST含量为246.7±18.2,较其它各组均高,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.01)。E组再灌注2h后动物血清中CPK含量为4621.6±297.6,AST含量为117.6±8.6,较其它各组均低,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05)。相同的预缺血时间下,再灌注后2h,B组CPK(8414.5±634.4),AST(156.8±11.3)含量较A组、C组低,E组CPK(4621.6±297.6)和AST(117.6±8.6)含量较D组、F组低,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05)。相同的预缺血循环次数下,再灌注后2h,D组CPK和AST含量小于A组,E组小于B组,F组小于C组,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05)。B组与F组,C组与D组相比差异无显著性(P＞0.05)。(表1、3、4)
2、肌肉干湿比的比较
再灌注后2h,与对照组相比各实验组肌肉均有不同程度的水肿(P＜0.01)。I/R组再灌注2h后肌肉干湿比为0.1630±0.016,较其它各实验组均低,肌肉水肿程度最重,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.01)。E组再灌注2h后肌肉干湿比为0.2780±0.028,较其它各实验组均高,肌肉水肿程度最轻,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05)。相同的预缺血时间下,再灌注后2h,B组肌肉干湿比较A组、C组高,E组肌肉干湿比较D组、F组高,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05)。相同的预缺血循环次数下,再灌注后2h,D组肌肉干湿比大于A组,E组大于B组,F组大于C组,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05)。B组与F组,C组与D组相比差异无显著性(P＞0.05)。
结论:
1、IPC对骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤具有一定的保护作用。
2、缺血预处理5 min对肌肉坏死即有保护作用,在相同的循环次数下预缺血10 min效果较5 min者好。缺血预处理2次循环对肌肉坏死即有保护作用,3次循环保护作用达高峰,而4次循环保护作用又相对减弱,但好于2次循环的保护效应。缺血预处理5 min,4次循环与预处理10 min,2次循环对骨骼肌保护作用无差别,缺血预处理5 min,3次循环与预处理10 min,4次循环对骨骼肌保护作用无差别。
3、IPC总的保护作用呈先逐渐增强再逐渐减弱的趋势。预处理10 min,循环3次对骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤保护作用最强。
Objection:
The ischemic injuries of skeletal muscle are common diseases in clinic.Ischemia-reperfusion injury(I/R)is a pathological phenomenon that while ischemic tissues were reflowed, dysbolismus and disorganization of histiocyte will get worse. Prevention and cure of ischemia-reperfusion injury had been a focus.Ischemic preconditioning(IPC)is a method that short term ischemia and reperfusion interrupted may improve the tolerance of skeletal muscle.Functions of IPC had been already improved through different animal experiments.However there have no consistent standard of IPC treatment.Whether or not protective effects of different IPC treatments are different? Which IPC treatment would protect skeletal muscle hardest? There is no a consistent opinion about those questions at present. Based on above-mentioned questions,rabbits were made I/R -like models in this experiment to study protective effects of different Ischemic preconditioning treatments against Ischemic-Reperfusion injury.Expect to find which IPC treatment would protect skeletal muscle hardest.
Methods:Fifty-six healthy rabbits(2.2-2.7 kg weight)were used in the experiment.The animals were divided randomly into seven groups with eight rabbits in each:an I/R group,six IPC groups(an A group,a B group,a C group,a D group,an E group and an F group).The blood flows of the rabbits limbs were stopped with a special pneumatic tourniquet.The I/R group underwent a 4 hour ischemia directly.The IPC groups were subjected to 4 hour ischemia directly after different ischemic preconditioning treatments(5 or 10 minutes of ischemia and 5 or 10 minutes of reperfusion respectively,for 2-4 cycles),an The contents of CPK,AST in the serum dry to wet ratio of skeletal muscle after 4 hour reperfusion were measured to observe protective effects of different ischemic preconditioning treatments.All the experimental data was analyzed by SPSS 11.0.
Results:1 CPK、AST in blood serum.The contents of CPK, AST in the serum of all groups at 2 hours after reperfusion are higher than normal.At 2 hours after reperfusion,CPK(9267.2±671.2),AST(246.7±18.2)in I/R group was significantly superior to that of other groups(P＜0.01).CPK(4621.6±297.6), AST(117.6±8.6)in E group was significantly inferior to that of other groups(P＜0.05).In groups with same IPC duration CPK(8414.5±634.4),AST(156.8±11.3)in B group was significantly inferior to that of A and C group(P＜0.05). CPK(4621.6±297.6),AST(117.6±8.6)in E group was significantly inferior to that of D and F group(P＜0.05).In groups with same IPC cycles,at 2 hours after reperfusion,CPK AST in D group was significantly inferior to that of A group(P＜0.05),CPK AST in F group was significantly inferior to that of C group(P＜0.05).There were no significant difference between B group and F group,C group and D group(P＞0.05).(Table 1、3、4)
2 Dry to wet ratio(D/W)of skeletal muscle.At 2 hours after reperfusion,D/W in test group was significantly inferior to that of control groups(P＜0.01).D/W in I/R group(0.1630±0.016) was significantly inferior to that of other test groups(P＜0.01). D/W in E group(0.2780±0.028)was significantly superior to that of other test groups(P＜0.05).In groups with same IPC duration,D/W in B group was significantly superior to that of A and C group(P＜0.05).D/W in E group was significantly superior to that of D and F group(P＜0.05).In groups with same IPC cycles,at 2 hours after reperfusion,D/W in D group was significantly superior to that of A group(P＜0.05),D/W in F group was significantly superior to that of C group(P＜0.05).There were no significant difference between B group and F group,C group and D group(P＞0.05).(Table 2、5)
Conclusions:1 IPC may improve the tolerance of skeletal muscle to I/R,bu it is not infinite.
