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功能主义视角下软性法律外宣文本的翻译:问题与对策
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摘要
改革开放以来,中国在经济社会发展和法制建设领域取得了长足的进步,但是西方世界对中国法制体系的观感依然极为负面,究其原因在于一方面西方媒体对中国的法制体一边倒的负面报道,另一方面则是中国自身的法律外宣工作成效不大,效果欠佳。
     本论文通过分析我国法律外宣现状,发现我国法律外宣成效之所以不理想,是因为一方面在外宣中过于依赖对法律法规文件等硬性法律文本的翻译介绍,而受众广大、易于接受的软性法律文本,例如以法律为主题的新闻报道或文学作品的翻译却遭到边缘化,没有得到应有的重视,从而导致我国法律外宣翻译的受众面非常狭窄;另一方面,则是因为我国现阶段法律外宣中软性法律文本的译文质量不佳,往往令读者不知所云,难以实现向世界客观公正说明中国法制现状的翻译目的。
     有鉴于此,本论文选取我国法律外宣中软性法律文本的翻译(以下简称法律外宣翻译)作为研究对象,试图通过系统地分析我国法律外宣翻译中存在的问题及其成因来探索提高翻译质量的解决方案。经文献回顾发现,目前关于中国法律对外译介的研究虽日渐增多,但均以硬性法律文本的翻译为研究对象,并未涉及软性法律文本的翻译;另一方面,虽然目前外宣翻译在国内日益受到重视,但目前为止尚未有关于以我国法律体系为主题的外宣翻译研究。
     德国功能学派提出的功能主义翻译理论,特别是“目的论”与我国几代从事外宣翻译的译员、记者、编辑和管理人员在多年经验之上总结的翻译规则和规律高度吻合,因而本论文选择德国功能主义翻译理论作为理论框架,并结合前述国内外宣工作者的经验总结,对我国法律外宣翻译进行了分析,提出我国法律外宣翻译工作的目的在于以客观公正的方式向目标受众提供关于中国法律体系的信息,从而借此改变他们对中国法律体系的误解,消除西方媒体片面报道所带来的消极后果;由此得知,我国法律外宣翻译译文的功能主要为信息功能,兼有委婉的诉求功能,因此,我国法律外宣翻译应属于以目标受众为中心、应符合目标受众所在文化中的文化规约和语言规则为特征的工具型翻译。
     在此基础上,本论文提出,我国法律外宣翻译中普遍存在三类问题:语用翻译问题、文化翻译问题和语言翻译问题,并依据我国法律外宣翻译的目的和译文功能提出我国法律外宣翻译工作者应采用“自上而下”的功能主义途径:以翻译纲要为基础,通过分析比较原文作者与接收者之间的交际情景与译文作者与译文接收者之间的交际场景上存在的差异,预先发现翻译可能遇到的问题,采用“工具型翻译”策略,在“辅助文本”的帮助下,按照“语用翻译问题”、“文化翻译问题”和“语言翻译问题”的顺序,“由上而下”地解决翻译问题,保证译文能够满足目标受众的信息需求,且译文应符合目标文本所在文化中的文化规约和规范以及语言规则。
In spite of China’s rapid social and economic development and remarkableprogress in promoting the rule of law since the late1970s when China started toimplement the open-up and reform policy, the perception of China’s legal system bythe Western world remains seriously negative. This sad state of affairs is attributableto both the Western media’s overwhelmingly negative coverage of China, includingits legal system and the ineffectiveness and inefficiency of China’s efforts to dispelsuch misperception by providing information on its legal system to the outside world.Through an overview of the practice and academic research related to China’s effortsto introduce its legal system to the rest of the world, this author finds that suchinefficiency and ineffectiveness are due to two factors: the overdependence on hardlegal texts, i.e., traditional legal texts such as laws and legal documents, while softlegal texts, typically law-themed media texts, which can reach a far wider audiencethan the hard legal texts, fail to receive their due share of resource and attention; theother factor is the poor quality of translated soft legal texts, which is taken as the topicof the present research.
     The present research then chooses to adopt the German functional approach totranslation to tackle the problem poor quality of translation related to the China’sefforts to introduce its legal system to the outside world, because the Germanfunctional approach is in perfect concordance with the translation rules and principlesdrawn up by veteran Chinese translators and journalists engaged in China’sinternational publicity efforts. After an analysis of the Chinese to English translationfor the purpose of introducing China’s legal system according to the Germanfunctionalism, especially the Skopos theory, the study identifies three types oftranslation problems in the Chinese to English translation for the internationalcommunication of China’s legal system, namely, pragmatic translation problems,cultural translation problems and linguistic translation problems. This study also finds out that such translation, given its Skopos being providing balanced information onChina’s legal system and therefore the target texts mainly serve an informativefunction, is instrumental in nature and that the target texts mainly serve two functions,namely informative and appellative functions. On the basis of these findings, thepresent research proposes that the top-down functionalist approach should be adoptedto identify and overcome translation problems: on the basis of a thorough comparisonof the profiles of source text and target text in light of the translation brief, theinformation offer should be processed in light of the differences between thecommunicative situation between source text producer and the communicativesituation between the target text producer and addressee, and the translation problemsshould be solved in the order of pragmatic translation problems, cultural translationproblems and linguistic translation problems, and the target text should conform to thecultural conventions and norms and linguistic rules of the target culture, instead of thesource culture.
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