《尤利西斯》中的历史
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摘要
作为詹姆斯·乔伊斯的代表作,《尤利西斯》描述了主人公波德·布卢姆于1904年6月16日一昼夜之内在都柏林的种种日常经历。在经历了八十年的褒贬毁誉之后,其在世界文坛的重要地位已经不容质疑,更是成为现代主义小说的里程碑。自问世以来,批评家从心理分析、女性主义、后殖民主义等角度对其进行了深刻的分析。
一部伟大的作品是历史的产物,它必然反映历史,带给后人深刻认识历史、反思历史,而《尤利西斯》更是这样的一部作品。在《尤利西斯》中,乔伊斯以其超出时代的眼光和深邃的思维深度深入爱尔兰社会,深刻反映了爱尔兰历史的各个方面以及他对历史的态度,表现了他对所谓的正统历史的质疑和反抗。同时,由于历史并非代表全部的史实,它受到意识形态、文化等多方面综合因素的影响,因而带有一定的主观性。不同的阶层为维护自身利益对历史会有不同的解读,也就是不同的阶层在“制造”不同的历史,因此深刻认识《尤利西斯》中的历史问题,对于理解作品的丰富内涵有着极其重要的作用。本文试着发掘《尤利西斯》中乔伊斯对历史的态度及不同力量派别对历史的主要呈现方式,并由此尝试分析乔伊斯对爱尔兰走出历史噩梦可行途径的探索。
全文分为五部分,引言部分简要回顾了乔伊斯研究史以及对《尤利西斯》中历史问题的研究概况,并同时总结了《尤利西斯》在中国的研究情况。
论文的第一章阐明乔伊斯对历史的态度。对于乔伊斯而言,由于受到英国殖民统治、宗教冲突、民族主义等因素错综复杂的影响,历史是其努力从中醒过来的一场噩梦；受到维柯等人的影响,乔伊斯认为历史是不同力量派别特别是英国殖民者、其随从以及民族主义者“制造”的产物,其中充斥着扭曲与曲解。除此之外,在《尤利西斯》当中,乔伊斯选取小人物布卢姆(一个年龄在三十八岁、游荡于都柏林的广告推销员)作为小说的主要人物,这与把大人物作为小说主角的做法大相径庭,反映了他反英雄主义的历史观。
论文的第二章探讨了《尤利西斯》中英国殖民者、其随从以及民族主义者对历史主要的呈现方式并分析背后的真实目的。在《尤利西斯》当中,英国殖民者及民族主义者,尽管利益不同,他们采用了一种相同的方法来呈现历史,即寻找替罪羊(通常为女性和其他民族)来承担爱尔兰社会的种种不幸并把这一切归咎于他们。另外英国殖民者还宣扬目的论,认为整个人类的历史都朝着一个伟大的目标前进。同时该章接着分析影响历史呈现的背后的真正目的,认为英国殖民者背后的真正目的在于寻求意识形态控制和经济利益,而民族主义者则在于寻求英国殖民统治下的自我安慰、民族尊严及民族纯洁性。在该章的最后一部分,论文还分析了乔伊斯在殖民者和民族主义者呈现历史这一问题上的深刻洞察力。
论文的第三章分析对爱尔兰走出历史噩梦的种种探讨。这一章展现了爱尔兰对走出历史噩梦的种种努力。然而这些努力(如宗教、民族主义、文化复兴以及母爱等)都有其自身的缺陷,不能切实使爱尔兰走出历史噩梦。因此该章接着探讨了乔伊斯的可以使爱尔兰走出历史噩梦的可行途径,即通过构建新的爱国主义来帮助爱尔兰走出历史的噩梦。
论文的结论部分进一步总结深刻认识历史问题对理解《尤利西斯》的重要意义,认为乔伊斯对历史的关注实际上表现了他对爱尔兰命运的关注,同时乔伊斯对历史的态度更成为其对所谓正统历史的反抗。此外,正确认识历史,以史为鉴,对于我们仍有重大意义。本文通过对《尤利西斯》中历史的阐述,以期在某种程度上可以使该问题更加系统化。
As James Joyce's masterpiece, Ulysses chronicles the passage of Leopold Bloom through Dublin during an ordinary day, June 16,1904. As much praised as blamed in more than eight decades, it has gained an indisputable position in the world literature, becoming a milestone for modern novels. Ever since its publication, the critics have given thorough analysis from perspectives such as psychoanalysis, feminism and post-colonialism.