2 Five minutes of ischemic preconditioning(IPC5)could protect skeletal muscle of ischemia against necrosis.In same IPC cycles the effects of IPC10 were significantly superior to that of IPC5.Two cycles of ischemic preconditioning could protect skeletal muscle of ischemia against necrosis.Three cycles of IPC is optimal,and protective effects of IPC with four cycles go down but it is better than that of IP5.There were no significant difference between 5 minutes of IPC,4 cycles and 10 minutes of IPC,2 cycles.There were no significant difference between 5 minutes of IPC,3cycles and 10 minutes of IPC,4 cycles.
3 The trend of protective effect of IPC on ischemia-reperfusion injury of the muscle in rabbit's first rise to the peak and then go down,10 minutes of IPC,3cycles is optimal.
本研究模拟临床气囊止血带的应用方法,建立兔后肢缺血再灌注损伤模型,观察不同的缺血预处理方法(缺血间隔时间、间隔次数)对骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用是否存在差别,以期发现何种预处理方法能使IPC保护作用最强。
方法:选择体重2.2-2.7kg,新西兰白兔56只,随机分为I/R、A、B、C、D、E、F组7组,每组8只。I/R组不行预处理。A组:进行2次5min间断缺血,中间间隔2次5min间断再灌流预处理,随后持续缺血4h,最后松止血带恢复肢体血流。
B组:进行3次5min间断缺血,中间间隔3次5min间断再灌流预处理,随后持续缺血4h,最后松止血带恢复肢体血流。
C组:进行4次5min间断缺血,中间间隔4次5min间断再灌流预处理,随后持续缺血4h,最后松止血带恢复肢体血流。
D组:进行2次10min间断缺血,中间间隔2次10min间断再灌流预处理,随后持续缺血4h,最后松止血带恢复肢体血流。
E组:进行3次10min间断缺血,中间间隔3次10min间断再灌流预处理,随后持续缺血4h,最后松止血带恢复肢体血流。
F组:进行4次10min间断缺血,中间间隔4次10min间断再灌流预处理,随后持续缺血4h,最后松止血带恢复肢体血流。
再用气囊止血带阻断兔后肢血流4h,造成骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤模型。测定再灌注2h后兔血清中肌酸磷酸肌酶(CPK)和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)含量,肌肉干湿比。使用SPSS11.0统计软件包进行统计分析,各组数据均进行正态检验及方差齐性检验,以均数±标准差表示,不同预缺血时间、循环次数对骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响数据采用方差分析(ANOVA),组间比较采用SNK-q检验。
结果:
1、血清中CPK、AST含量的比较
I/R组和行预处理各组再灌注2h后动物血清中CPK和AST均有不同程度的升高。I/R组再灌注2h后动物血清中CPK含量为9267.2±671.2,AST含量为246.7±18.2,较其它各组均高,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.01)。E组再灌注2h后动物血清中CPK含量为4621.6±297.6,AST含量为117.6±8.6,较其它各组均低,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05)。相同的预缺血时间下,再灌注后2h,B组CPK(8414.5±634.4),AST(156.8±11.3)含量较A组、C组低,E组CPK(4621.6±297.6)和AST(117.6±8.6)含量较D组、F组低,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05)。相同的预缺血循环次数下,再灌注后2h,D组CPK和AST含量小于A组,E组小于B组,F组小于C组,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05)。B组与F组,C组与D组相比差异无显著性(P＞0.05)。(表1、3、4)
2、肌肉干湿比的比较
再灌注后2h,与对照组相比各实验组肌肉均有不同程度的水肿(P＜0.01)。I/R组再灌注2h后肌肉干湿比为0.1630±0.016,较其它各实验组均低,肌肉水肿程度最重,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.01)。E组再灌注2h后肌肉干湿比为0.2780±0.028,较其它各实验组均高,肌肉水肿程度最轻,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05)。相同的预缺血时间下,再灌注后2h,B组肌肉干湿比较A组、C组高,E组肌肉干湿比较D组、F组高,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05)。相同的预缺血循环次数下,再灌注后2h,D组肌肉干湿比大于A组,E组大于B组,F组大于C组,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05)。B组与F组,C组与D组相比差异无显著性(P＞0.05)。
结论:
1、IPC对骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤具有一定的保护作用。
2、缺血预处理5 min对肌肉坏死即有保护作用,在相同的循环次数下预缺血10 min效果较5 min者好。缺血预处理2次循环对肌肉坏死即有保护作用,3次循环保护作用达高峰,而4次循环保护作用又相对减弱,但好于2次循环的保护效应。缺血预处理5 min,4次循环与预处理10 min,2次循环对骨骼肌保护作用无差别,缺血预处理5 min,3次循环与预处理10 min,4次循环对骨骼肌保护作用无差别。
3、IPC总的保护作用呈先逐渐增强再逐渐减弱的趋势。预处理10 min,循环3次对骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤保护作用最强。
Objection:
The ischemic injuries of skeletal muscle are common diseases in clinic.Ischemia-reperfusion injury(I/R)is a pathological phenomenon that while ischemic tissues were reflowed, dysbolismus and disorganization of histiocyte will get worse. Prevention and cure of ischemia-reperfusion injury had been a focus.Ischemic preconditioning(IPC)is a method that short term ischemia and reperfusion interrupted may improve the tolerance of skeletal muscle.Functions of IPC had been already improved through different animal experiments.However there have no consistent standard of IPC treatment.Whether or not protective effects of different IPC treatments are different? Which IPC treatment would protect skeletal muscle hardest? There is no a consistent opinion about those questions at present. Based on above-mentioned questions,rabbits were made I/R -like models in this experiment to study protective effects of different Ischemic preconditioning treatments against Ischemic-Reperfusion injury.Expect to find which IPC treatment would protect skeletal muscle hardest.
Methods:Fifty-six healthy rabbits(2.2-2.7 kg weight)were used in the experiment.The animals were divided randomly into seven groups with eight rabbits in each:an I/R group,six IPC groups(an A group,a B group,a C group,a D group,an E group and an F group).The blood flows of the rabbits limbs were stopped with a special pneumatic tourniquet.The I/R group underwent a 4 hour ischemia directly.The IPC groups were subjected to 4 hour ischemia directly after different ischemic preconditioning treatments(5 or 10 minutes of ischemia and 5 or 10 minutes of reperfusion respectively,for 2-4 cycles),an The contents of CPK,AST in the serum dry to wet ratio of skeletal muscle after 4 hour reperfusion were measured to observe protective effects of different ischemic preconditioning treatments.All the experimental data was analyzed by SPSS 11.0.
