北洛河流域蝽类（Pentatomoidea）昆虫物种多样性研究
|
摘要
蝽类(Pentatomoidea)是昆虫纲一个较大的类群,属于昆虫纲半翅目(Heimptera)异翅亚目(Heteroptera),其大多数为植食性种类,是重要的农林害虫,发生期危害种类多、数量大,常使农作物减产,有关蝽类昆虫的多样性研究得到了广泛的关注。北洛河流域地处陕北黄土高原,水土流失十分严重,近些年,该地区实行退耕还林,生态恢复成效很大,作者于2008年5月至9月期间,对北洛河流域的蝽类昆虫进行了调查研究,以期为该地区生物多样性保护、生态环境可持续发展和农业害虫防治提供一些基础资料。本文运用物种多度、种-多度模型、多样性指数、相似性系数、PCA、聚类及多元逐步回归等分析方法,对北洛河流域蝽类物种多样性的现状进行了研究,结果如下:
1.调查共采集到蝽类昆虫标本3893号,隶属18科63属74种,17种为陕西省新记录种。其中,黾蝽科Gerridae 1属1种,负子蝽科Belostomatidae 1属1种,蝎蝽科Nepidae 1属1种,盾蝽科Scutelleridae 2属2种,蝽科Pentatomidae 20属24种,盾蝽科Stenocephalidae 1属1种,异蝽科Urostylidae 1属2种,同蝽科Acanthosomatidae 1属2种,盲蝽科Miridae 5属7种,猎蝽科Reduviidae 5属5种,缘蝽科Coreidae 14属15种,网蝽科Tingididae 1属1种,花蝽科Anthocoridae 1属1种,龟蝽科Plataspiddae 1属1种,长蝽科Lygaeidae 5属6种,红蝽科Pyrrhocoridae 1属1种,瘤蝽科Phymatidae 1属1种,土蝽科Cydnidae 1属1种。蝽科和缘蝽科的物种数量最多,占到总数的37.73%和24.35%,负子蝽科、蝎蝽科和狭蝽科的物种数量最少,不到0.1%,横纹菜蝽Eurydema gebleri Kolenati和褐伊缘蝽Aeschyntelus sparsus Blote的数量最多,在北洛河流域居于优势地位。统计还显示,北洛河流域蝽类单属种多达55属,占到总种数的75.34%。
2.对不同月份、地点和生境的蝽类进行了数量和物种多度分析,不同月份数量排序为9月份＞7～8月份＞6月份＞5月份;不同地点数量排序为富县＞甘泉＞志丹＞洛川＞黄陵＞吴起;不同生境数量排序为灌草丛＞农田道路＞河滩草地＞溪流。蝽类物种多度分析显示:各月份的优势种不同,且季节性共有种和特有种比较丰富,9月份特有种最多;不同地点中甘泉的物种数量最多且特有种最多;不同生境中,灌草丛的物种最丰富,数量最多,溪流的物种分布比较单一。
3.对蝽类物种及不同月份、地点、生境的蝽类种—多度模型进行了拟合,分析结果显示,北洛河流域蝽类昆虫的分布基本上服从Preston对数正态分布,这反映了蝽类群落中富集种和特有种的数量都比较少,即处于中间状态的物种比较多,说明了该研究区域环境比较均质,适合多个蝽类物种共存。
4.不同月份、地点、生境的多样性分析显示,(1)不同月份的H′和R的变化趋势一致,与月份增加呈正比,即9月份＞7～8月份＞6月份＞5月份;D_m与H′和R的变化趋势恰好相反;J_(sw)是9月份＞5月份＞7～8月份＞6月份。(2)不同地点H′的变化趋势是洛川＞黄陵＞甘泉＞富县＞吴起＞志丹;R是甘泉＞洛川＞黄陵＞富县＞志丹＞吴起;D_m是吴起＞富县＞甘泉＞志丹＞黄陵＞洛川;J_(sw)是洛川＞黄陵＞吴起＞富县＞甘泉＞志丹。(3)不同生境的H′的变化趋势是农田道路＞灌草丛＞河滩草地＞溪流;R是灌草丛＞农田道路＞河滩草地＞溪流;D_m与H′的变化趋势恰好相反,即溪流优势度最高为0.9709,而农田道路的优势度最低;J_(sw)是农田道路＞河滩草地＞灌草丛＞溪流,溪流的物种多样性和丰富度最低,其优势度最高,物种分布及不均匀。
5.对不同月份、地点和生境的蝽类物种分布进行了相似性及聚类分析,结果表明:(1)各月份之间的相似性均极显著(P＜0.01),6月份与7～8月份的相似性最高,5月份与6月份的相似性最低;(2)吴起和富县的相似性显著(0.01＜P＜0.05),其他各县之间的蝽类物种相似性均为极显著(P＜0.01);志丹和甘泉的相似性最高。(3)农田道路、灌草丛、河滩草地三种生境之间的蝽类物种分布相似性都为极显著(P＜0.01),其中灌草丛与河滩草地的相似性系最高,而溪流与其他三种生境的相似性不显著(P＞0.05),且都呈负相关。
6.采用主成分分析(PCA)对不同地点的气候因素与蝽类物种进行了分析,结果表明:不同地点气候因素和蝽类物种的主成分累计方差贡献率分别达到了94.820%和90.477%,占取了绝大多部分信息量,可以代表北洛河流域不同地点的整个气候和物种特征。此外,还列出了各个气候因素和蝽类物种因子的载荷矩阵,主成分分析结果比较理想。
7.对气候因素和蝽类物种进行了多元逐步回归分析,结果显示:入选回归方程的气候因素有5个,其中5～9月份平均气温、极端最高温和5～9最低降水量这三个因素是本实验蝽类昆虫物种数量和多样性的主要阻碍因素。而5～9月份最高温、5～9月份最低温、年平均日照时数这三个因素则对蝽类昆虫的物种数量、多样性、优势度和均匀性有较大的影响。
Pentatomidae is a large group of Insecta.They belong to Hemiptera-Heteroptera.Majority of Pentatomidae are herbivorous species,and most of them are pests in Agriculture and Forestry.In the occurrence period,there are many varieties of the Pentatomidae which decrease crop production.So, the diversity of Pentatomidae has aroused widespread attention.The North Luo River basin is located in the Loess Plateau of the Northern Shaanxi Province,which is one of the most serious soil erosion areas in our country.In recent years,the effect of Grain for Green Program in this area is tremendous.The author had research the diversity of Pentatomidae species in the Northern Luo River basin during May to September in 2008 to provide some basic information for biodiversity conservation,the ecological enviromnent for sustainable development and the control of agricultural pest in this region.This paper has investigated the diversity of Pentatomidae species in the Northern Luo River basin using species abundance,species-abundance model,diversity index,similarity coefficient,PCA,clustering and stepwise regression analysis methods.The results are as follows:
1.This investigation has collected 3893 Pentatomidae specimens which subject to 18 families, 63 genera and 74 species.And 17 species were first recorded in Shaanxi Province.Among them,1 genera and 1 species of Gerridae,1 genera and 1 species of Belostomatidae,1 genera and 1 species of Nepidae,2 genera and 2 species of Scutelleridae,20 genera and 24 species of Pentatomidae,1 genera and 1 species of Stenocephalidae,1 genera and 2 species of Urostylidae,1 genera and 2 species of Acanthosomatidae,5 genera and 7 species of Miridae,5 genera and 5 species of Reduviidae,14 genera and 15 species of Coreidae,1 genera and 1 species of Tingididae,1 genera and 1 species of Anthocoridae,1 genera and 1 species of Plataspiddae,5 genera and 6 species of Lygaeidae,1 genera and 1 species of Pyrrhocoridae,1 genera and 1 species of Phymatidae,1 genera and 1 species of Cydnidae.The number of Pentatomidae and Coreidae species is the largest,which occupies 37.73%and 24.35%respectively.The number of Belostomatidae,Nepidae and Stenocephalidae is the lowest,which occupies less than 0.1%.The number of Eurydema gebleri Kolenati and Aeschyntelus sparsus Blote species are the most and Living in an advantageous position in North Luo River basin.In addition,the number of single-genera species of Pentatomidae reached to 55 genera and accounted for 75.34%in the North Luo River Basin.
