Magnus风力机叶片的改进及其特性研究
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摘要
随着社会经济发展以及人民生活水平的提高，能源需求急剧增加，导致煤炭、石油等一次能源的过度开采应用，人类即将面临能源枯竭的威胁以及能源消耗产生的环境问题日益加剧带来的巨大压力，因此，新能源问题成为国家中长期发展规划的战略需求和世界的焦点。风能是最易于开发、发展最成熟的新能源。叶片作为风力发电设备的关键部件，其性能好坏决定了风电设备的发电效率。随着风力机单机容量增高，机组尺寸不断增大，叶片也越来越长，为了使之能够更好的捕捉风能，叶片扭转角也越大，不仅使得设计与制造困难，还增加了叶片对攻角敏感性，导致风力机输出功率更加不稳定，此外，叶片大型化也给运输与维护带来极大地不便，传统叶片越来越难以支持风力机的快速发展。本文利用圆柱形Magnus叶片结合翼型尾翼，提出了一种新型风力机叶片结构。
论文利用FLUENT软件仿真研究了高雷诺数高周速比情况下Magnus叶片绕流流场变化及其升/阻力特性，分析了风速、转速、叶片直径等参数对Magnus叶片升/阻力特性的影响规律，得到了影响Magnus叶片特性的最主要参数可以归纳为雷诺数和周速比，并分析了其影响规律。从理论上分析了叶片升阻比对风力机性能的影响规律，研究阐明了Magnus叶片应用于水平轴风力机所存在的问题。
研究了Magnus叶片在不同周速比和雷诺数条件下的流场变化规律，并分析了其流场形态变化产生的原因，得出了制约Magnus叶片升阻比提升的原因；研究了流场形态对Magnus叶片升/阻力特性的影响规律，得出了升阻比随前驻点和尾涡位置的变化规律，为Magnus叶片改进研究提供了理论支持。
提出了两种针对Magnus叶片的改进方案，增加头部结构和增加尾翼结构。分析了不同头部结构形状及其位置对流场及叶片升/阻力特性的影响；同时研究了尾翼结构参数对叶片气动性能影响规律，确定尾翼形状。根据尾翼结构几何参数对叶片流场影响，对叶片几何参数进行了优化。最后通过仿真计算，获得了风速、转速、攻角、周速比、雷诺数对新型叶片的升阻力系数影响规律。
设计了一套用于测量Magnus型风力机叶片气动性能的测试系统，利用该测试系统对圆柱形Magnus叶片和改进型Magnus叶片气动性能进行了实验研究，分析两种叶片升阻比受周速比、攻角等参数的影响，并与仿真结果进行了比较，分析了实验产生误差的原因并提出了改进建议。
应用改进型Magnus叶片设计了改进型Magnus水平轴风力机几何模型，根据叶素动量定理及其修正理论，建立了改进型Magnus水平轴风力机计算模型，通过该计算模型研究了不同参数下风力机气动特性变化规律，最后分析了改进型Magnus风力机功率特性、转矩特性和推力特性，并与传统翼型NACA0018构成的水平轴风力机和Magnus水平轴风力机进行了比较分析，得出了改进型Magnus风力机相比于另外两种风力机优势所在。
综上所述，本文提出了一种改进型Magnus叶片，升阻比可达到40以上，相比于Magnus叶片提升47%，同时相比于传统翼型叶片，具有攻角不敏感性，在较大攻角范围内不会出现失速现象。利用该叶片设计的改进型Magnus风力机具有较高的风能利用率和较好的自启动性能，功率输出较为稳定，同时叶片可以采用直叶片形式，使得叶片可以模块化设计与生产，大大降低了叶片设计制造难度以及运输与维护成本。改机型适用于大中型水平轴风力发电机建设，同时也可以应用于风速较低、风能资源相对贫乏地区的特殊风力机的开发。
With the social and economic development and the improvement of people'sliving standards, demand for energy increased dramatically, leading toover-exploitation of coal, oil and other primary energy applications, mankind isabout to face the enormous pressure of environmental problems caused by theenergy consumption. Therefore, new energy issues become the focus of the strategicneeds of the world's long-term development planning. Wind energy is the mostmature renewable energy. As a key component of the wind power generationequipment, blades' aerodynamic has important influence to power generationefficiency. As the power of wind turbine increasing, longer wind blades were need,at the same time how to ensure that optimize loads, reduce weight, enhance theadaptability to environment friendly and transport facilitation will becomeresearching hot topic of blade technology. With the increase of unit capacity of windturbine, size increasing of the unit, the blades are getting longer and longer, and inorder to enable it to capture the wind energy well the blade torsion angle becomegreater, which not only makes the design and manufacture of the blade moredifficult but also heighten the blade's sensitivity to the attack angle and lead to theinstability of turbine output power. What's more, the upsizing of blades brings thegreatly inconvenience of transportation and maintenance, which makes thetraditional blades become more and more difficult to support the rapidlydevelopment of the wind turbine. In this thesis, a new type of wind turbine bladewas studied, which integrated Magnus effect theory and advantage of airfoil.