Results:1 CPK、AST in blood serum.The contents of CPK, AST in the serum of all groups at 2 hours after reperfusion are higher than normal.At 2 hours after reperfusion,CPK(9267.2±671.2),AST(246.7±18.2)in I/R group was significantly superior to that of other groups(P＜0.01).CPK(4621.6±297.6), AST(117.6±8.6)in E group was significantly inferior to that of other groups(P＜0.05).In groups with same IPC duration CPK(8414.5±634.4),AST(156.8±11.3)in B group was significantly inferior to that of A and C group(P＜0.05). CPK(4621.6±297.6),AST(117.6±8.6)in E group was significantly inferior to that of D and F group(P＜0.05).In groups with same IPC cycles,at 2 hours after reperfusion,CPK AST in D group was significantly inferior to that of A group(P＜0.05),CPK AST in F group was significantly inferior to that of C group(P＜0.05).There were no significant difference between B group and F group,C group and D group(P＞0.05).(Table 1、3、4)
2 Dry to wet ratio(D/W)of skeletal muscle.At 2 hours after reperfusion,D/W in test group was significantly inferior to that of control groups(P＜0.01).D/W in I/R group(0.1630±0.016) was significantly inferior to that of other test groups(P＜0.01). D/W in E group(0.2780±0.028)was significantly superior to that of other test groups(P＜0.05).In groups with same IPC duration,D/W in B group was significantly superior to that of A and C group(P＜0.05).D/W in E group was significantly superior to that of D and F group(P＜0.05).In groups with same IPC cycles,at 2 hours after reperfusion,D/W in D group was significantly superior to that of A group(P＜0.05),D/W in F group was significantly superior to that of C group(P＜0.05).There were no significant difference between B group and F group,C group and D group(P＞0.05).(Table 2、5)
Conclusions:1 IPC may improve the tolerance of skeletal muscle to I/R,bu it is not infinite.
2 Five minutes of ischemic preconditioning(IPC5)could protect skeletal muscle of ischemia against necrosis.In same IPC cycles the effects of IPC10 were significantly superior to that of IPC5.Two cycles of ischemic preconditioning could protect skeletal muscle of ischemia against necrosis.Three cycles of IPC is optimal,and protective effects of IPC with four cycles go down but it is better than that of IP5.There were no significant difference between 5 minutes of IPC,4 cycles and 10 minutes of IPC,2 cycles.There were no significant difference between 5 minutes of IPC,3cycles and 10 minutes of IPC,4 cycles.
3 The trend of protective effect of IPC on ischemia-reperfusion injury of the muscle in rabbit's first rise to the peak and then go down,10 minutes of IPC,3cycles is optimal.
引文
1 Blebea J, Kerr JG, Padberg FT Jr, et al. Triphenyl tetrazoliumchloride as a histochemical marker of skeletal muscle ischemia and reperfusion injury. Curr Surg, 1987, 44(2):134-136.
2 Murry CE,Jennings RB,Reimer KA,et al. Preconditioning with ischemia: a delay of lethal cell injury in ischemia myocardium. Circulation, 1986, 74:1724.
3 Kearns SR, Moneley D, Murray P, et al. Oral vitamin C attenuates acute ischaemia-reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2001, 83(8):1202-1206.
4 Pang CR, Forrest CR.Acute Pharmacologic preconditioning as a new concept and alternative approach for prevention of skeletal muscle ischemic necrosis.Biochemical Pharmacelogy 1995; 48:1023.
5 Morris SF,Pang CY,Lofchy NM,et al.Deferoxamine attennates ischemia induced reperfusion injury in the skin and muscle of myocutaneous flaps in the pig.PRS 1993;92:120.
6 Walker PM. Ischemia/reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle. Ann Vasc Surg, 1991, 5:399-402.
7 Gute DC, Ishida T, Yarimizu K, et al. Inflammatory responses to ischemia and reperfusion in skeletal muscle.Mol Cell Biochem, 1998, 179: 169-187.
8 Welbourn CRB, Godman G, Paterson IS.Pathophysiology of ischemia reperfusion injury:Central role of the neutrophil.Br J Surg 1991; 78:65.
9 Lee C, Kerrigan CL. Ibuprofen treatment of ischemic musculoutaneous flaps.Ann Plast Surg 1994; 32:30.
10 Pang CY, Forrest CR, Mounsey R.Pharmacologic intervention in ischemia induced reperfusion injury in the skeletal muscles.Microsurg 1993; 14:17.
11 Harris A, Schropp A, Messmer K. Effects of oxaceprol on the microcircuation in ischemia/reperfusion injury [J]. Eur J Med Res. 1998,3(1):18.
12 Crinnion JN, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Parkin SM, et al.Neutrophils and the endothelium in post-ischemic altera-tions in skeletal muscle blood flow. Ann NY Acad Sci.1994, 723:442-44.
13 Ely SW, Mentzer RM, Lasley RD, et al. Functional and metabolic tolerance to ischemia and reperfusion with adenosine [J]. J Thoracic Cardiovasc Surg,1985,90:549.
14 Urbadak JR , Seabr AV , Chen LE. Aessmcnt of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Clin.Orthop Res, 1997,334: 30-36.
15 Gross GJ, Fryer RM.Circ Res, 1999;84(9):973-979.
16 Tekin D, Xi L, Zhao T, et al.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 2001;281(2):H523-H532.
17 Baines CP , Cohen MV , Downey JM , Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 1999;10(5):741-754.
18 Schulz R, Belosjorow S et al.Cardiovasc Res 2002; 55(3):690-700.
19 王晓军,王爱民.国外医学骨科学分册.2004,25(4):234-236.