2.Analyzing the number-abundance and species-abundance of Pentatomidae species in different months,sits and habitats.The results show that:The ordination of the number in different months is September＞July～August＞June＞May;the ordination of the number in different sites is Fuxian＞Ganquan＞Zhidan＞Luochuan＞Huangling＞Wuqi.The ordination of the number in different habitats is shrub bushes＞farmland roads＞flood grassland＞streams.The abundance analysis of pentatomidae species shows that the dominant species in different months are different. The seasonal endemic species and common species are rich.And the endemic species are very rich in September.Among the different sits.the number of Pentatomidae species and the endemic species in Ganquan is the largest.Among the different habitats,the Pentatomidae species in the shrub bushes is the most abundant and the number is the largest,while the species distribution in streams is very single.
3.Fitting the species-abundance model of different months,sites and habitats.The results show that all accord with Preston's lognormal distribution.The Pentatomidae's dominant and rare species are fewer,and the species in the intermediate state are rich in the North Luo River basin,these explained that this region environment is isotropic and many kinds of multiple species coexist.
4.The results of species diversity index analysis in different months,sites and habitats are as follows:(1) the change trend of H' accord with R in different month,and the tendency is direct ratio with a month increase,that is to say,September＞July～August＞June＞May;D_m,H' and R are just the opposite trend;J_(sw) is September＞May＞July～August＞June.(2) The trend of H' in different locations is Luochuan＞Huangling＞Ganquan＞Fuxian＞Wuqi＞Zhidan;R is Ganquan＞Luochuan＞Huangling＞Fuxian＞Zhidan＞Wuqi;D_m is Wuqi＞Fuxian＞Ganquan＞Zhidan＞Huangling＞Luochuan;J_(sw) is Luochuan＞Huangling＞Wuqi＞Fuxian＞Ganquan＞Zhidan.(3) The trend of H' in different habitats is farmland roads＞shrub bushes＞flood grassland＞streams;R is shrub bushes＞farmland roads＞flood grassland＞streams.The trend of D_m and H' is just opposite,and the dominance of streams is the highest,which reaches to 0.9709.While the dominance of farmland road is the lowest;J_(sw) is farmland roads＞flood grassland＞shrub bushes＞streams.The species diversity and abundance of streams are the lowest.And its species-dominance is the highest.But the distribution of species is uniformity.
5.The similarity and clustering analysis to the distribution of Pentatomidae species in different months,sites and habitats shows that:(1) the similarity between different months is extremely significant(P＜0.01),and the similarity between June and July～August is the highest,while May and June is the lowest;(2) The similarity between Wuqi and Fuxian is significant(0.01＜P＜0.05), and the similarity between other counties is extremely significantly(P＜0.01).Zhidan and Ganquan is the highest;(3) The similarity of farm roads,shrub bushes and flood grassland is extremely significantly(P＜0.01),among them,the similarity between shrub bushes and flood grassland is the highest,while streams and other three habitats is not significant(P＞0.05).and all shows negatively correlation.
6.This thesis analyzed the climatic factors of different sites and Pentatomidae species using principal component analysis(PCA).The results show that the cumulative percent of principal components of climate factors and Pentatomidae species in different sites reach respectively 94.820%and 90.477%,which also occupies mass information and may represent the characteristics of the whole species and climate in this ear.In addition,we list the factor loading matrix of the climatic factors and Pentatomidae species,and the principal component analysis results are very ideal.
7.The results of stepwise regression to climate factors and Pentatomidae species show that there are five climate factors of the regression equation.Among them,three factors including the average temperature from May to September,the extreme maximum temperature and the minimum precipitation from May to September are the main obstacles factors that impact on the number and diversity of Pentatomidae species.And another three factors including the highest temperature of May to September,the lowest precipitation of May to September and average annual sunshine hours have a great impact on the numbers,diversity,dominance and evenness of Pentatomidae species.
