软件项目管理在嵌入式项目中的应用与研究
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摘要
自1955年第一家软件公司CUC的第一个项目开始,经过了半个多世纪的发展,软件业从无到有,迅速崛起。如今软件业如日中天,全球IT业硬、软件(含服务)的比重已达4:6。但中国IT业则一直处于“重硬轻软”的状态,这种状况在嵌入式产品的企业尤其严重与明显。同时相对于那些成熟行业来说,软件行业还处在初期发展阶段,因此软件项目尤其是嵌入式软件项目的管理还不是非常的成熟。
软件项目管理中软件开发流程(及相关规章制度)的制定是所有管理内容中基础但也是最重要的一环。但是在目前的嵌入式项目管理中,由于“重硬轻软”的思想作祟,造成项目相关人员大都忽视了软件才是嵌入式产品中影响产品开发周期最重要的“关键路径”,而未将软件开发作为产品开发的一部分进行管理,结果由于软、硬件开发进度不匹配,造成项目工作时间的浪费,开发人员时忙时闲,而加班加点更成为一种普遍现象。为了消除该现象,本文通过建立一套针对嵌入式产品特点,即同时兼顾软件与硬件开发进度,紧密结合软硬件开发各阶段工作的嵌入式软件开发流程,尝试解决上述问题。
本文从探讨软件项目管理与嵌入式产品软件开发特性入手,通过对目标企业现有产品旧的开发方式进行分析,发现类似企业原有嵌入式产品相关项目管理人员仅重视硬件开发进度管理,而忽略软件开发部分的管理,同时软件开发工作完全依赖单个开发者个人能力进行项目推进,存在着严重的弊端。要有效的改变这种状况,必须建立一套新的嵌入式软件项目管理体制,尤其是基础的软件开发流程(及相关规章制度),为此编制了“SIM Tech公司软件开发流程”及各类相关文档来建立初步的嵌入式软件项目管理机制。
“SIM Tech公司软件开发流程”及各类相关文档是一套完整的嵌入式软件项目管理体制,该体制制定了嵌入式软件产品开发的具体流程,并结合部分CMMI管理思想完善对于整体流程的过程控制,同时制定了产品开发中各相关岗位责任人的职责及在流程各阶段的具体相应工作,另外提供了开发过程中各阶段的文档模版用于对流程进行有效控制。
最后,为了确定此流程在指导项目实施、进行缺陷预防、实现质量/时间目标中的作用。在SIM Tech公司Windows Mobile PDA Phone项目开发过程中,采用了本流程进行了部分实践。实践证明:本论文所建立的软件开发流程使嵌入式软件开发进程更加紧密、有效和目标明确,确实对过程改进有全局效益,能够真正保证嵌入式软件开发项目向着正确的目标(时间/质量/可接受成果)不断推进。该流程能为项目开发提供有效指导,保证整个项目在计划时间内完成预期任务目标,缩短开发周期,减小开发成本,具有明显的经济价值。
Since 1955 the first software company CUC first project began, after more than 50 years development, the software industry from scratch, to rise rapidly. Now the software industry zenith, the global IT industry hardware and software (including services) has reached the proportion of 4:6. But China's IT industry has been in a "hard-soft" state, this situation in the embedded product enterprises, especially serious and obvious. At the same time compared to those mature industries, the software industry is still in the early stages of development. Software project management is not very mature, especially in the embedded project.
In the software development process (include related rules and regulations), Software Project Management is the most basic content, also the most important one. But in the current embedded project, because of the "hard-soft", almost all of the team member neglected that software development is the most important one, is the "Key Path", which seriously impacted the schedule of embedded project, without software development as part of product development management, the development of software and hardware does not match, which causing the project a waste of time, the development staff at the busy leisure, and work overtime have become a universal phenomenon. In order to eliminate the phenomenon, this Article through the establishment of a specific embedded software development process to address the issue.
The article start from the study of software project management and software development of embedded projects, through the past projects of target enterprise which used the old way of the development, found that the development of embedded software projects in these similar enterprises rely entirely on the personal capabilities of parts developers, this development model has drawbacks. In order to effectively change the situation, we must establish a new set of embedded software project management system, in particular is the foundation of the software development process (include related rules and regulations), for the preparation of the "SIM Tech company software development process" and the various related Documents to establish a preliminary embedded software project management mechanism.
"SIM Tech company software development process" and the various related document is a complete set of embedded software project management system, which developed specific processes of embedded software product development, and integration of CMMI thinking improve the overall management of the process control flow, while developing a product development positions in the relevant responsible for the various stages in the process and the specific corresponding work, and provided document templates of various stages for effective control of the process.
Finally, in order to confirm this process in guiding the implementation of the project, the prevention of defects, to achieve the quality / time objectives, SIM TECH companies in the Windows Mobile PDA Phone project, used the process for some practice. Practice has proved that: This article established the software development process make the embedded software development process more closely, effective and targeted, indeed have improved the overall efficiency of the process, to really ensure that embedded software development projects in the right targets (time / quality / acceptable results) is steadily advancing. The process can be developed to provide effective guidance for the project, to ensure that the entire project be completed within the planned time and the goals are expected, to shorten the development cycle and reduce development costs, has obvious economic value.