20 戚炜,阚世廉.缺血预处理时间对大鼠骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤保护作用的影响.中国修复重建外科杂志,2005,19(4):274-277.
21 Pang CY,Neligan P,Zhong A,et al.Effector mechanism of adenosine in acute ischemic preconditioning of skeletal muscle against infarction.AM J Physiol,1997,273(3 Pt 2):887-895.
22 Saita Y,Yokoyama K,Nakamura K,et al.Protective effect of ischaemic preconditioning against ischaemia-induced reperfusion injury of skeletal muscle:how many preconditioning cycles areappropriate.Br J Plast Surg,2002,55(3):241-245.
1 Blebea J,Kerr JG,Padberg FT Jr,et al.Triphenyl tetrazolium-chloride as a histochemical marker of skeletal muscle ischemia and reperfusion injury.Curr Surg,1987,44(2):134-136.
2 Mccord JM.Oxygen-derived free radicals in past ischemic issue injury.NEJMed,1985,312(3):159.
3 Ward PA,et al.Systemic complement activation,Lung injury and products of lipid peroxidation.J Clin Invest 1985:76(2):517.
4 Korompilias AV,Chen LE,et al.Studies of ischemia-reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle:efficacy of 21-aminosteroids on microcirculation and muscle contraction after an extended period of warm ischemia.J Orthop Res.1997,15(4):512.
5 Mair P,Mair J,Bleier J,et al. Reperfusion after cardioplegic cardiac arrest-effects on intracoronary leucocyte elastase release and oxygen free radical mediated lipid peroxidation.Acta Anaes-thesiol Scand 1995,39 (7):960.
6 Smith JK,Grisham MB,Citanger DN et al. Free radical defens mechanisms and neutrophil infiltration in postischemic skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol: 1980:256(3):H789.
7 Walker PM. Ischemia/reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle.AnnVasc Surg.1991:5(1):399.
8 Russell RG,Roth AG, Kucan JO, et al. Reperfusion injury and oxygen free radicals: a review. J Reconstr Microsurg, 1989,5(1): 79-84.
9 Pang CR, Forrest CR. Acute Pharmacologic preconditioning as a new concept and alternative approach for prevention of skeletal muscle ischemic necrosis .Biochemical Pharmacelogy 1995; 48:1023.
10 Morris SF,Pang CY,Lofchy NM,et al.Deferoxamine attennates ischemia induced reperfusion injury in the skin and muscle of myocutaneous flaps in the pig.PRS 1993;92:120.
11 Lindsay T, Walker PM, Mickle DAG, et al.Measurement ofhydoxyconjugated dienes after ischemia reperfusion in canine skeletal muscle.Am J Physiol 1988; 254H: 578.
12 Oredesson S,Plate G,Qvarfordt P.Experimental evaluation of oxygen free radical scavengers in the prevention of reperfusion injury of skeletal muscle.Eur J Surg 1994;160:97.
13 Granger PN,Rutile G,Mccord IM.Surperoxide radicals in feline intestinal ischemia.Gastroenterology 1988;81:22.
14 Korthuis RJ,Granger DN,Townsloy MI,et al.The role of oxygen-derived free radicals in ischemia induced injury in canine skeletal muscle vascular permeability.Circ Res 1985;57:59.
15 Dorion D,ZhongA,Pang CY,et al.Role of xanthine oxidase in reperfusion injury of ischemic skeletal muscles in the pig and human.J Appl Physiol 1993;75:24.
16 Welbourn CRB,Godman G;Paterson IS.Pathophysiology ofischemia reperfusion injury:Central role of the neutrophil.Br J Surg 1991;78:65.
17 Pang CY.Ischemia-induced reperfusion injury in muscle flaps:Pathogenesis and major source of free radicals.J Reconstr Microsurg 1990;6:77.
18 Cross AR,Jones CTG.Enzymic mechanism of superoxide pro-duction.Biochem Biophys Acta 1991;1057(3):281-298.
19 夏舒萌,张德琛.大鼠肢体缺血再灌注损伤与骨骼肌呼吸链电子的关系.基础医学与临床,2002,22(3):239-240.
20 Josph M.Lower torso ischemia-induced lung injury is leukocytedependent.Ann Surg 1988,208(6):761.
21 Rezende-Neto JB,Moore EE,Masuno T,et al.The abdominal compartment syndrome as a second insult during systemic neutrophil priming provokes multiple organ injury.Shock 2003;20(4):303-308.
22 Anner H,Kaufman Jr RO,Kobzik L,et al.Pulmonary hypertension and leukosequestration after lower torsi ischemic.Ann Surg 1987.206:64.
23 Ferrante R J,Hobson II R W,Miyasaka M,et al.Inhibition of white blood cell adhesion at reperfusion decrease tissue damage in postischemic striated muscle.J Vasc Surg,1996,24:187.
24 Menger M D,Stefan P,Dirk S,et al.Microvascular ischemia reperfusion injury in striated muscle:significance of"reflow paradox".Am J Physiol,1992,263(Heart Circ.Physiol.32):H1901.
25 康舟军,梅冰.缺血.再灌注过程中白细胞与内皮细胞粘附机制探讨[J].上海医学,2002.25(12):770-773.
26 Michael J,Hichey,John V,Huriey,Mayne A.Morrison:Temporal And Spinal relationShip between no-reflow phenomenon and postischemic necrosis in skeletal muscle.Am J Physiol.1996,2(4pt2)H:1277.
27 Edward Verrier:The microvascular cell and reperfusion injury.J Cardiovasc Pharmacol,1996,27 suppl;1:26.
28 Blebea-J,Bacik-B,Strothman-G Decreased nitric oxide production following extremity ischemia and reperfusion[J].Am J Surg,1996,172(2):158.
29 Menger MD,Rucker M,Vollmar B.Capillary dysfunction instriated muscle ischemia/reperfusion on the mechanisms of capillary "no-renow" shock.1997, 8: 2-7.