The FLUENT software was used to study the flow field changes of rotatingcylinder in Magnus wind blade and it's lift/resistance characteristic at high Reynoldsnumber, and the rule of influence by flow velocity, rotating speed and cylinderdiameter was also analyzed, which has concluded that the most importantparameters in all those affact the Magnus blades characteristic can be summarized asthe Reynolds number and thetip-speed-ratio, and the rule of influence is alsoanalyzed. Theoretical analysis of the blade lift-drag ratio effect on the performanceof the wind turbine has been investigated. The studies found the problems of the theMagnus blade when applied to a horizontal axis wind turbine.
The variation of the flow field of Magnus wind blade within different Reynoldsnumber and thetip-speed-ratio was studied and the causes of the morphologicalchanges of the flow field was also analyzed; The formation mechanism of the resistance of Magnus bladess was studied and the constraints of its lift-to-drag ratioimprovement was derived; The influence law of flow field morphology to theMagnus blades lift/resistance characteristic was studied, and the variation law oflift-to-drag ratio with changes of the position of the front stagnation point and thetrailing vortex was obtained, which provides theoretical support for the the Magnusblades improvement research.
Analyzed principle of resistance formation when cylinder rotated in flow field,then proposed two programs to reduce the rotating cylindrical resistance; designedtwo programs improving structure characteristic for Magnus wind blade, which wereincreasing the head structure and the tail structure.; analyzed the impact of the flowfield by different head shape structures; then, influence of aerodynamic performanceby different parameters of tail structure were investigated, according to the results,optimized parameters of the new blade; at last, variation of lift and drag coefficientof the new blade by changing flow velocity, rotating speed, attack angle peripheralspeed to flow velocity ratio, Re numbers were investigated.
Designed a testing system used to measure aerodynamic performance of theMagnus type wind turbine blade, then experimental studied lift and drag coefficientof the new wind blades by the system; analyzed the experimental error according tocomparing the simulation results.
An improved Magnus horizontal axis wind turbine geometric model wasdesigned based on improved Magnus blades, and mathematical calculations modelof improved Magnus horizontal axis wind turbine was studied by using bladeelement momentum while the variation law of the turbine aerodynamic performancewithin different parameters was studied based on this model. In addition, the powercharacteristics, torque characteristics and thrust characteristics of improved Magnuswind turbine were analyzed, and a comparative analysis with horizontal axis windturbine consisting of traditional airfoil NACA0018and Magnus horizontal axis windmachine was conducted, which has obtained the advantage of improved Magnuswind turbine compared to the other two wind turbine.
