基于禁忌搜索算法的区域电网无功优化
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摘要
电力系统无功优化是保证电力系统经济运行的一项有效手段,也是提高电压质量的重要措施。本文对基于禁忌搜索算法的区域电网无功优化算法进行了研究并实现了通用应用软件。
针对某一确定时刻的电力系统无功优化问题,建议了一种改进禁忌搜索算法,建立了综合考虑网络损耗和电压质量两方面因素的目标函数,以电压约束、电气极限约束和控制约束为约束条件,以变压器档位、电容容量和发电机的端电压为控制变量,解向量采用十进制编码,并采用扩展邻域搜索策略,以便于更容易跳出局部最优解。
基于禁忌搜索算法,提出了一种根据预测负荷曲线进行一天内无功优化的改进方法。该算法将时间分段中的起始点和该分段中的控制变量一同构成解向量,从而避免了先进行时间分段的优化,后进行无功优化的二次优化,达到了从整体上进行优化的效果;当邻域解普遍陷入不符合电压约束条件的不可行解区域时,将目标函数切换为以当前电压偏离额定电压最小为目标,确保搜索可以正常进行并逐渐进入可行解区域。当邻域解普遍回到可行解区域后,将目标函数重新切换回以全天内电能损耗最小为目标。上述切换目标函数的措施,有效地确保了优化搜索不会因陷入不可行区域而终止。
采用VC++6.0实现了基于上述算法的通用应用程序,并应用于SCADA系统中。采用IEEE6节点、IEEE14节点和IEEE30节点系统作为算例进行测试,结果表明本文提出的算法是可行的和有效的。
Optimization of the reactive power in power system is an effective means to guarantee the economic operation and high voltage quality. Improved approaches based on Tabu search algorithm are investigated and the corresponding application software is programmed.
As for the problem of reactive power optimization at a certain instant, an improved Tabu search algorithm is suggested. The index considering both losses reduction and high voltage quality is established. The constraints include voltage requirements, electrical limitations of apparatus and control restrictions. The transformer taps, capacitor capacity and generator terminal voltage are used as the control variables. The solution vector is decimal coded. An expanding neighborhood searching approach is used to escape from the local optimal solution.
Based on Tabu search algorithm, an improved reactive power optimization within a day using the load forecasting results is presented. The solution is composed of the beginning time and the control variable of each time-interval. It can avoid the problem of twice optimization process, in which, the time-intervals are optimized at first and the reactive power is optimized based on each time-interval. So, the proposed method has the performance of optimizing the reactive power and time intervals simultaneously. In the cases of the neighborhood solutions falling into infeasible area, i.e., the voltage constraints are not satisfied, the index is switched to the voltage quality, so as to guarantee the searching process can work and gradually reach the feasible area. Once neighborhood solutions returning to feasible area, the index is switched back to losses reduction during the whole day.
The application software based on above approaches are realized on the platform of VC++6.0, which has been used in the SCADA systems. IEEE4 system, IEEE14 system and IEEE30 system are used as test examples. The results of testing show that the proposed approaches and the application software are feasible.
针对某一确定时刻的电力系统无功优化问题,建议了一种改进禁忌搜索算法,建立了综合考虑网络损耗和电压质量两方面因素的目标函数,以电压约束、电气极限约束和控制约束为约束条件,以变压器档位、电容容量和发电机的端电压为控制变量,解向量采用十进制编码,并采用扩展邻域搜索策略,以便于更容易跳出局部最优解。
基于禁忌搜索算法,提出了一种根据预测负荷曲线进行一天内无功优化的改进方法。该算法将时间分段中的起始点和该分段中的控制变量一同构成解向量,从而避免了先进行时间分段的优化,后进行无功优化的二次优化,达到了从整体上进行优化的效果;当邻域解普遍陷入不符合电压约束条件的不可行解区域时,将目标函数切换为以当前电压偏离额定电压最小为目标,确保搜索可以正常进行并逐渐进入可行解区域。当邻域解普遍回到可行解区域后,将目标函数重新切换回以全天内电能损耗最小为目标。上述切换目标函数的措施,有效地确保了优化搜索不会因陷入不可行区域而终止。
采用VC++6.0实现了基于上述算法的通用应用程序,并应用于SCADA系统中。采用IEEE6节点、IEEE14节点和IEEE30节点系统作为算例进行测试,结果表明本文提出的算法是可行的和有效的。
Optimization of the reactive power in power system is an effective means to guarantee the economic operation and high voltage quality. Improved approaches based on Tabu search algorithm are investigated and the corresponding application software is programmed.