1.调查共采集到蝽类昆虫标本3893号,隶属18科63属74种,17种为陕西省新记录种。其中,黾蝽科Gerridae 1属1种,负子蝽科Belostomatidae 1属1种,蝎蝽科Nepidae 1属1种,盾蝽科Scutelleridae 2属2种,蝽科Pentatomidae 20属24种,盾蝽科Stenocephalidae 1属1种,异蝽科Urostylidae 1属2种,同蝽科Acanthosomatidae 1属2种,盲蝽科Miridae 5属7种,猎蝽科Reduviidae 5属5种,缘蝽科Coreidae 14属15种,网蝽科Tingididae 1属1种,花蝽科Anthocoridae 1属1种,龟蝽科Plataspiddae 1属1种,长蝽科Lygaeidae 5属6种,红蝽科Pyrrhocoridae 1属1种,瘤蝽科Phymatidae 1属1种,土蝽科Cydnidae 1属1种。蝽科和缘蝽科的物种数量最多,占到总数的37.73%和24.35%,负子蝽科、蝎蝽科和狭蝽科的物种数量最少,不到0.1%,横纹菜蝽Eurydema gebleri Kolenati和褐伊缘蝽Aeschyntelus sparsus Blote的数量最多,在北洛河流域居于优势地位。统计还显示,北洛河流域蝽类单属种多达55属,占到总种数的75.34%。
2.对不同月份、地点和生境的蝽类进行了数量和物种多度分析,不同月份数量排序为9月份＞7～8月份＞6月份＞5月份;不同地点数量排序为富县＞甘泉＞志丹＞洛川＞黄陵＞吴起;不同生境数量排序为灌草丛＞农田道路＞河滩草地＞溪流。蝽类物种多度分析显示:各月份的优势种不同,且季节性共有种和特有种比较丰富,9月份特有种最多;不同地点中甘泉的物种数量最多且特有种最多;不同生境中,灌草丛的物种最丰富,数量最多,溪流的物种分布比较单一。
3.对蝽类物种及不同月份、地点、生境的蝽类种—多度模型进行了拟合,分析结果显示,北洛河流域蝽类昆虫的分布基本上服从Preston对数正态分布,这反映了蝽类群落中富集种和特有种的数量都比较少,即处于中间状态的物种比较多,说明了该研究区域环境比较均质,适合多个蝽类物种共存。
4.不同月份、地点、生境的多样性分析显示,(1)不同月份的H′和R的变化趋势一致,与月份增加呈正比,即9月份＞7～8月份＞6月份＞5月份;D_m与H′和R的变化趋势恰好相反;J_(sw)是9月份＞5月份＞7～8月份＞6月份。(2)不同地点H′的变化趋势是洛川＞黄陵＞甘泉＞富县＞吴起＞志丹;R是甘泉＞洛川＞黄陵＞富县＞志丹＞吴起;D_m是吴起＞富县＞甘泉＞志丹＞黄陵＞洛川;J_(sw)是洛川＞黄陵＞吴起＞富县＞甘泉＞志丹。(3)不同生境的H′的变化趋势是农田道路＞灌草丛＞河滩草地＞溪流;R是灌草丛＞农田道路＞河滩草地＞溪流;D_m与H′的变化趋势恰好相反,即溪流优势度最高为0.9709,而农田道路的优势度最低;J_(sw)是农田道路＞河滩草地＞灌草丛＞溪流,溪流的物种多样性和丰富度最低,其优势度最高,物种分布及不均匀。
5.对不同月份、地点和生境的蝽类物种分布进行了相似性及聚类分析,结果表明:(1)各月份之间的相似性均极显著(P＜0.01),6月份与7～8月份的相似性最高,5月份与6月份的相似性最低;(2)吴起和富县的相似性显著(0.01＜P＜0.05),其他各县之间的蝽类物种相似性均为极显著(P＜0.01);志丹和甘泉的相似性最高。(3)农田道路、灌草丛、河滩草地三种生境之间的蝽类物种分布相似性都为极显著(P＜0.01),其中灌草丛与河滩草地的相似性系最高,而溪流与其他三种生境的相似性不显著(P＞0.05),且都呈负相关。
6.采用主成分分析(PCA)对不同地点的气候因素与蝽类物种进行了分析,结果表明:不同地点气候因素和蝽类物种的主成分累计方差贡献率分别达到了94.820%和90.477%,占取了绝大多部分信息量,可以代表北洛河流域不同地点的整个气候和物种特征。此外,还列出了各个气候因素和蝽类物种因子的载荷矩阵,主成分分析结果比较理想。
7.对气候因素和蝽类物种进行了多元逐步回归分析,结果显示:入选回归方程的气候因素有5个,其中5～9月份平均气温、极端最高温和5～9最低降水量这三个因素是本实验蝽类昆虫物种数量和多样性的主要阻碍因素。而5～9月份最高温、5～9月份最低温、年平均日照时数这三个因素则对蝽类昆虫的物种数量、多样性、优势度和均匀性有较大的影响。
Pentatomidae is a large group of Insecta.They belong to Hemiptera-Heteroptera.Majority of Pentatomidae are herbivorous species,and most of them are pests in Agriculture and Forestry.In the occurrence period,there are many varieties of the Pentatomidae which decrease crop production.So, the diversity of Pentatomidae has aroused widespread attention.The North Luo River basin is located in the Loess Plateau of the Northern Shaanxi Province,which is one of the most serious soil erosion areas in our country.In recent years,the effect of Grain for Green Program in this area is tremendous.The author had research the diversity of Pentatomidae species in the Northern Luo River basin during May to September in 2008 to provide some basic information for biodiversity conservation,the ecological enviromnent for sustainable development and the control of agricultural pest in this region.This paper has investigated the diversity of Pentatomidae species in the Northern Luo River basin using species abundance,species-abundance model,diversity index,similarity coefficient,PCA,clustering and stepwise regression analysis methods.The results are as follows:
1.This investigation has collected 3893 Pentatomidae specimens which subject to 18 families, 63 genera and 74 species.And 17 species were first recorded in Shaanxi Province.Among them,1 genera and 1 species of Gerridae,1 genera and 1 species of Belostomatidae,1 genera and 1 species of Nepidae,2 genera and 2 species of Scutelleridae,20 genera and 24 species of Pentatomidae,1 genera and 1 species of Stenocephalidae,1 genera and 2 species of Urostylidae,1 genera and 2 species of Acanthosomatidae,5 genera and 7 species of Miridae,5 genera and 5 species of Reduviidae,14 genera and 15 species of Coreidae,1 genera and 1 species of Tingididae,1 genera and 1 species of Anthocoridae,1 genera and 1 species of Plataspiddae,5 genera and 6 species of Lygaeidae,1 genera and 1 species of Pyrrhocoridae,1 genera and 1 species of Phymatidae,1 genera and 1 species of Cydnidae.The number of Pentatomidae and Coreidae species is the largest,which occupies 37.73%and 24.35%respectively.The number of Belostomatidae,Nepidae and Stenocephalidae is the lowest,which occupies less than 0.1%.The number of Eurydema gebleri Kolenati and Aeschyntelus sparsus Blote species are the most and Living in an advantageous position in North Luo River basin.In addition,the number of single-genera species of Pentatomidae reached to 55 genera and accounted for 75.34%in the North Luo River Basin.