In summary, a improvement wind turbine blade based on the Magnus effect hadbeen investigated in this thesis, the lift-to-drag ratio of the blade was exceed40,47%increased compared to the Magnus wind blade; at the same time, compared to theconventional airfoil blade, the improvement wind turbine blade had a better angle ofinsensitivity of attack. The improved Magnus wind turbine based on this windturbine blade has high wind energy utilization and better self-starting performance,and its power output is more stable, the blades can adopt the form of a straight bladeat the same time, what makes the design and production of the blade moer modular. What is more, the difficulty of blade design and manufacture as well astransportation and maintenance costs are also reduced. Horizontal axis wind turbineconstituted of the improvement bladese has a better aerodynamic performanceaccording to numerical study, it is suitable for large and medium-sized horizontalaxis wind turbine construction, and also can be applied to special wind turbinedevelopment in areas of low wind speed and poor wind energy resource.
论文利用FLUENT软件仿真研究了高雷诺数高周速比情况下Magnus叶片绕流流场变化及其升/阻力特性，分析了风速、转速、叶片直径等参数对Magnus叶片升/阻力特性的影响规律，得到了影响Magnus叶片特性的最主要参数可以归纳为雷诺数和周速比，并分析了其影响规律。从理论上分析了叶片升阻比对风力机性能的影响规律，研究阐明了Magnus叶片应用于水平轴风力机所存在的问题。
研究了Magnus叶片在不同周速比和雷诺数条件下的流场变化规律，并分析了其流场形态变化产生的原因，得出了制约Magnus叶片升阻比提升的原因；研究了流场形态对Magnus叶片升/阻力特性的影响规律，得出了升阻比随前驻点和尾涡位置的变化规律，为Magnus叶片改进研究提供了理论支持。
提出了两种针对Magnus叶片的改进方案，增加头部结构和增加尾翼结构。分析了不同头部结构形状及其位置对流场及叶片升/阻力特性的影响；同时研究了尾翼结构参数对叶片气动性能影响规律，确定尾翼形状。根据尾翼结构几何参数对叶片流场影响，对叶片几何参数进行了优化。最后通过仿真计算，获得了风速、转速、攻角、周速比、雷诺数对新型叶片的升阻力系数影响规律。
设计了一套用于测量Magnus型风力机叶片气动性能的测试系统，利用该测试系统对圆柱形Magnus叶片和改进型Magnus叶片气动性能进行了实验研究，分析两种叶片升阻比受周速比、攻角等参数的影响，并与仿真结果进行了比较，分析了实验产生误差的原因并提出了改进建议。
应用改进型Magnus叶片设计了改进型Magnus水平轴风力机几何模型，根据叶素动量定理及其修正理论，建立了改进型Magnus水平轴风力机计算模型，通过该计算模型研究了不同参数下风力机气动特性变化规律，最后分析了改进型Magnus风力机功率特性、转矩特性和推力特性，并与传统翼型NACA0018构成的水平轴风力机和Magnus水平轴风力机进行了比较分析，得出了改进型Magnus风力机相比于另外两种风力机优势所在。
综上所述，本文提出了一种改进型Magnus叶片，升阻比可达到40以上，相比于Magnus叶片提升47%，同时相比于传统翼型叶片，具有攻角不敏感性，在较大攻角范围内不会出现失速现象。利用该叶片设计的改进型Magnus风力机具有较高的风能利用率和较好的自启动性能，功率输出较为稳定，同时叶片可以采用直叶片形式，使得叶片可以模块化设计与生产，大大降低了叶片设计制造难度以及运输与维护成本。改机型适用于大中型水平轴风力发电机建设，同时也可以应用于风速较低、风能资源相对贫乏地区的特殊风力机的开发。
With the social and economic development and the improvement of people'sliving standards, demand for energy increased dramatically, leading toover-exploitation of coal, oil and other primary energy applications, mankind isabout to face the enormous pressure of environmental problems caused by theenergy consumption. Therefore, new energy issues become the focus of the strategicneeds of the world's long-term development planning. Wind energy is the mostmature renewable energy. As a key component of the wind power generationequipment, blades' aerodynamic has important influence to power generationefficiency. As the power of wind turbine increasing, longer wind blades were need,at the same time how to ensure that optimize loads, reduce weight, enhance theadaptability to environment friendly and transport facilitation will becomeresearching hot topic of blade technology. With the increase of unit capacity of windturbine, size increasing of the unit, the blades are getting longer and longer, and inorder to enable it to capture the wind energy well the blade torsion angle becomegreater, which not only makes the design and manufacture of the blade moredifficult but also heighten the blade's sensitivity to the attack angle and lead to theinstability of turbine output power. What's more, the upsizing of blades brings thegreatly inconvenience of transportation and maintenance, which makes thetraditional blades become more and more difficult to support the rapidlydevelopment of the wind turbine. In this thesis, a new type of wind turbine bladewas studied, which integrated Magnus effect theory and advantage of airfoil.