软件项目管理中软件开发流程(及相关规章制度)的制定是所有管理内容中基础但也是最重要的一环。但是在目前的嵌入式项目管理中,由于“重硬轻软”的思想作祟,造成项目相关人员大都忽视了软件才是嵌入式产品中影响产品开发周期最重要的“关键路径”,而未将软件开发作为产品开发的一部分进行管理,结果由于软、硬件开发进度不匹配,造成项目工作时间的浪费,开发人员时忙时闲,而加班加点更成为一种普遍现象。为了消除该现象,本文通过建立一套针对嵌入式产品特点,即同时兼顾软件与硬件开发进度,紧密结合软硬件开发各阶段工作的嵌入式软件开发流程,尝试解决上述问题。
本文从探讨软件项目管理与嵌入式产品软件开发特性入手,通过对目标企业现有产品旧的开发方式进行分析,发现类似企业原有嵌入式产品相关项目管理人员仅重视硬件开发进度管理,而忽略软件开发部分的管理,同时软件开发工作完全依赖单个开发者个人能力进行项目推进,存在着严重的弊端。要有效的改变这种状况,必须建立一套新的嵌入式软件项目管理体制,尤其是基础的软件开发流程(及相关规章制度),为此编制了“SIM Tech公司软件开发流程”及各类相关文档来建立初步的嵌入式软件项目管理机制。
“SIM Tech公司软件开发流程”及各类相关文档是一套完整的嵌入式软件项目管理体制,该体制制定了嵌入式软件产品开发的具体流程,并结合部分CMMI管理思想完善对于整体流程的过程控制,同时制定了产品开发中各相关岗位责任人的职责及在流程各阶段的具体相应工作,另外提供了开发过程中各阶段的文档模版用于对流程进行有效控制。
最后,为了确定此流程在指导项目实施、进行缺陷预防、实现质量/时间目标中的作用。在SIM Tech公司Windows Mobile PDA Phone项目开发过程中,采用了本流程进行了部分实践。实践证明:本论文所建立的软件开发流程使嵌入式软件开发进程更加紧密、有效和目标明确,确实对过程改进有全局效益,能够真正保证嵌入式软件开发项目向着正确的目标(时间/质量/可接受成果)不断推进。该流程能为项目开发提供有效指导,保证整个项目在计划时间内完成预期任务目标,缩短开发周期,减小开发成本,具有明显的经济价值。
Since 1955 the first software company CUC first project began, after more than 50 years development, the software industry from scratch, to rise rapidly. Now the software industry zenith, the global IT industry hardware and software (including services) has reached the proportion of 4:6. But China's IT industry has been in a "hard-soft" state, this situation in the embedded product enterprises, especially serious and obvious. At the same time compared to those mature industries, the software industry is still in the early stages of development. Software project management is not very mature, especially in the embedded project.
In the software development process (include related rules and regulations), Software Project Management is the most basic content, also the most important one. But in the current embedded project, because of the "hard-soft", almost all of the team member neglected that software development is the most important one, is the "Key Path", which seriously impacted the schedule of embedded project, without software development as part of product development management, the development of software and hardware does not match, which causing the project a waste of time, the development staff at the busy leisure, and work overtime have become a universal phenomenon. In order to eliminate the phenomenon, this Article through the establishment of a specific embedded software development process to address the issue.
The article start from the study of software project management and software development of embedded projects, through the past projects of target enterprise which used the old way of the development, found that the development of embedded software projects in these similar enterprises rely entirely on the personal capabilities of parts developers, this development model has drawbacks. In order to effectively change the situation, we must establish a new set of embedded software project management system, in particular is the foundation of the software development process (include related rules and regulations), for the preparation of the "SIM Tech company software development process" and the various related Documents to establish a preliminary embedded software project management mechanism.
"SIM Tech company software development process" and the various related document is a complete set of embedded software project management system, which developed specific processes of embedded software product development, and integration of CMMI thinking improve the overall management of the process control flow, while developing a product development positions in the relevant responsible for the various stages in the process and the specific corresponding work, and provided document templates of various stages for effective control of the process.
Finally, in order to confirm this process in guiding the implementation of the project, the prevention of defects, to achieve the quality / time objectives, SIM TECH companies in the Windows Mobile PDA Phone project, used the process for some practice. Practice has proved that: This article established the software development process make the embedded software development process more closely, effective and targeted, indeed have improved the overall efficiency of the process, to really ensure that embedded software development projects in the right targets (time / quality / acceptable results) is steadily advancing. The process can be developed to provide effective guidance for the project, to ensure that the entire project be completed within the planned time and the goals are expected, to shorten the development cycle and reduce development costs, has obvious economic value.