A great works is always the product of history, and it inevitably mirrors history, rendering descendents to profoundly understand and ponder over the history. Without any doubt, Ulysses is such a great works. In Ulysses, Joyce, with a penetrating insight ahead of times, looks into Irish society and profoundly reflects various aspects of Irish history as well as his attitudes towards history, expressing his doubt about and revolt against the so-called authoritative history. Meanwhile, as history fails to represent all historical facts and is affected by a number of factors, such as ideology and culture, therefore, history, to some extent, is subjective. Different classes, in order to work for their own interests, provide different interpretations, that is to say, different classes fabricate different histories, therefore, to deeply understand the historical issues in Ulysses is of great importance to grasp the rich underlying meanings of the novel. This thesis tries to unveil Joyce's attitudes towards history and major ways of presenting history in Ulysses and find real purposes behind such presentations, and then analyze Joyce's efforts to find a way for Ireland to go out of historical nightmare.
This thesis consists of five parts. The introduction gives a brief review of history of Joycean study and researches into historical issues in Ulysses. Besides, researches into Ulysses in China are also summed up in this part.
Chapter One attempts to elucidate Joyce's attitudes towards history. As to Joyce, due to complex factors such as British colonization, religious strife and one-eyed nationalism, history is a nightmare he is trying to awake from. Affected by Vico, Joyce holds that history is a product of fabrications and distortions by different kinds of forces, especially by British colonialists and their followers and nationalists. Besides, in Ulysses, Joyce selects a small figure Bloom who is a thirty-eight-year-old advertising canvasser wandering in Dublin rather than a great figure to be the main character of the novel, reflecting his anti-heroic view on history.
Chapter Two discusses ways of presenting history in Ulysses by different social powers such as British colonialists and their followers and nationalists and the real purposes behind such phenomena. In Ulysses, for British colonialists and nationalists, though sharing different interest, they use the same way of distorting history by finding scapegoats (always women and other races) for the social ills of Ireland and then putting all the blames on them. Meanwhile, another major way of presenting history by British colonialists is to advocate teleology which holds that history moves towards one great goal. This chapter then analyses the real purposes behind these ways of presenting history, holding that British colonialists' real purposes lie in ideological control and economic benefits, while the nationalists' purposes lie in comforting themselves and seeking for national pride and national purity. Moreover, in the last part of this chapter, the thesis also gives an analysis of Joyce's penetration into British colonialists'as well as nationalists' ways of presenting history.
Chapter Three analyzes the ways of going out of historical nightmare. In this chapter, different efforts made for Ireland to go out of historical nightmare are discussed, but these efforts, such as religion, nationalism, literary revival and maternal love, have their own defects, which make them unpractical to help Ireland go out of historical nightmare. Therefore, this chapter then discusses Joyce's feasible way for Ireland to go out of historical nightmare by constructing a new patriotism.
The conclusion further sums up the great significance in deeply understanding the historical issues in Ulysses, believing that Joyce's concern for history actually reflects his concern for the fate of Ireland. Meanwhile, Joyce's attitudes towards history also reflect his revolt against the so-called authoritative history. Besides, understanding history and drawing lessons from history are still of great importance to us. By interpreting history in the Ulysses, this thesis, to some extent, endeavors to make more systematic the historical issues in the novel.