2.Analyzing the number-abundance and species-abundance of Pentatomidae species in different months,sits and habitats.The results show that:The ordination of the number in different months is September＞July～August＞June＞May;the ordination of the number in different sites is Fuxian＞Ganquan＞Zhidan＞Luochuan＞Huangling＞Wuqi.The ordination of the number in different habitats is shrub bushes＞farmland roads＞flood grassland＞streams.The abundance analysis of pentatomidae species shows that the dominant species in different months are different. The seasonal endemic species and common species are rich.And the endemic species are very rich in September.Among the different sits.the number of Pentatomidae species and the endemic species in Ganquan is the largest.Among the different habitats,the Pentatomidae species in the shrub bushes is the most abundant and the number is the largest,while the species distribution in streams is very single.
3.Fitting the species-abundance model of different months,sites and habitats.The results show that all accord with Preston's lognormal distribution.The Pentatomidae's dominant and rare species are fewer,and the species in the intermediate state are rich in the North Luo River basin,these explained that this region environment is isotropic and many kinds of multiple species coexist.
4.The results of species diversity index analysis in different months,sites and habitats are as follows:(1) the change trend of H' accord with R in different month,and the tendency is direct ratio with a month increase,that is to say,September＞July～August＞June＞May;D_m,H' and R are just the opposite trend;J_(sw) is September＞May＞July～August＞June.(2) The trend of H' in different locations is Luochuan＞Huangling＞Ganquan＞Fuxian＞Wuqi＞Zhidan;R is Ganquan＞Luochuan＞Huangling＞Fuxian＞Zhidan＞Wuqi;D_m is Wuqi＞Fuxian＞Ganquan＞Zhidan＞Huangling＞Luochuan;J_(sw) is Luochuan＞Huangling＞Wuqi＞Fuxian＞Ganquan＞Zhidan.(3) The trend of H' in different habitats is farmland roads＞shrub bushes＞flood grassland＞streams;R is shrub bushes＞farmland roads＞flood grassland＞streams.The trend of D_m and H' is just opposite,and the dominance of streams is the highest,which reaches to 0.9709.While the dominance of farmland road is the lowest;J_(sw) is farmland roads＞flood grassland＞shrub bushes＞streams.The species diversity and abundance of streams are the lowest.And its species-dominance is the highest.But the distribution of species is uniformity.
5.The similarity and clustering analysis to the distribution of Pentatomidae species in different months,sites and habitats shows that:(1) the similarity between different months is extremely significant(P＜0.01),and the similarity between June and July～August is the highest,while May and June is the lowest;(2) The similarity between Wuqi and Fuxian is significant(0.01＜P＜0.05), and the similarity between other counties is extremely significantly(P＜0.01).Zhidan and Ganquan is the highest;(3) The similarity of farm roads,shrub bushes and flood grassland is extremely significantly(P＜0.01),among them,the similarity between shrub bushes and flood grassland is the highest,while streams and other three habitats is not significant(P＞0.05).and all shows negatively correlation.
6.This thesis analyzed the climatic factors of different sites and Pentatomidae species using principal component analysis(PCA).The results show that the cumulative percent of principal components of climate factors and Pentatomidae species in different sites reach respectively 94.820%and 90.477%,which also occupies mass information and may represent the characteristics of the whole species and climate in this ear.In addition,we list the factor loading matrix of the climatic factors and Pentatomidae species,and the principal component analysis results are very ideal.
7.The results of stepwise regression to climate factors and Pentatomidae species show that there are five climate factors of the regression equation.Among them,three factors including the average temperature from May to September,the extreme maximum temperature and the minimum precipitation from May to September are the main obstacles factors that impact on the number and diversity of Pentatomidae species.And another three factors including the highest temperature of May to September,the lowest precipitation of May to September and average annual sunshine hours have a great impact on the numbers,diversity,dominance and evenness of Pentatomidae species.
引文
[1]冯维波.生物多样性的丧失与保护的经济分析[J].生物多样性,1994(2):44-48.
[2]马克平.积极行动起来保护生物多样性[J].植物杂志,1996(5):3-4.
[3]王献溥,刘玉凯.生物多样性的理论与实践[M].北京:中国环境出版社,1994.
[4]王德艺,李东义,蔡万波.雾灵山自然保护区的生物多样性研究[J].生物多样性,1997(5):49-53.
[5]姜洋,皮兵.我国昆虫物种多样性研究现状[J].湖南林业科技,2004,3(3):47-49.
[6]陈灵芝.中国的生物多样性-现状及其保护对策[M].北京:科学出版社,1993.
[7]Fisher,R.A.,Corbet,A.S.,& Williams,C.B.The relation between the number of species and the number of individuals in a random sample of an animal population.Journal of Animal Ecology,1943,12.
[8]Wilson,E.O.et al.The Biolgoical Diversity Erisis[J].Bioscience,1988,35:700- 706.
[9]孙儒永.普通生态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2001.
[10]蒋志刚,马克平,韩兴国.保护生物而[M].浙江:浙江科学技术出版社,1977.
[11]联合国.生物多样性公约[S].1992.
[12]马克平,试论生物多样性的概念[J].生物多样性,1993,1(1):20-22.
[13]中国科学院生物多样性委员会.生物多样性研究的原理和方法[M].北京:中国科学出版社,1994.
[14]岳天祥.生物多样性研究及其问题[J].生态学报,2001,21(3):462-467.
[15]田兴军.生物多样性及其保护生物学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005,1(1):6-8.
[16]贺金生,陈韦烈.陆地植物群落物种多样性的梯度变化特征[J].生态报,1997,17(1):91-96.
[17]马克平.生物群落多样性的测度方法Iα多样性的测度方法(上)[J].生物多样性,1994,2(03):162-168.
[18]王献溥,刘玉凯.生物多样性的理论与实践[M].北京:中国环境出版社,1994.
[19]KV.Krishnamurthy.Textbook of Biodiversity[M].Science Publishers,Inc.2006,1:43-46.
[20]中国科学院生物多样性委员会.生物多样性研究的原理和方法[M].北京:中国科学出版社,1994.
[21]岳天祥.生物多样性研究及其问题[J].生态学报,2001,21(3):462-467.
[22]肖笃宁,李秀珍,高峻等.景观生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2003,3:114-139.
[23]钱迎倩,马克平.生物多样性研究的几个国际热点[J].广西植物.1996,16(4):295-299.
[24]常罡,廉振民.生物多样性研究进展[J].陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004.9(24):152-157.
[25]许再富.植物园与野生植物保护[J].生命世界,1991.1.
[26]许维枢.鸟撞与空难[J].大自然,1992,2.
[27]Richard Premark,季维智.保护生物学基础[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2000.4.
[28]陆庆光.论生物防治在生物多样性保护中的重要意义[J].生物多样性,1997.5(3):224-230.
[29]Marin Jensen.A Boost for biodiversity[J].Science Now,2001,(104):3.