As for the problem of reactive power optimization at a certain instant, an improved Tabu search algorithm is suggested. The index considering both losses reduction and high voltage quality is established. The constraints include voltage requirements, electrical limitations of apparatus and control restrictions. The transformer taps, capacitor capacity and generator terminal voltage are used as the control variables. The solution vector is decimal coded. An expanding neighborhood searching approach is used to escape from the local optimal solution.
Based on Tabu search algorithm, an improved reactive power optimization within a day using the load forecasting results is presented. The solution is composed of the beginning time and the control variable of each time-interval. It can avoid the problem of twice optimization process, in which, the time-intervals are optimized at first and the reactive power is optimized based on each time-interval. So, the proposed method has the performance of optimizing the reactive power and time intervals simultaneously. In the cases of the neighborhood solutions falling into infeasible area, i.e., the voltage constraints are not satisfied, the index is switched to the voltage quality, so as to guarantee the searching process can work and gradually reach the feasible area. Once neighborhood solutions returning to feasible area, the index is switched back to losses reduction during the whole day.
The application software based on above approaches are realized on the platform of VC++6.0, which has been used in the SCADA systems. IEEE4 system, IEEE14 system and IEEE30 system are used as test examples. The results of testing show that the proposed approaches and the application software are feasible.
引文
[1] 郑燕涛.京津唐电网 1998 年无功电压分析.华北电力技术,1999,(4):7~10
[2] 戴晓亮.无功补偿技术在配电网中的应用.电网技术,1999,23 (6):11~14
[3] 苏永春.配电系统无功电压优化控制.[学位论文].南京:河海大学,2003
[4] 耿光飞.地区电网无功优化控制的研究.[学位论文].北京:中国农业大学,2003
[5] 王艳松,王平.配电网无功优化的研究.华北电力技术,1998,(4):50~52
[6] 姚诸香,涂惠亚,徐国域.基于灵敏度分析的无功优化潮流.电力系统自动化,1997,11 (21):19~21
[7] 叶周,陆杏全.实时电压无功优化控制.电力系统自动化,1994,18(7):33~36
[8] J. Qiu & S.M.Shahidehpour.A New Approach For Minimizing Power Losses and Improving Voltage Profile.IEEE Trans. on Power Systems.1987,2(2):287~295
[9] F.G.M.Lima, S.Soares, A.Santos, Jr., K.C.Almeida, and F.D.Galiana.Numerical Experiments with an Optimal Power Flow Algorithm Based on Parametric Techniques, IEEE Trans. on Power Systems,2001,16(3):374~379
[10] 徐建亭,王秀英,李兴源.电力系统电压无功的序列二次规划算法.电力系统自动化,2001,25 (23):4~8