引文
铩颷1]http://www.eol.cn/qt_xg_xx_5402/20061211/t20061211_209064.shtml.
[2]http://www.project.net.cn/asp/001_1c.asp?id=1192
[3](美)赫尔德曼(Kim Heldman)著:爱丁等译.PMP项目管理专家全息教程(第二版). 北京:电子工业出版社,2004,9
[4](美)项目管理协会著:卢有杰,王勇译.项目管理知识体系指南(第3版).北京: 电子工业出版社,2005,1
[5]栾跃著.软件开发项目管理.上海:上海交通大学出版社,2005
[6](美)克里西斯(Chrissis,M.B.),(美)科纳德(Konrad,M.),(美)沙恩(Shrum,S.) 著.CMMI-过程集成于产品改进指南(影印版).北京:清华大学出版社,2004.2
[7]http://web.tongji.edu.cn/yangdy/computer/CMM/paper6.htm
[8]http://soft.chinabyte.com/2/2381502.shtml
[9]陈建勋,马于涛,谢敏等,软件过程的模型化研究.计算机工程与设计,2004, 25(1):33-34
[10]罗运模,谢志敏等.CMMI软件过程改进与评估.北京:电子工业出版社,2004年6月第一版:第六章.
[11]何新贵、王纬等.软件能力成熟度模型.北京:清华大学出版社,2000.11
[12]Karl E.Wiegers.Software Requirements.Microsoft Press,Washington,U.S.A. 1999
[13]唐纳森(Donaldson,S.E.),锡根(Siegel,S.G.)著:蔡愉祖等译.成功的软件开 发(原书第2版).北京:机械工业出版社,2003.6
[14](美)扎赫兰(Zahran,S.)著;陈新等译.软件过程改进.北京:机械工业出版社, 2002.8
[15](英)Bob Hughes,(英)Mike Cotterell.软件项目管理(英文版.第4版).北 京:机械工业出版社,2007.5
[16](美)Andrew Stellman,Jennifer Greene.O'Reilly:实用软件项目管理(英文影 印版).东南大学出版社,2006.11
[17](美)Robert T.Futrell,Donald F.Shafer,Lina I.Shafer,袁科萍等.高质量 软件项目管理.北京:清华大学出版社,2006.8
[18]Pankaj Jalote.软件项目管理实践(影印版).北京:清华大学出版社,2005.3
[19]韩万江,姜立新.软件项目管理案例教程.北京:机械工业出版社,2005.2
[20]陈翌,田捷,王金刚.嵌入式软件开发技术.国防出版社,2003.10
[2]http://www.project.net.cn/asp/001_1c.asp?id=1192
[3](美)赫尔德曼(Kim Heldman)著:爱丁等译.PMP项目管理专家全息教程(第二版). 北京:电子工业出版社,2004,9
[4](美)项目管理协会著:卢有杰,王勇译.项目管理知识体系指南(第3版).北京: 电子工业出版社,2005,1
[5]栾跃著.软件开发项目管理.上海:上海交通大学出版社,2005
[6](美)克里西斯(Chrissis,M.B.),(美)科纳德(Konrad,M.),(美)沙恩(Shrum,S.) 著.CMMI-过程集成于产品改进指南(影印版).北京:清华大学出版社,2004.2
[7]http://web.tongji.edu.cn/yangdy/computer/CMM/paper6.htm
[8]http://soft.chinabyte.com/2/2381502.shtml
[9]陈建勋,马于涛,谢敏等,软件过程的模型化研究.计算机工程与设计,2004, 25(1):33-34
[10]罗运模,谢志敏等.CMMI软件过程改进与评估.北京:电子工业出版社,2004年6月第一版:第六章.
[11]何新贵、王纬等.软件能力成熟度模型.北京:清华大学出版社,2000.11
[12]Karl E.Wiegers.Software Requirements.Microsoft Press,Washington,U.S.A. 1999
[13]唐纳森(Donaldson,S.E.),锡根(Siegel,S.G.)著:蔡愉祖等译.成功的软件开 发(原书第2版).北京:机械工业出版社,2003.6
[14](美)扎赫兰(Zahran,S.)著;陈新等译.软件过程改进.北京:机械工业出版社, 2002.8
[15](英)Bob Hughes,(英)Mike Cotterell.软件项目管理(英文版.第4版).北 京:机械工业出版社,2007.5
[16](美)Andrew Stellman,Jennifer Greene.O'Reilly:实用软件项目管理(英文影 印版).东南大学出版社,2006.11
[17](美)Robert T.Futrell,Donald F.Shafer,Lina I.Shafer,袁科萍等.高质量 软件项目管理.北京:清华大学出版社,2006.8
[18]Pankaj Jalote.软件项目管理实践(影印版).北京:清华大学出版社,2005.3
[19]韩万江,姜立新.软件项目管理案例教程.北京:机械工业出版社,2005.2
[20]陈翌,田捷,王金刚.嵌入式软件开发技术.国防出版社,2003.10