[30]尚占环,姚爱兴.生物多样性及生物多样性保护[J].草原与草坪,2002,4(99):11-13.
[31]Hammond,P.M.1992.Species inventory[A].WCMC,Global diversity status of the Earth's living resources[C].London:Chapman and Hall,17- 39.
[32]王凯.昆虫资源的开发利用及对策[J].湖北农学院学报,2000,1:90.
[33]姜洋.壶瓶山昆虫物种多样性研究[D].长沙:中南林学院,2004.
[34]Coddington,J.A.et al.Design and testing sampling protocols to estimate biodiversity in tropical ecosystems[A].The Unity of Evolutionary biology,1991.
[35]Kremen,C.et al.Terrestrial arthropod assemblages:Their use in conservation planning[J].Biodiversity and Conservation,1993,7(4):796- 808.
[36]Vane Wright,R.I.,Humphries,C.J.,Williams,P.H.What to protect-Systematics and the agony of choice[J].Biodiversity and Conservation,1991,55:235- 254.
[37]Faith,D.P.Phylogenetic diversity:A general framework for the prediction of feature diversity[A].Systematics Association Special.Volume.No.50.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1994,251-268.
[38]Williams,P.H.,Humphries,C.J.Biodiversity,taxonomic relatedness,and endemism in conservation[A].Systematics Association Special Volume.No.50.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1994:269-287.
[39]Nielsen,E.S.,West,J.G.Biodiversity resist research and biological collections:transfer of information[A].Systematics Association Special Volume.No.50.Oxford:Clarendon Press.1994:101-121.
[40]Lasalle,J..Gauld.I.D.eds.Hymenoptera and biodiversity[M].Oxon,UK:CAB International,1993.
[41]WRI et al.马克平等译.全球生物多样性策略[M].北京:中国标准出版社,1993.
[42]邢飞.东北地区蝗虫多样性研究[D].长春:东北师范大学,2005.
[43]秦瑞豪.金沙江峡谷退耕林地昆虫多样性信息分析[D].昆明:西南林学院,2006.
[44]王彦青.新疆蚜虫物种多样性及其生物地理学研究[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2006.
[45]黄小清.海南岛蜻蜒目昆虫多样性研究[D].海口:华南热带农业大学,2007.
[46]耿云冬.山西省瓢虫科分类研究[D].北京:首都师范大学,2007.
[47]万方浩.综防区和化防区稻田害虫-天敌群落组成及多样性的研究[J].生态学报,1986,6(2):159-170.
[48]Schuh R T,Slater J A.True Bugs of the World(Hemiptera:Heteroptera) Classification and Natural History.Ithaca,New York,U1S1A1 Cornell University Press,1995,416.
[49]陈振耀.捕食性天敌-益蝽[J].昆虫天敌,1986,(04).
[50]冯颖,陈晓鸣等.半翅目常见食用昆虫与营养价值[J].林业科学研究,2000.13(6):608-612.
[51]卜云,郑哲民.我国蝽科昆虫的研究进[J].展宁夏农学院学报,2004,9,25(3).
[52]张礼生,张青文,蔡青年,徐静,周明牂.中国昆虫染色体研究现状与展望[J].昆虫学报,2003,(06).
[53]马春燕,郑哲民.四种蝽科昆虫酯酶同工酶的比较研究(半翅目:蝽科)[J].虫分类学报,2000,22(4):257-261.
[54]马春燕,郑哲民.四种蝽科昆虫酯酶同工酶的比较研究(半翅目:蝽科)[J].陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2001,29(4):94-97.
[55]马春燕,郑哲民.两种蝽科昆虫酯酶同工酶的比较研究[J].宁夏工程技术,2005,4(1):68-73.
[56]史丽,齐宝瑛.内蒙古菜蝽属4个种昆虫酯酶同工酶的比较研究[J].昆虫知识,2005,42(3):278-283.
[57]吕秀华,齐宝瑛.苜蓿盲蝽属10种昆虫同工酶的比较研究[J].内蒙古师范大学学报(自然科学汉文版),2006,(03).
[58]吕秀华,齐宝瑛,栗淑媛.苜蓿盲蝽属6种昆虫不同地理种群同工酶比较研究[J].2007,36(1):104-107.
[59]朱咏华,胡旺顺,罗泽民.九香虫与其伪品小皱蝽的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳鉴别[J].中国中医药信息杂志.2001,8(8):37-38.
[60]White M J D.animal Cytology and Evolution,3rd edition.London:Cambridge University Press,1986,961-973.
[61]Manna G K.Chromosomes in evolution in Heteroptera.In:Sharma A K,Sharma A eds.Chromosomes in Evolution of Eukaryotic Group Ⅱ.Boca Raton,FL,U1S1A1 CRC Press,1985,189-225.
[62]张虎芳,郑乐怡.四种蝽科昆虫的染色体研究.昆虫学报,1999,42(3):234-240.
[63]张虎芳,郑乐怡.卷蝽Paterculus elates(Yang)的细胞学研究[J].Entomological Sinica.1999,6(3):227-232.
[64]张虎芳,郑乐怡.六种蝽象的染色体研究(半翅目:蝽科)[J].昆虫学报.2001.44(2):129-138.
[65]张虎芳,郑乐怡.五种蝽科昆虫的细胞分类学研究(半翅目:异翅亚目)[J].昆虫分类学报,2001,23(4):265-276.
[66]张虎芳,郑乐怡.三种辉蝽的核型研究(半翅目:蝽科)[J].Entomological Sinica,2002,9(2):59-67.
[67]Dai,J-X and Zheng,Z-M Discussion on the phylogenetic relationships of partial Pentatomidae insects based on sequences of cytochromeb gene.Zool.Res.2004,25(5):397- 402.
[68]代金霞,郑哲民.蝽科部分昆虫细胞色素b基因序列及其系统发育关系的探讨[J].动物学研究,2004,25(5):397-402.
[69]代金霞.线粒体Cytb基因与昆虫分子系统学研究[J].四川动物,2005,24(2):222-225.
[70]代金霞.从Cyt b基因序列探讨Grophosoma属和Dybowskyia属的分类地位(半翅目:蝽科科)[J].四川动物,2005,24(4):490-495.
[71]代金霞,郑哲民.基于Cytb基因序列探讨蝽亚科11种昆虫的系统发育关系[J].昆虫知识,2005,42(4):395-399.
[72]代金霞.从Cytb基因序列探讨蝽类部分昆虫的系统发生[J].宁夏大学学报(自然科学版),2006,27(1):62-67.