30 Wanna F S,Obayashi D Y,Young J N, et al. Simultaneous Manuipulation of the nitric oxide and prostanoid pathways reduces myocardial reperfusion injury. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1995,110:1054.
31 Roth E.The impact of L-arginine nitric oxide metabolism on ischemnia/reperf Rsion injury.Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 1998, 1 (1): 97-99.
32 Tommaga T, Sato S, Ohnishi T, et al.Protestation of nitric oxide formation following bilateral carotid Occlusion and focal cerebral ischemia in the rat: in vivo detection of the nitric oxide radical by electron paramagnetic resonance spin trapping.Brain Res, 1993, 614 (1-2): 342-346.
33 Urbadak JR , Seabr AV , Chen LE. Aessmcnt of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Clin.Orthop Res, 1997, 334: 30-36.
34 Allen D,Chen LE,Seaber AV,Urbaniak JR.Pathophysiology and related studies oftlle no reflow phenomenon ill skeletal musele.Clm Orthop Rel Res, 1995,314:122-133.
35 Bredt DS.Endogenous nitric oxide synthesis: Biological fimctions and pathophysiology.Free Radic Res, 1999, 31: 577-596.
36 Boczkowski J,Lanone S,Ungureanu-Longrois D,et al.Induction of diaphrag matic nitric oxide synthase after endotoxin administration in rats: role on diaphrag matic contractile dysfunction.J Clin Invest,1996,98:1550-1559.
37 Thompson M,Becker L,Bryant D,et al.Expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene in diaphragm and skeletal muscle.JAPP1PhySiol,1996,81:2415-2420.
38 Bredt DS.Endogenous nitric oxide synthesis:biological functions and pathophysiology.Free Radic Res,1999,31:577-596.
39 Formigli L,Lombardo LD,Adembri C,et al.Neutrophils as mediators of human skeletal musecle ischemla reperfusion syndrome.Humpathol.1992,23:627-634.
40 张俐,Long-en Chen.敲除诱导性-氧化氮合成酶治疗骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤的试验研究.中国骨伤,2002,15(3):148-152.
41 Parrino P.E.,Lallbach VE,Gaughen JR,et al:Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase after myocardial ischemia increases coronary flow.Ann Thorac Surg,1998,66:733-739.
42 Seekamp A,Warren JS,Remick KG,et al.Requrements for tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 in limb ischemia/reperfusion injury and associated lung injury.Am J Pathol,1993,143(2):453-463.
43 郭平凡,熊圣仁.白细胞介素-1介导骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤的研究.中华实验外科杂志,2005,22(1):83-85.
44 Hato S,Urakami A,Yamano T,et al.Attenuation of liver and lung injury after hepatic ischemia and reperfusion by a cytokine-suppressive agent, FR167653.Eur Surg Res, 2001,33:202-209.
45 Gilment RR,Dardano A,Engle JS,et al. J Surg Res, 1996, 61:175-182.
46 Harris AG, Skalak TC. Effects of leukocyte capillary plugging in skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion injury.Am J Physiol, 1996, 271(6pt2):H2653-H2660
47 Rubin BB, Romachin A, Walker PM, et al. Mechanisms of postischemic injury in skeletal muscle: intervention strategies. J Appl Physiol.1996,80:369-387.
48 Wang WZ, Anderson G, Acland RD, et al. Endothelin-1 does not contribute to ischemia/reperfusion-induced vasoconstriction in skeletal muscle. J Reconstr Microsurg, 1997,13:439-44.
49 Murry CE,Jennings RB,Reimer KA,et al. Preconditioning with ischemia:a delay of lethal cell injury in ischemia myocardium. Circulation, 1986, 74:1724.
50 Forrest CR, Pang CY, Boyd B.The first report on acute ischemic preconditioning of muscle flap. In: Proc Plastic Surgery Rse Concil 37th Annual Meeting.Toronto, 1992, 81-85.
51 Lotenz G,Axel M. Paul MS,et al.Ischemic preconditioning improves post-ischemic skeletal muscle function [J]. Am J Sury,1996 62: 391-394.
52 Ghosh S,Standen NB,Galinanes M. Preconditioning the human myocardium simulated ischemia: studies on early and delayed protection.Cardiovase Res, 2000, 45: 339-350.
53 Gross GJ,Fryer RM.Circ Res, 1999;84(9);973-979.
54 Tekin D,Xi L,Zhao T,et al.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 2001;281(2):H523-H532.
55 Baines CP, Cohen MV, Downey JM, Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 1999;10(5):741-754.
56 Schulz R, Belosjorow S et al.Cardiovasc Res 2002; 55(3):690-700.
57 Ihnken K, Morita K,Buckberg G D, et al.Controlling oxygen content durying cardiopulmonary bypass to limit reperfusion/reoxygenation injury. Trans Proc, 1995, 27:2809.
58 Wright J G, Fox D,Kerr J C, et al. Rate of reperfusion blood flow modulates reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle. J Surg Res, 1988, 44:754.
59 Anderson R J,Cambria R, Kerr J, et al. Sustained benefit of temporary limited reperfusion in skeletal muscle following ischemia.J Surg Res. 1990,49:271.
60 Mota Filipe H , McDonald MC , Cuzzocrea S , et al.A membrane-permeable radical scavenger reduces the organ injury in hemorrhagic shock.Shock 1999, 12: 255-261.
61 Schlag MC, Clarke S, Carson MW, et al. The effect of mannitol versus dimethyl thioureaat attenuating ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury to skeletal muscle. J Vasc Surg.1999,29:511-521.
62 郁丽娜,等编译.缺血再灌注损伤的病理生理、临床表现和预防[M].国外医学.麻醉学与复苏分册,2002,23(1):5-8.
63 Tajra,MartmX,Margonari J,et al.In vivo effects of monoclonal antibodies against rat beta(2)integrins on kidrey ichhemia repeffusion injury.J Surg Res,1999,87:32-38.
64 Marubayashi S,Oshilo Y,Maeda T,et al.Protective effect of monoclonal antibodies to adhesion molecules on rat liver ischemia-reperfusion injury.surg.1997,122:45-52.