[11]Imad M.Nejdawi,Kevin A.Clements,and Paul W.Davis,An Efficient Interior Point Method for Sequential Quadratic Programming Based Optimal Power Flow,IEEE Trans.on Power System,2000,15(4):1179 ~1183
[12] GeraldoL.Torres,and Victor H.Quintana,On a Nonlinear Multiple Centrality Corrections Interior Point Method for Optimal Power Flow,IEEE Trans. On Power System,2001,16(2):288 ~ 291
[13] Katia C.Almeida and Roberto Salgado,Optimal Power Flow Solutions Under Variable Load Conditions,IEEE Trans. On Power System,2000,15(4):1204 ~1211
[14] 李乃湖,丁恰,王晓东.基于原—对偶内点法的电压无功实时优化控制算法.电力系统自动化,2000,24(5):20~24
[15] 程莹,刘明波.求解离散无功优化的非线性原—对偶内点算法.电力系统自动化, 2001,25(9):23~27
[16] 刘明波,李健,吴捷.求解无功优化的非线性同伦内点法.中国电机工程学报,2002,22(1):1~7
[17] 邓佑满,张伯明,相年德.配电网络电容器实时优化投切的逐次线性整数规划法.中国电机工程学报,1995,15(6):375~383
[18] Fan M.Zhang Z.Lin C E.Discrete Var Optimization in a Distribution System Using Mixed-Inter Programming with an Epert System.Electric Power System Research,1993,(23 ):191~201
[19]Jin-Cheng Wang,Gary Darling.Capacitor Placement and Real Time Control in Large-Scale Unbalanced Distribution Systems: Loss Reduction Formula,Problem Formulation , Solution Methodology and Mathematical Justification . IEEE Transactionson Power Delivery,1997(4):953~958
[20]顾丹珍,徐瑞德.一种地区电网多目标无功优化的新方法——改进模拟退火算法.电网技术,1998,22(1):71~74
[21] K.H.Abdul-Rahman,S.M.Shahidehpour,M.Daneshdoost,An Approach to Optimal Var Control with Fuzzy Reactive Loads,IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1995,10(1):88 ~ 97
[22] A.T.Saric,M.s.Calocic.Fuzzy IEE Proc-Gener.Transm.Distrib,Optimization of Capacitors in Distribution Systems,1997,144(5):415~422
[23]K.H.Abdul-Rahman,S.M.Shahidehpour.A Fuzzy-Based Optimal Reactive Power Control.IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1993,89(2):662~670
[24] 卢鸿宇,胡林献.基于遗传算法和 TS 算法的配电网电容器实时优化投切策略.电网技术,2000 24 (1):56~59
[25] 欧少明,林火华.基于遗传算法的配网无功优化控制的两部算法.广东电力 2000,13(6):14~17
[26] 文劲宇,江振华,姜霞等.基于遗传算法的无功优化在鄂州电网中的实现.电力系统自动化,2000,24(2):45~47,60
[27] 易丹.遗传算法用于无功优化的改进.华东电力,2001 (2):31~34
[28] 邓集祥,张弘鹏.用改进的 Tabu 搜索方法优化补偿电容器分档投切的研究.电网技术,2000,24(3):46 ~49
[29] 刘玉田,马莉.基于 Tabu 搜索方法的电力系统无功优化,电力系统自动化,2000,24(2):61~64
[30] 王洪章,熊信艮,吴耀武.基于改进 Tabu 搜索算法的电力系统无功优化.电网技术,2002,26(1):15~18
[31] Glover F.Tabu search:part Ⅰ.ORSA Journal on Computinn,1989,1( 3):190~206
[32] 王凌.智能优化算法及其应用.北京:清华大学出版社,2001
[33] Liang R H,Wang Y S.Main Transformer ULTC and Capacitors Scheduling by Simulated Annealing Approach.Electrical Power and Energy Systems,2001,23(7):531-538.