[73]李红梅.蝽次目昆虫的分类与系统发育研究进展[J].仲恺农业技术学院学报,2006,19(04):62-67.
[74]李红梅,王殉章,林进添.基于线粒体16SrDNA序列的蜷总科系统发育研究(异翅亚目:蝽次目)[J].华中农业大学学报,2006,25(5):507-511.
[75]李红梅.基于mt16S rDNA长蝽总科(异翅亚目:蝽次目)系统发育的研究[J].2007,6(4):30-34.
[76]卜云,郑哲民,郭昆.五种真蝽(Pentatoma Olivier)mtDNA COⅡ基因序列分析及系统发育关系初探[J].昆虫分类学报,2005,27(2):90-96.
[77]卜云.栾云霞,哲民.基于线粒体CO Ⅱ基因的中国蝽科分子系统学研究(半翅目,异翅亚目)[J].2006,31(2):209-246.
[78]齐宝瑛.盲蝽科部分昆虫分子系统学研究(半翅目:异翅亚目)[D].西安:陕西师范大学生命科学学院,2003.
[79]李淑娟.中国猎蝽科昆虫分子分类初探[D].中国农业大学硕士学位论文,2002.
[80]刘会,李正西,李淑娟等.线粒体DNA序列在半翅目异翅亚目昆虫分子系统学上的应用[J].昆虫分类学报,2007,29(4):265-271.
[81]孙钦霞,张雅林.七种蝽mtDNA216S rRNA基因序列多态性的研究[J].昆虫分类学报,2004,26(2):107-113.
[82]杨星勇,何清君.裵炎等.小皱蝽抗菌物质研究[J].西南农业大学学报,1998,20(3):246.
[83]杨泽宏,杨星勇,何清君.半翅目蝽科昆虫小皱蝽(cylopelta Parva Distant)抗菌物质的诱导提取及活性检测[J].四川大学学报,2007,22(5):1091-1096.
[84]萧采瑜.《中国蝽类昆虫鉴定手册》(半翅目异翅亚目)第一册[M].北京:科学出版社,1977.
[85]萧采瑜.《中国蝽类昆虫鉴定手册》(半翅目异翅亚目)第二册[M].北京:科学出版社,1981.
[86]杨惟义.《中国经济昆虫志》第二册,半翅目:蝽科[M].北京:科学出版社,1962.
[87]能乃扎布.《内蒙古昆虫志》(第一卷第一册)半翅目异翅亚目[M].呼和浩特:内蒙古人民出版社.1986.
[88]郑乐怡,凌作培.碧蝽属亚洲东部种类的修订(半翅目:蝽科)[J].动物分类学报,1989,14(3):309-326.
[89]郑乐怡,归鸿.昆虫分类(上)[M].南京:南京师范大学出版社,1999.443-523.
[90]Handlirsch,A.Die fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der rezenten Formen.Ein Handbuch fur Palaontologen und Zoologen.Journal Article press,1908.58:1281-1430.
[91]The Histology Domestic Animals,Trautmann,Comstock Publishing associates,1925.
[92]周尧.《中国昆虫学史》[M].昆虫分类学报社,1980.
[93]陈世骧.昆虫分类的一个新系统[J].科学通报,1958,(4):110-111.
[94]曾德良,罗雅琴等.关于“半翅目”和“同翅目”在《中图法》的立类问题.农业图书情报学刊[J].2004.7(3).
[95]梁爱萍.关于停止使用“同翅目Homoptera”目名的建议[J].昆虫知识,2005,42(3):332-333.
[96]杨惟义.华北蝽象志略.静生生物调查所汇报,1904,4(2):9-46.
[97]杨惟义.江西蝽象.静生生物调查所汇报,1934,5(3):45-136.
[98]陈振耀.广东省鼎湖山的蝽科昆虫[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),1982,(04).
[99]陈振耀.广东竹类半翅目昆虫[J].竹子研究汇刊,1989,(03).
[100]陈振耀.广东蝽科昆虫区系研究[J].生态科学,1990,(02).2001.
[101]陈振耀,梁铬球,贾凤龙等.广东南岭国家级自然保护区大东山昆虫名录(1)[J].生态科学,2001,(Z1).
[102]陈振耀.梁铬球,贾凤龙等.广东南岭国家级自然保护区大东山昆虫名录(Ⅱ)[J].生态科学,2001,(04).
[103]陈振耀.梁铬球,贾凤龙等.广东南岭国家级自然保护区大东山昆虫名录(Ⅲ)[J].昆虫天敌,2002,(02).
[104]陈振耀,梁铬球,贾凤龙等.广东南岭国家级自然保护区大东山昆虫名录(Ⅳ)[J].昆虫天敌,2002,(03).
[105]陈振耀,梁铬球,贾凤龙等.广东南岭国家级自然保护区大东山昆虫名录(Ⅴ)[J].昆虫天敌,2002,(04).
[106]陈振耀,广东省海南岛尖峰岭蝽科昆虫调查简报[N].江西植保,1983,(02.)
[107]李长安.山西省蝽类昆虫名录[J].山西大学学报(自然科学版),1981,(01).
[108]李长安.嵩山半翅目昆虫的研究[J].山西大学学报(自然科学版),1983,(04).
[109]李长安,王瑞,李青森等.太行山区(山西境内)半翅目昆虫调查研究(Ⅰ)-蝽科、缘蝽科、异蝽科、同蝽科、猎蝽科、长蝽科、盲蝽科[J].山西大学学报(自然科学版),1992,(01).
[110]李长安,韩风英,张明等.河南省鸡公山地区半翅目昆虫区系调查[J].山西大学学报(自然科学版),1985,(03).
[111]刘国卿,杨彩霞,郑乐怡.中国西北部分地区蝽类考察报告(Ⅰ)[J].宁夏农林科技,1993,(01).
[112]能乃扎布,刘强.内蒙古的蝽总科昆虫[J].内蒙古师范大学学报(自然科学汉文版),1982,(02).
[113]能乃扎布.我国稀见的蝽类昆虫[J].内蒙古师范大学学报(自然科学汉文版),1985,(01).
[114]能乃扎布,齐宝瑛.内蒙古蝽科昆虫的区系分析[J].内蒙古师范大学学报(自然科学汉文版),1987,(03).
[115]郭昆,郑哲民.秦岭及其他地区蝽科分类研究(半翅目:蝽科)[J].陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2003,(03).
[116]何鹏兴,郑哲民,卜云.秦岭山脉蝽科昆虫调查及区系分析[J].陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2007,(04).
[117]章士美.江西蝽科昆虫的分布区系[J].昆虫学报,1974.(03).