一部伟大的作品是历史的产物,它必然反映历史,带给后人深刻认识历史、反思历史,而《尤利西斯》更是这样的一部作品。在《尤利西斯》中,乔伊斯以其超出时代的眼光和深邃的思维深度深入爱尔兰社会,深刻反映了爱尔兰历史的各个方面以及他对历史的态度,表现了他对所谓的正统历史的质疑和反抗。同时,由于历史并非代表全部的史实,它受到意识形态、文化等多方面综合因素的影响,因而带有一定的主观性。不同的阶层为维护自身利益对历史会有不同的解读,也就是不同的阶层在“制造”不同的历史,因此深刻认识《尤利西斯》中的历史问题,对于理解作品的丰富内涵有着极其重要的作用。本文试着发掘《尤利西斯》中乔伊斯对历史的态度及不同力量派别对历史的主要呈现方式,并由此尝试分析乔伊斯对爱尔兰走出历史噩梦可行途径的探索。
全文分为五部分,引言部分简要回顾了乔伊斯研究史以及对《尤利西斯》中历史问题的研究概况,并同时总结了《尤利西斯》在中国的研究情况。
论文的第一章阐明乔伊斯对历史的态度。对于乔伊斯而言,由于受到英国殖民统治、宗教冲突、民族主义等因素错综复杂的影响,历史是其努力从中醒过来的一场噩梦；受到维柯等人的影响,乔伊斯认为历史是不同力量派别特别是英国殖民者、其随从以及民族主义者“制造”的产物,其中充斥着扭曲与曲解。除此之外,在《尤利西斯》当中,乔伊斯选取小人物布卢姆(一个年龄在三十八岁、游荡于都柏林的广告推销员)作为小说的主要人物,这与把大人物作为小说主角的做法大相径庭,反映了他反英雄主义的历史观。
论文的第二章探讨了《尤利西斯》中英国殖民者、其随从以及民族主义者对历史主要的呈现方式并分析背后的真实目的。在《尤利西斯》当中,英国殖民者及民族主义者,尽管利益不同,他们采用了一种相同的方法来呈现历史,即寻找替罪羊(通常为女性和其他民族)来承担爱尔兰社会的种种不幸并把这一切归咎于他们。另外英国殖民者还宣扬目的论,认为整个人类的历史都朝着一个伟大的目标前进。同时该章接着分析影响历史呈现的背后的真正目的,认为英国殖民者背后的真正目的在于寻求意识形态控制和经济利益,而民族主义者则在于寻求英国殖民统治下的自我安慰、民族尊严及民族纯洁性。在该章的最后一部分,论文还分析了乔伊斯在殖民者和民族主义者呈现历史这一问题上的深刻洞察力。
论文的第三章分析对爱尔兰走出历史噩梦的种种探讨。这一章展现了爱尔兰对走出历史噩梦的种种努力。然而这些努力(如宗教、民族主义、文化复兴以及母爱等)都有其自身的缺陷,不能切实使爱尔兰走出历史噩梦。因此该章接着探讨了乔伊斯的可以使爱尔兰走出历史噩梦的可行途径,即通过构建新的爱国主义来帮助爱尔兰走出历史的噩梦。
论文的结论部分进一步总结深刻认识历史问题对理解《尤利西斯》的重要意义,认为乔伊斯对历史的关注实际上表现了他对爱尔兰命运的关注,同时乔伊斯对历史的态度更成为其对所谓正统历史的反抗。此外,正确认识历史,以史为鉴,对于我们仍有重大意义。本文通过对《尤利西斯》中历史的阐述,以期在某种程度上可以使该问题更加系统化。
As James Joyce's masterpiece, Ulysses chronicles the passage of Leopold Bloom through Dublin during an ordinary day, June 16,1904. As much praised as blamed in more than eight decades, it has gained an indisputable position in the world literature, becoming a milestone for modern novels. Ever since its publication, the critics have given thorough analysis from perspectives such as psychoanalysis, feminism and post-colonialism.
A great works is always the product of history, and it inevitably mirrors history, rendering descendents to profoundly understand and ponder over the history. Without any doubt, Ulysses is such a great works. In Ulysses, Joyce, with a penetrating insight ahead of times, looks into Irish society and profoundly reflects various aspects of Irish history as well as his attitudes towards history, expressing his doubt about and revolt against the so-called authoritative history. Meanwhile, as history fails to represent all historical facts and is affected by a number of factors, such as ideology and culture, therefore, history, to some extent, is subjective. Different classes, in order to work for their own interests, provide different interpretations, that is to say, different classes fabricate different histories, therefore, to deeply understand the historical issues in Ulysses is of great importance to grasp the rich underlying meanings of the novel. This thesis tries to unveil Joyce's attitudes towards history and major ways of presenting history in Ulysses and find real purposes behind such presentations, and then analyze Joyce's efforts to find a way for Ireland to go out of historical nightmare.