[34] Zhang Haibo,Zhang Lizi,Meng Fanling.Reactive power optimization based on genetic algorithm.TEEE Trans on Power System,1998,2(18):1448~1453
[35] 赵涛,熊信银,吴耀武.基于混沌优化算法的电力系统无功优化.继电器,2003,31 (3):20~25
[36] 赵娜,张伏生,魏平等.基于改进多粒子群算法的电力系统无功优化.西安交通大学学报,2006,40(4):463~467
[37] 熊玉辉.电力系统无功优化.[学位论文].南昌:南昌大学,2005
[38] Taylor G A , Rashidinejad M , Song Y H.et al . Algorithmic techniques for transition-optimised voltage and reactive power control.International Conference on Power System Technology,2002:1660~1664
[39] 王漪,于继来,王永刚等.基于运行模式的无功电压优化调度的研究.电力系统自动化,1999,23(16):20~22
[40] Sharif S S,Taylor J H.Real-time implementation of optimal reactive flow.Proceedings of the American Control Conference,U.S.,1999:4203~4207
[41] 黄梅,龚强,何希芬,王向东.利用 SCADA 系统实时数据进行电网无功优化计算.电力系统自动化,1998,22 (8):70~72
[42] 朱向阳.基于改进禁忌搜索算法的配电网电压无功优化控制.继电器,2006,34(14):35~37
[43] 王秀丽,李正文,胡泽春.高压配电网无功/电压的日分段综合优化控制.电力系统自动化,2006,30(7):5~9
[44] 任震,钟红梅,张勇军等.电网无功优化的改进遗传算法.电力自动化设备,2002,22(8):16~18
[2] 戴晓亮.无功补偿技术在配电网中的应用.电网技术,1999,23 (6):11~14
[3] 苏永春.配电系统无功电压优化控制.[学位论文].南京:河海大学,2003
[4] 耿光飞.地区电网无功优化控制的研究.[学位论文].北京:中国农业大学,2003
[5] 王艳松,王平.配电网无功优化的研究.华北电力技术,1998,(4):50~52
[6] 姚诸香,涂惠亚,徐国域.基于灵敏度分析的无功优化潮流.电力系统自动化,1997,11 (21):19~21
[7] 叶周,陆杏全.实时电压无功优化控制.电力系统自动化,1994,18(7):33~36
[8] J. Qiu & S.M.Shahidehpour.A New Approach For Minimizing Power Losses and Improving Voltage Profile.IEEE Trans. on Power Systems.1987,2(2):287~295
[9] F.G.M.Lima, S.Soares, A.Santos, Jr., K.C.Almeida, and F.D.Galiana.Numerical Experiments with an Optimal Power Flow Algorithm Based on Parametric Techniques, IEEE Trans. on Power Systems,2001,16(3):374~379
[10] 徐建亭,王秀英,李兴源.电力系统电压无功的序列二次规划算法.电力系统自动化,2001,25 (23):4~8
[11]Imad M.Nejdawi,Kevin A.Clements,and Paul W.Davis,An Efficient Interior Point Method for Sequential Quadratic Programming Based Optimal Power Flow,IEEE Trans.on Power System,2000,15(4):1179 ~1183
[12] GeraldoL.Torres,and Victor H.Quintana,On a Nonlinear Multiple Centrality Corrections Interior Point Method for Optimal Power Flow,IEEE Trans. On Power System,2001,16(2):288 ~ 291
[13] Katia C.Almeida and Roberto Salgado,Optimal Power Flow Solutions Under Variable Load Conditions,IEEE Trans. On Power System,2000,15(4):1204 ~1211
[14] 李乃湖,丁恰,王晓东.基于原—对偶内点法的电压无功实时优化控制算法.电力系统自动化,2000,24(5):20~24
[15] 程莹,刘明波.求解离散无功优化的非线性原—对偶内点算法.电力系统自动化, 2001,25(9):23~27
[16] 刘明波,李健,吴捷.求解无功优化的非线性同伦内点法.中国电机工程学报,2002,22(1):1~7
[17] 邓佑满,张伯明,相年德.配电网络电容器实时优化投切的逐次线性整数规划法.中国电机工程学报,1995,15(6):375~383
[18] Fan M.Zhang Z.Lin C E.Discrete Var Optimization in a Distribution System Using Mixed-Inter Programming with an Epert System.Electric Power System Research,1993,(23 ):191~201