[118]章士美,林毓鉴,尹益寿等.江西半翅目蝽总科昆虫纪述[J].江西农业大学学报,1980,(01).
[119]章士美,林毓鉴,蒋兆龙.云南蝽科昆虫区系分析[J].西部林业科学,1983,(02).
[120]章士美.四川蝽科昆虫区系分析[J].江西农业大学学报,1986,(S2).
[121]章士美.西藏蝽科昆虫区系分析[J].昆虫学报,1986,(04).
[122]章士美.新疆蝽科昆虫分布区系简析[J].新疆农业大学学报,1986,(03).
[123]章士美,李友恭,陈顺立等.福建蝽科昆虫区系分析(半翅目)[J].武夷科学,1984,(04).
[124]章士美,李友恭,陈顺立等.福建蝽科昆虫区系分析(半翅目)[J].江西农业大学学报,1986,(S2).
[125]章士美.宁夏蝽科昆虫种类及区系结构[J].宁夏大学学报(农业科学版),1987,(01).
[126]章士美,陈其瑚.浙江蝽科昆虫的区系结构[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),1988,(03).
[127]章士美,赵升平.湖北蝽科昆虫新纪录[J].湖北林业科技,1988,(04).
[128]章士美,朱建.江苏省蝽科昆虫的区系结构[J].江西农业大学学报,1989,(02).
[129]章士美.甘肃缘蝽科昆虫种类及其区系结构[J].江西农业大学学报,1987,(01).
[130]章士美,林毓鑑,孟绪武.安徽蝽科昆虫及其区系简析[J].安徽农业大学学报,1989,(02).
[131]郑乐怡,高兆宁.宁夏半翅目昆虫记录[J].宁夏农林科技,1990,(03).
[132]郑乐怡,王洪建,徐宗平等.甘肃白水江自然保护区及其邻近地区半翅目昆虫区系初报[J].甘肃林业科技,1988,(04).
[133]郑圣寿,邱宁芳,丁冬荪等.中国益蝽亚科昆虫区系分析[J].江西植保,2001,12(4):97-100.
[134]崔建新.河南蝽科(半翅目)昆虫区系分析[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(12):5001-5003.
[135]何鹏兴,郑哲民等.秦岭山脉蝽科昆虫调查及区系分析[J].陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2007,12(4):94-98.
[136]全仁哲,赵志英等.奎屯及临近地区半翅目种类的区系分[J].兵团教育学院学报.2003.3(3):48-51.
[137]扈克明.哀牢山北段西坡蝽类昆虫垂直分布的研究[J].动物学研究.1988,9(02):193-200.
[138]扈克明.西双版纳大勐龙季节雨林的蝽类昆虫动态分析[J].动物学研究,1991,(01).
[139]郭新荣,李孟楼,庄世宏.秦岭火地塘林区半翅目昆虫多样性研究[J].西北林学院学报,2000,15(3):71-75.
[140]齐宝瑛,能乃扎布,照日格图等.内蒙古西部荒漠半翅目昆虫多样性及区系研究[J].内蒙古师大学报(自然科学汉文版),1997,(03).
[141]蒋杰贤,梁广文.又角厉蝽对斜纹夜蛾不同龄期幼虫的选择捕食作用[J].生态学报,2001.21(4):684-687.
[142]谢钦铭,梁广文.罗诗等.叉角厉蝽对绿额翠尺蛾幼虫的捕食作用的初步研究[J].江西科学,2001,(01).
[143]聂晓萌,郑哲民.我国缘蝽总科研究概况[J].河南农业科学,Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences,2005,8:56-58.
[144]郑哲民.秦岭蝽科一新种[J].昆虫学报,1982,(02).
[145]郑哲民.秦岭地区异蝽科初记.昆虫学报,1982,25(3):303-305.
[146]霍科科.秦巴山区半翅目的调查(Ⅲ)-长蝽科、红蝽科及猎蝽科.陕西师大学报(自然科学版),1988,16(增刊):108-114.
[147]许升全,郑哲民.陕西省皮蝽科一新种(半翅目:皮蝽科)[J].陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),1995,(04).
[148]杨从军,袁锋,花保祯等.陕北烟阳多异瓢虫空间分布型与抽样技术研究[J].昆虫知识,1997,(05).
[149]齐宝瑛,霍科科.陕西省秦岭盲蝽科昆虫记述(半翅目,异翅亚目)[J].内蒙古师范大学学报(自然科学汉文版),2007,(03).
[150]常罡洛.河流域黄土高原段蝗虫群落多样性研究[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2005.
[151]刘慧.陕西吴起生态恢复区直翅目昆虫多样性及其边缘效应的研究[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2007.
[152]李亚妮.北洛河流域蝗虫群落多样性和边缘效应研究[D].延安大学学报(自然科学版),2006.
[153]段小燕.延安北洛河流域蝶类群多样性的研究[D].延安大学学报(自然科学版),2008.
[154]肖金学.北洛河流域昆虫物种多样性研究[D].延安大学学报(自然科学版),2008.
[155]王云龙.北洛河流域的拟步甲科(鞘翅目)物种多样性研究[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2008.
[156]刘广全.黄土高原植被构建效应[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,2005:18-22.
[157]赵冬香,长安,景林.半翅目蝽科昆虫13种雄性外生殖器的研究.西大学学报(自然科学版),1994,7(3),323-29.
[158]任树芝.蝽类昆虫卵形态细微结构扫描电镜观察[J].南开大学学报(自然科学版),2001.4(2):109-113.
[159]李新正.缘蝽科的比较形态学研究Ⅰ(异翅亚目:缘蝽总科)[J].动物学研究.1996,17(1):1-7.
[160]张金屯.数量生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[161]徐汝梅,成新跃.昆虫种群生态学-基础与前言[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[162]吴坤君,龚佩瑜,盛承发.昆虫多样性参数的测定和表达[J].昆虫知识,2005.
[163]Pielou.E.,C.Ecological diversity.John Wiley & Sons.Inc.1975.
[164]Pielou.E.C.卢泽愚译.1969.数学生态学引论[M].北京:科学出版社,1978.
[165]马克平.生物群落多样性的测度方法[A].中国科学院生命多样性委员会.
[166]李春喜,王志和等.生物统计学(第二版)[M].科学出版社,2004,241-245.
[167]殷秀琴,王海霞,周道玮.松嫩草原区不同农业生态系统土壤动物群落特征[J].生态学报,2003,23(6):1071-1078.
[168]张士美.中国经济昆虫志(第三十一册)半翅目(一)[M].科学出版社,1985.
[169]张士美.中国经济昆虫志(第五十册)半翅目(二)[M].科学出版社,1995.