The FLUENT software was used to study the flow field changes of rotatingcylinder in Magnus wind blade and it's lift/resistance characteristic at high Reynoldsnumber, and the rule of influence by flow velocity, rotating speed and cylinderdiameter was also analyzed, which has concluded that the most importantparameters in all those affact the Magnus blades characteristic can be summarized asthe Reynolds number and thetip-speed-ratio, and the rule of influence is alsoanalyzed. Theoretical analysis of the blade lift-drag ratio effect on the performanceof the wind turbine has been investigated. The studies found the problems of the theMagnus blade when applied to a horizontal axis wind turbine.
The variation of the flow field of Magnus wind blade within different Reynoldsnumber and thetip-speed-ratio was studied and the causes of the morphologicalchanges of the flow field was also analyzed; The formation mechanism of the resistance of Magnus bladess was studied and the constraints of its lift-to-drag ratioimprovement was derived; The influence law of flow field morphology to theMagnus blades lift/resistance characteristic was studied, and the variation law oflift-to-drag ratio with changes of the position of the front stagnation point and thetrailing vortex was obtained, which provides theoretical support for the the Magnusblades improvement research.
Analyzed principle of resistance formation when cylinder rotated in flow field,then proposed two programs to reduce the rotating cylindrical resistance; designedtwo programs improving structure characteristic for Magnus wind blade, which wereincreasing the head structure and the tail structure.; analyzed the impact of the flowfield by different head shape structures; then, influence of aerodynamic performanceby different parameters of tail structure were investigated, according to the results,optimized parameters of the new blade; at last, variation of lift and drag coefficientof the new blade by changing flow velocity, rotating speed, attack angle peripheralspeed to flow velocity ratio, Re numbers were investigated.
Designed a testing system used to measure aerodynamic performance of theMagnus type wind turbine blade, then experimental studied lift and drag coefficientof the new wind blades by the system; analyzed the experimental error according tocomparing the simulation results.
An improved Magnus horizontal axis wind turbine geometric model wasdesigned based on improved Magnus blades, and mathematical calculations modelof improved Magnus horizontal axis wind turbine was studied by using bladeelement momentum while the variation law of the turbine aerodynamic performancewithin different parameters was studied based on this model. In addition, the powercharacteristics, torque characteristics and thrust characteristics of improved Magnuswind turbine were analyzed, and a comparative analysis with horizontal axis windturbine consisting of traditional airfoil NACA0018and Magnus horizontal axis windmachine was conducted, which has obtained the advantage of improved Magnuswind turbine compared to the other two wind turbine.
In summary, a improvement wind turbine blade based on the Magnus effect hadbeen investigated in this thesis, the lift-to-drag ratio of the blade was exceed40,47%increased compared to the Magnus wind blade; at the same time, compared to theconventional airfoil blade, the improvement wind turbine blade had a better angle ofinsensitivity of attack. The improved Magnus wind turbine based on this windturbine blade has high wind energy utilization and better self-starting performance,and its power output is more stable, the blades can adopt the form of a straight bladeat the same time, what makes the design and production of the blade moer modular. What is more, the difficulty of blade design and manufacture as well astransportation and maintenance costs are also reduced. Horizontal axis wind turbineconstituted of the improvement bladese has a better aerodynamic performanceaccording to numerical study, it is suitable for large and medium-sized horizontalaxis wind turbine construction, and also can be applied to special wind turbinedevelopment in areas of low wind speed and poor wind energy resource.
引文
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