[19]Jin-Cheng Wang,Gary Darling.Capacitor Placement and Real Time Control in Large-Scale Unbalanced Distribution Systems: Loss Reduction Formula,Problem Formulation , Solution Methodology and Mathematical Justification . IEEE Transactionson Power Delivery,1997(4):953~958
[20]顾丹珍,徐瑞德.一种地区电网多目标无功优化的新方法——改进模拟退火算法.电网技术,1998,22(1):71~74
[21] K.H.Abdul-Rahman,S.M.Shahidehpour,M.Daneshdoost,An Approach to Optimal Var Control with Fuzzy Reactive Loads,IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1995,10(1):88 ~ 97
[22] A.T.Saric,M.s.Calocic.Fuzzy IEE Proc-Gener.Transm.Distrib,Optimization of Capacitors in Distribution Systems,1997,144(5):415~422
[23]K.H.Abdul-Rahman,S.M.Shahidehpour.A Fuzzy-Based Optimal Reactive Power Control.IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1993,89(2):662~670
[24] 卢鸿宇,胡林献.基于遗传算法和 TS 算法的配电网电容器实时优化投切策略.电网技术,2000 24 (1):56~59
[25] 欧少明,林火华.基于遗传算法的配网无功优化控制的两部算法.广东电力 2000,13(6):14~17
[26] 文劲宇,江振华,姜霞等.基于遗传算法的无功优化在鄂州电网中的实现.电力系统自动化,2000,24(2):45~47,60
[27] 易丹.遗传算法用于无功优化的改进.华东电力,2001 (2):31~34
[28] 邓集祥,张弘鹏.用改进的 Tabu 搜索方法优化补偿电容器分档投切的研究.电网技术,2000,24(3):46 ~49
[29] 刘玉田,马莉.基于 Tabu 搜索方法的电力系统无功优化,电力系统自动化,2000,24(2):61~64
[30] 王洪章,熊信艮,吴耀武.基于改进 Tabu 搜索算法的电力系统无功优化.电网技术,2002,26(1):15~18
[31] Glover F.Tabu search:part Ⅰ.ORSA Journal on Computinn,1989,1( 3):190~206
[32] 王凌.智能优化算法及其应用.北京:清华大学出版社,2001
[33] Liang R H,Wang Y S.Main Transformer ULTC and Capacitors Scheduling by Simulated Annealing Approach.Electrical Power and Energy Systems,2001,23(7):531-538.
[34] Zhang Haibo,Zhang Lizi,Meng Fanling.Reactive power optimization based on genetic algorithm.TEEE Trans on Power System,1998,2(18):1448~1453
[35] 赵涛,熊信银,吴耀武.基于混沌优化算法的电力系统无功优化.继电器,2003,31 (3):20~25
[36] 赵娜,张伏生,魏平等.基于改进多粒子群算法的电力系统无功优化.西安交通大学学报,2006,40(4):463~467
[37] 熊玉辉.电力系统无功优化.[学位论文].南昌:南昌大学,2005
[38] Taylor G A , Rashidinejad M , Song Y H.et al . Algorithmic techniques for transition-optimised voltage and reactive power control.International Conference on Power System Technology,2002:1660~1664
[39] 王漪,于继来,王永刚等.基于运行模式的无功电压优化调度的研究.电力系统自动化,1999,23(16):20~22
[40] Sharif S S,Taylor J H.Real-time implementation of optimal reactive flow.Proceedings of the American Control Conference,U.S.,1999:4203~4207
[41] 黄梅,龚强,何希芬,王向东.利用 SCADA 系统实时数据进行电网无功优化计算.电力系统自动化,1998,22 (8):70~72
[42] 朱向阳.基于改进禁忌搜索算法的配电网电压无功优化控制.继电器,2006,34(14):35~37
[43] 王秀丽,李正文,胡泽春.高压配电网无功/电压的日分段综合优化控制.电力系统自动化,2006,30(7):5~9
[44] 任震,钟红梅,张勇军等.电网无功优化的改进遗传算法.电力自动化设备,2002,22(8):16~18