This thesis consists of five parts. The introduction gives a brief review of history of Joycean study and researches into historical issues in Ulysses. Besides, researches into Ulysses in China are also summed up in this part.
Chapter One attempts to elucidate Joyce's attitudes towards history. As to Joyce, due to complex factors such as British colonization, religious strife and one-eyed nationalism, history is a nightmare he is trying to awake from. Affected by Vico, Joyce holds that history is a product of fabrications and distortions by different kinds of forces, especially by British colonialists and their followers and nationalists. Besides, in Ulysses, Joyce selects a small figure Bloom who is a thirty-eight-year-old advertising canvasser wandering in Dublin rather than a great figure to be the main character of the novel, reflecting his anti-heroic view on history.
Chapter Two discusses ways of presenting history in Ulysses by different social powers such as British colonialists and their followers and nationalists and the real purposes behind such phenomena. In Ulysses, for British colonialists and nationalists, though sharing different interest, they use the same way of distorting history by finding scapegoats (always women and other races) for the social ills of Ireland and then putting all the blames on them. Meanwhile, another major way of presenting history by British colonialists is to advocate teleology which holds that history moves towards one great goal. This chapter then analyses the real purposes behind these ways of presenting history, holding that British colonialists' real purposes lie in ideological control and economic benefits, while the nationalists' purposes lie in comforting themselves and seeking for national pride and national purity. Moreover, in the last part of this chapter, the thesis also gives an analysis of Joyce's penetration into British colonialists'as well as nationalists' ways of presenting history.
Chapter Three analyzes the ways of going out of historical nightmare. In this chapter, different efforts made for Ireland to go out of historical nightmare are discussed, but these efforts, such as religion, nationalism, literary revival and maternal love, have their own defects, which make them unpractical to help Ireland go out of historical nightmare. Therefore, this chapter then discusses Joyce's feasible way for Ireland to go out of historical nightmare by constructing a new patriotism.
The conclusion further sums up the great significance in deeply understanding the historical issues in Ulysses, believing that Joyce's concern for history actually reflects his concern for the fate of Ireland. Meanwhile, Joyce's attitudes towards history also reflect his revolt against the so-called authoritative history. Besides, understanding history and drawing lessons from history are still of great importance to us. By interpreting history in the Ulysses, this thesis, to some extent, endeavors to make more systematic the historical issues in the novel.
引文
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Attridge, Derek and Marjorie Howes. Semicolonial Joyce. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000.
Baker, Charles. William Faulkner's Postcolonial South. New York:Peter Lang Publishing, Inc.,2000.
Bhabha, Homi. Nation and Narration. London and New York:Routledge,1990.
Boehmer, Elleke. Colonial and Postcolonial Literature (2nd edition). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press,2005.
Bolt, Sydney. A Preface to Joyce. Beijing:Beijing University Press,2005.
Budgen, Frank Spencer Curtis. James Joyce and the Making of Ulysses, and Other Writings (with an introduction by Clive Hart). London:Oxford University Press, 1972.
Curtis, Lewis P. Jr. Apes and Angels:The Irishman in Victorian Caricature. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press,1971.
Deane, Seamus. "Introduction" to Nationalism, Colonialism, and Literature. Terry Eagleton, Fredric Jameson and Edward W. Said. Minneapolis, Minnesota:University of Minnesota Press,1990.3-19.
---. Celtic Revival:Essays in Modern Irish Literature 1880-1980. London:Faber and Faber Ltd.,1985.
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Ellmann, Richard. James Joyce. New York:Oxford University Press,1982.
---. Letters of James Joyce (Vol. Ⅱ). New York:Viking,1966.
---. Selected Letters of James Joyce. London:Faber and Faber Ltd.,1975.
Foucault, Michel. The Foucault Reader. Ed. Paul Rabinow. New York:Pantheon,1984.
Gilbert, Stuart. James Joyce's Ulysses:A Study. London:Faber and Faber Ltd. and New York:Vintage,1952.
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