65 Phan L H,Hickey M J,Niazi Z B M,et al.Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor,nitro-iminoethyl-L-ornithine,reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury in rabbit skeletal muscle.Microsurg,1994,15:703.
66 Banai S,Jaklitsch MT,Shou M,et al.Angiogenic-induced enhancement of collateral blood flow to ischemic myocardium by vascular endothelia growth factoring dogs.Circulation,1994,89:2183.
67 Satoshi T,Zheng LP,Isner JM.Therapeutic angiogenesis:a sigle intra- arterial bolus of vascular rendothelial growth factor augments revascularization in a rabbit ischemic hind limb model.J ClinInvest,1994,93:662
68 Leonard YL,Shailen RP,Neil RH,et al.Focal angiogen therapy using intramyocardial delivery of an adenovirus vector coding for vascular endothelial growth factor 121.Ann Thoracosurg, 2000,69:14-24.
69 Daisy FL, Matie S, Jonathan AS, et al.Adenoviral-mediated genetransfer induces sustained pericardial VEGF expression in dogs: effect on myocardial angiogenesis.Cardiocascular Research, 1999,44:294-320.
70 Satoshi T,Lawrence W,Dongfen Ch,et al.Therapeutic angiogenesis following arterial gene transfer of vascular endothelial growth factor in a rabbit model of hindlimb ischemia.Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communication, 1996,227:628-635.
71 Peter JT,Jonthan DM,Wen XZh,et al.Local administered vascular en-dothelial growth factor cDNA increases survival of ischemic experimental skin flaps.Plast Reconstr Surg,19.
2 Murry CE,Jennings RB,Reimer KA,et al. Preconditioning with ischemia: a delay of lethal cell injury in ischemia myocardium. Circulation, 1986, 74:1724.
3 Kearns SR, Moneley D, Murray P, et al. Oral vitamin C attenuates acute ischaemia-reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2001, 83(8):1202-1206.
4 Pang CR, Forrest CR.Acute Pharmacologic preconditioning as a new concept and alternative approach for prevention of skeletal muscle ischemic necrosis.Biochemical Pharmacelogy 1995; 48:1023.
5 Morris SF,Pang CY,Lofchy NM,et al.Deferoxamine attennates ischemia induced reperfusion injury in the skin and muscle of myocutaneous flaps in the pig.PRS 1993;92:120.
6 Walker PM. Ischemia/reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle. Ann Vasc Surg, 1991, 5:399-402.
7 Gute DC, Ishida T, Yarimizu K, et al. Inflammatory responses to ischemia and reperfusion in skeletal muscle.Mol Cell Biochem, 1998, 179: 169-187.
8 Welbourn CRB, Godman G, Paterson IS.Pathophysiology of ischemia reperfusion injury:Central role of the neutrophil.Br J Surg 1991; 78:65.
9 Lee C, Kerrigan CL. Ibuprofen treatment of ischemic musculoutaneous flaps.Ann Plast Surg 1994; 32:30.
10 Pang CY, Forrest CR, Mounsey R.Pharmacologic intervention in ischemia induced reperfusion injury in the skeletal muscles.Microsurg 1993; 14:17.
11 Harris A, Schropp A, Messmer K. Effects of oxaceprol on the microcircuation in ischemia/reperfusion injury [J]. Eur J Med Res. 1998,3(1):18.
12 Crinnion JN, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Parkin SM, et al.Neutrophils and the endothelium in post-ischemic altera-tions in skeletal muscle blood flow. Ann NY Acad Sci.1994, 723:442-44.
13 Ely SW, Mentzer RM, Lasley RD, et al. Functional and metabolic tolerance to ischemia and reperfusion with adenosine [J]. J Thoracic Cardiovasc Surg,1985,90:549.
14 Urbadak JR , Seabr AV , Chen LE. Aessmcnt of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Clin.Orthop Res, 1997,334: 30-36.
15 Gross GJ, Fryer RM.Circ Res, 1999;84(9):973-979.
16 Tekin D, Xi L, Zhao T, et al.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 2001;281(2):H523-H532.
17 Baines CP , Cohen MV , Downey JM , Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 1999;10(5):741-754.
18 Schulz R, Belosjorow S et al.Cardiovasc Res 2002; 55(3):690-700.
19 王晓军,王爱民.国外医学骨科学分册.2004,25(4):234-236.
20 戚炜,阚世廉.缺血预处理时间对大鼠骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤保护作用的影响.中国修复重建外科杂志,2005,19(4):274-277.
21 Pang CY,Neligan P,Zhong A,et al.Effector mechanism of adenosine in acute ischemic preconditioning of skeletal muscle against infarction.AM J Physiol,1997,273(3 Pt 2):887-895.
22 Saita Y,Yokoyama K,Nakamura K,et al.Protective effect of ischaemic preconditioning against ischaemia-induced reperfusion injury of skeletal muscle:how many preconditioning cycles areappropriate.Br J Plast Surg,2002,55(3):241-245.
1 Blebea J,Kerr JG,Padberg FT Jr,et al.Triphenyl tetrazolium-chloride as a histochemical marker of skeletal muscle ischemia and reperfusion injury.Curr Surg,1987,44(2):134-136.
2 Mccord JM.Oxygen-derived free radicals in past ischemic issue injury.NEJMed,1985,312(3):159.
3 Ward PA,et al.Systemic complement activation,Lung injury and products of lipid peroxidation.J Clin Invest 1985:76(2):517.
4 Korompilias AV,Chen LE,et al.Studies of ischemia-reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle:efficacy of 21-aminosteroids on microcirculation and muscle contraction after an extended period of warm ischemia.J Orthop Res.1997,15(4):512.
5 Mair P,Mair J,Bleier J,et al. Reperfusion after cardioplegic cardiac arrest-effects on intracoronary leucocyte elastase release and oxygen free radical mediated lipid peroxidation.Acta Anaes-thesiol Scand 1995,39 (7):960.
6 Smith JK,Grisham MB,Citanger DN et al. Free radical defens mechanisms and neutrophil infiltration in postischemic skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol: 1980:256(3):H789.
7 Walker PM. Ischemia/reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle.AnnVasc Surg.1991:5(1):399.
8 Russell RG,Roth AG, Kucan JO, et al. Reperfusion injury and oxygen free radicals: a review. J Reconstr Microsurg, 1989,5(1): 79-84.
9 Pang CR, Forrest CR. Acute Pharmacologic preconditioning as a new concept and alternative approach for prevention of skeletal muscle ischemic necrosis .Biochemical Pharmacelogy 1995; 48:1023.
10 Morris SF,Pang CY,Lofchy NM,et al.Deferoxamine attennates ischemia induced reperfusion injury in the skin and muscle of myocutaneous flaps in the pig.PRS 1993;92:120.
11 Lindsay T, Walker PM, Mickle DAG, et al.Measurement ofhydoxyconjugated dienes after ischemia reperfusion in canine skeletal muscle.Am J Physiol 1988; 254H: 578.
12 Oredesson S,Plate G,Qvarfordt P.Experimental evaluation of oxygen free radical scavengers in the prevention of reperfusion injury of skeletal muscle.Eur J Surg 1994;160:97.
13 Granger PN,Rutile G,Mccord IM.Surperoxide radicals in feline intestinal ischemia.Gastroenterology 1988;81:22.
14 Korthuis RJ,Granger DN,Townsloy MI,et al.The role of oxygen-derived free radicals in ischemia induced injury in canine skeletal muscle vascular permeability.Circ Res 1985;57:59.
15 Dorion D,ZhongA,Pang CY,et al.Role of xanthine oxidase in reperfusion injury of ischemic skeletal muscles in the pig and human.J Appl Physiol 1993;75:24.
16 Welbourn CRB,Godman G;Paterson IS.Pathophysiology ofischemia reperfusion injury:Central role of the neutrophil.Br J Surg 1991;78:65.
17 Pang CY.Ischemia-induced reperfusion injury in muscle flaps:Pathogenesis and major source of free radicals.J Reconstr Microsurg 1990;6:77.
18 Cross AR,Jones CTG.Enzymic mechanism of superoxide pro-duction.Biochem Biophys Acta 1991;1057(3):281-298.
19 夏舒萌,张德琛.大鼠肢体缺血再灌注损伤与骨骼肌呼吸链电子的关系.基础医学与临床,2002,22(3):239-240.
20 Josph M.Lower torso ischemia-induced lung injury is leukocytedependent.Ann Surg 1988,208(6):761.
21 Rezende-Neto JB,Moore EE,Masuno T,et al.The abdominal compartment syndrome as a second insult during systemic neutrophil priming provokes multiple organ injury.Shock 2003;20(4):303-308.
22 Anner H,Kaufman Jr RO,Kobzik L,et al.Pulmonary hypertension and leukosequestration after lower torsi ischemic.Ann Surg 1987.206:64.
23 Ferrante R J,Hobson II R W,Miyasaka M,et al.Inhibition of white blood cell adhesion at reperfusion decrease tissue damage in postischemic striated muscle.J Vasc Surg,1996,24:187.
24 Menger M D,Stefan P,Dirk S,et al.Microvascular ischemia reperfusion injury in striated muscle:significance of"reflow paradox".Am J Physiol,1992,263(Heart Circ.Physiol.32):H1901.
25 康舟军,梅冰.缺血.再灌注过程中白细胞与内皮细胞粘附机制探讨[J].上海医学,2002.25(12):770-773.
26 Michael J,Hichey,John V,Huriey,Mayne A.Morrison:Temporal And Spinal relationShip between no-reflow phenomenon and postischemic necrosis in skeletal muscle.Am J Physiol.1996,2(4pt2)H:1277.
27 Edward Verrier:The microvascular cell and reperfusion injury.J Cardiovasc Pharmacol,1996,27 suppl;1:26.
28 Blebea-J,Bacik-B,Strothman-G Decreased nitric oxide production following extremity ischemia and reperfusion[J].Am J Surg,1996,172(2):158.
29 Menger MD,Rucker M,Vollmar B.Capillary dysfunction instriated muscle ischemia/reperfusion on the mechanisms of capillary "no-renow" shock.1997, 8: 2-7.
30 Wanna F S,Obayashi D Y,Young J N, et al. Simultaneous Manuipulation of the nitric oxide and prostanoid pathways reduces myocardial reperfusion injury. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1995,110:1054.
31 Roth E.The impact of L-arginine nitric oxide metabolism on ischemnia/reperf Rsion injury.Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 1998, 1 (1): 97-99.
32 Tommaga T, Sato S, Ohnishi T, et al.Protestation of nitric oxide formation following bilateral carotid Occlusion and focal cerebral ischemia in the rat: in vivo detection of the nitric oxide radical by electron paramagnetic resonance spin trapping.Brain Res, 1993, 614 (1-2): 342-346.
33 Urbadak JR , Seabr AV , Chen LE. Aessmcnt of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Clin.Orthop Res, 1997, 334: 30-36.
34 Allen D,Chen LE,Seaber AV,Urbaniak JR.Pathophysiology and related studies oftlle no reflow phenomenon ill skeletal musele.Clm Orthop Rel Res, 1995,314:122-133.
35 Bredt DS.Endogenous nitric oxide synthesis: Biological fimctions and pathophysiology.Free Radic Res, 1999, 31: 577-596.
36 Boczkowski J,Lanone S,Ungureanu-Longrois D,et al.Induction of diaphrag matic nitric oxide synthase after endotoxin administration in rats: role on diaphrag matic contractile dysfunction.J Clin Invest,1996,98:1550-1559.
37 Thompson M,Becker L,Bryant D,et al.Expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene in diaphragm and skeletal muscle.JAPP1PhySiol,1996,81:2415-2420.
38 Bredt DS.Endogenous nitric oxide synthesis:biological functions and pathophysiology.Free Radic Res,1999,31:577-596.
39 Formigli L,Lombardo LD,Adembri C,et al.Neutrophils as mediators of human skeletal musecle ischemla reperfusion syndrome.Humpathol.1992,23:627-634.
40 张俐,Long-en Chen.敲除诱导性-氧化氮合成酶治疗骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤的试验研究.中国骨伤,2002,15(3):148-152.
41 Parrino P.E.,Lallbach VE,Gaughen JR,et al:Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase after myocardial ischemia increases coronary flow.Ann Thorac Surg,1998,66:733-739.
42 Seekamp A,Warren JS,Remick KG,et al.Requrements for tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 in limb ischemia/reperfusion injury and associated lung injury.Am J Pathol,1993,143(2):453-463.
43 郭平凡,熊圣仁.白细胞介素-1介导骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤的研究.中华实验外科杂志,2005,22(1):83-85.
44 Hato S,Urakami A,Yamano T,et al.Attenuation of liver and lung injury after hepatic ischemia and reperfusion by a cytokine-suppressive agent, FR167653.Eur Surg Res, 2001,33:202-209.
45 Gilment RR,Dardano A,Engle JS,et al. J Surg Res, 1996, 61:175-182.
46 Harris AG, Skalak TC. Effects of leukocyte capillary plugging in skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion injury.Am J Physiol, 1996, 271(6pt2):H2653-H2660
47 Rubin BB, Romachin A, Walker PM, et al. Mechanisms of postischemic injury in skeletal muscle: intervention strategies. J Appl Physiol.1996,80:369-387.
48 Wang WZ, Anderson G, Acland RD, et al. Endothelin-1 does not contribute to ischemia/reperfusion-induced vasoconstriction in skeletal muscle. J Reconstr Microsurg, 1997,13:439-44.
49 Murry CE,Jennings RB,Reimer KA,et al. Preconditioning with ischemia:a delay of lethal cell injury in ischemia myocardium. Circulation, 1986, 74:1724.
50 Forrest CR, Pang CY, Boyd B.The first report on acute ischemic preconditioning of muscle flap. In: Proc Plastic Surgery Rse Concil 37th Annual Meeting.Toronto, 1992, 81-85.
51 Lotenz G,Axel M. Paul MS,et al.Ischemic preconditioning improves post-ischemic skeletal muscle function [J]. Am J Sury,1996 62: 391-394.
52 Ghosh S,Standen NB,Galinanes M. Preconditioning the human myocardium simulated ischemia: studies on early and delayed protection.Cardiovase Res, 2000, 45: 339-350.
53 Gross GJ,Fryer RM.Circ Res, 1999;84(9);973-979.
54 Tekin D,Xi L,Zhao T,et al.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 2001;281(2):H523-H532.
55 Baines CP, Cohen MV, Downey JM, Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 1999;10(5):741-754.
56 Schulz R, Belosjorow S et al.Cardiovasc Res 2002; 55(3):690-700.
57 Ihnken K, Morita K,Buckberg G D, et al.Controlling oxygen content durying cardiopulmonary bypass to limit reperfusion/reoxygenation injury. Trans Proc, 1995, 27:2809.
58 Wright J G, Fox D,Kerr J C, et al. Rate of reperfusion blood flow modulates reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle. J Surg Res, 1988, 44:754.
59 Anderson R J,Cambria R, Kerr J, et al. Sustained benefit of temporary limited reperfusion in skeletal muscle following ischemia.J Surg Res. 1990,49:271.
60 Mota Filipe H , McDonald MC , Cuzzocrea S , et al.A membrane-permeable radical scavenger reduces the organ injury in hemorrhagic shock.Shock 1999, 12: 255-261.
61 Schlag MC, Clarke S, Carson MW, et al. The effect of mannitol versus dimethyl thioureaat attenuating ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury to skeletal muscle. J Vasc Surg.1999,29:511-521.
62 郁丽娜,等编译.缺血再灌注损伤的病理生理、临床表现和预防[M].国外医学.麻醉学与复苏分册,2002,23(1):5-8.
63 Tajra,MartmX,Margonari J,et al.In vivo effects of monoclonal antibodies against rat beta(2)integrins on kidrey ichhemia repeffusion injury.J Surg Res,1999,87:32-38.
64 Marubayashi S,Oshilo Y,Maeda T,et al.Protective effect of monoclonal antibodies to adhesion molecules on rat liver ischemia-reperfusion injury.surg.1997,122:45-52.
65 Phan L H,Hickey M J,Niazi Z B M,et al.Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor,nitro-iminoethyl-L-ornithine,reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury in rabbit skeletal muscle.Microsurg,1994,15:703.
66 Banai S,Jaklitsch MT,Shou M,et al.Angiogenic-induced enhancement of collateral blood flow to ischemic myocardium by vascular endothelia growth factoring dogs.Circulation,1994,89:2183.
67 Satoshi T,Zheng LP,Isner JM.Therapeutic angiogenesis:a sigle intra- arterial bolus of vascular rendothelial growth factor augments revascularization in a rabbit ischemic hind limb model.J ClinInvest,1994,93:662
68 Leonard YL,Shailen RP,Neil RH,et al.Focal angiogen therapy using intramyocardial delivery of an adenovirus vector coding for vascular endothelial growth factor 121.Ann Thoracosurg, 2000,69:14-24.
69 Daisy FL, Matie S, Jonathan AS, et al.Adenoviral-mediated genetransfer induces sustained pericardial VEGF expression in dogs: effect on myocardial angiogenesis.Cardiocascular Research, 1999,44:294-320.
70 Satoshi T,Lawrence W,Dongfen Ch,et al.Therapeutic angiogenesis following arterial gene transfer of vascular endothelial growth factor in a rabbit model of hindlimb ischemia.Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communication, 1996,227:628-635.
71 Peter JT,Jonthan DM,Wen XZh,et al.Local administered vascular en-dothelial growth factor cDNA increases survival of ischemic experimental skin flaps.Plast Reconstr Surg,19.