[170]钦俊德.昆虫与植物关系的研究进展和前景[J].动物学报,1995,41(1):17-19.
[171]朱慧,彭媛媛,王德利.植物对昆虫多样性的影响[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(12):2215-2221.
[2]马克平.积极行动起来保护生物多样性[J].植物杂志,1996(5):3-4.
[3]王献溥,刘玉凯.生物多样性的理论与实践[M].北京:中国环境出版社,1994.
[4]王德艺,李东义,蔡万波.雾灵山自然保护区的生物多样性研究[J].生物多样性,1997(5):49-53.
[5]姜洋,皮兵.我国昆虫物种多样性研究现状[J].湖南林业科技,2004,3(3):47-49.
[6]陈灵芝.中国的生物多样性-现状及其保护对策[M].北京:科学出版社,1993.
[7]Fisher,R.A.,Corbet,A.S.,& Williams,C.B.The relation between the number of species and the number of individuals in a random sample of an animal population.Journal of Animal Ecology,1943,12.
[8]Wilson,E.O.et al.The Biolgoical Diversity Erisis[J].Bioscience,1988,35:700- 706.
[9]孙儒永.普通生态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2001.
[10]蒋志刚,马克平,韩兴国.保护生物而[M].浙江:浙江科学技术出版社,1977.
[11]联合国.生物多样性公约[S].1992.
[12]马克平,试论生物多样性的概念[J].生物多样性,1993,1(1):20-22.
[13]中国科学院生物多样性委员会.生物多样性研究的原理和方法[M].北京:中国科学出版社,1994.
[14]岳天祥.生物多样性研究及其问题[J].生态学报,2001,21(3):462-467.
[15]田兴军.生物多样性及其保护生物学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005,1(1):6-8.
[16]贺金生,陈韦烈.陆地植物群落物种多样性的梯度变化特征[J].生态报,1997,17(1):91-96.
[17]马克平.生物群落多样性的测度方法Iα多样性的测度方法(上)[J].生物多样性,1994,2(03):162-168.
[18]王献溥,刘玉凯.生物多样性的理论与实践[M].北京:中国环境出版社,1994.
[19]KV.Krishnamurthy.Textbook of Biodiversity[M].Science Publishers,Inc.2006,1:43-46.
[20]中国科学院生物多样性委员会.生物多样性研究的原理和方法[M].北京:中国科学出版社,1994.
[21]岳天祥.生物多样性研究及其问题[J].生态学报,2001,21(3):462-467.
[22]肖笃宁,李秀珍,高峻等.景观生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2003,3:114-139.
[23]钱迎倩,马克平.生物多样性研究的几个国际热点[J].广西植物.1996,16(4):295-299.
[24]常罡,廉振民.生物多样性研究进展[J].陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004.9(24):152-157.
[25]许再富.植物园与野生植物保护[J].生命世界,1991.1.
[26]许维枢.鸟撞与空难[J].大自然,1992,2.
[27]Richard Premark,季维智.保护生物学基础[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2000.4.
[28]陆庆光.论生物防治在生物多样性保护中的重要意义[J].生物多样性,1997.5(3):224-230.
[29]Marin Jensen.A Boost for biodiversity[J].Science Now,2001,(104):3.
[30]尚占环,姚爱兴.生物多样性及生物多样性保护[J].草原与草坪,2002,4(99):11-13.
[31]Hammond,P.M.1992.Species inventory[A].WCMC,Global diversity status of the Earth's living resources[C].London:Chapman and Hall,17- 39.
[32]王凯.昆虫资源的开发利用及对策[J].湖北农学院学报,2000,1:90.
[33]姜洋.壶瓶山昆虫物种多样性研究[D].长沙:中南林学院,2004.
[34]Coddington,J.A.et al.Design and testing sampling protocols to estimate biodiversity in tropical ecosystems[A].The Unity of Evolutionary biology,1991.
[35]Kremen,C.et al.Terrestrial arthropod assemblages:Their use in conservation planning[J].Biodiversity and Conservation,1993,7(4):796- 808.
[36]Vane Wright,R.I.,Humphries,C.J.,Williams,P.H.What to protect-Systematics and the agony of choice[J].Biodiversity and Conservation,1991,55:235- 254.
[37]Faith,D.P.Phylogenetic diversity:A general framework for the prediction of feature diversity[A].Systematics Association Special.Volume.No.50.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1994,251-268.
[38]Williams,P.H.,Humphries,C.J.Biodiversity,taxonomic relatedness,and endemism in conservation[A].Systematics Association Special Volume.No.50.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1994:269-287.
[39]Nielsen,E.S.,West,J.G.Biodiversity resist research and biological collections:transfer of information[A].Systematics Association Special Volume.No.50.Oxford:Clarendon Press.1994:101-121.
[40]Lasalle,J..Gauld.I.D.eds.Hymenoptera and biodiversity[M].Oxon,UK:CAB International,1993.
[41]WRI et al.马克平等译.全球生物多样性策略[M].北京:中国标准出版社,1993.
[42]邢飞.东北地区蝗虫多样性研究[D].长春:东北师范大学,2005.
[43]秦瑞豪.金沙江峡谷退耕林地昆虫多样性信息分析[D].昆明:西南林学院,2006.
[44]王彦青.新疆蚜虫物种多样性及其生物地理学研究[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2006.
[45]黄小清.海南岛蜻蜒目昆虫多样性研究[D].海口:华南热带农业大学,2007.
[46]耿云冬.山西省瓢虫科分类研究[D].北京:首都师范大学,2007.
[47]万方浩.综防区和化防区稻田害虫-天敌群落组成及多样性的研究[J].生态学报,1986,6(2):159-170.
[48]Schuh R T,Slater J A.True Bugs of the World(Hemiptera:Heteroptera) Classification and Natural History.Ithaca,New York,U1S1A1 Cornell University Press,1995,416.
[49]陈振耀.捕食性天敌-益蝽[J].昆虫天敌,1986,(04).
[50]冯颖,陈晓鸣等.半翅目常见食用昆虫与营养价值[J].林业科学研究,2000.13(6):608-612.
[51]卜云,郑哲民.我国蝽科昆虫的研究进[J].展宁夏农学院学报,2004,9,25(3).
[52]张礼生,张青文,蔡青年,徐静,周明牂.中国昆虫染色体研究现状与展望[J].昆虫学报,2003,(06).
[53]马春燕,郑哲民.四种蝽科昆虫酯酶同工酶的比较研究(半翅目:蝽科)[J].虫分类学报,2000,22(4):257-261.
[54]马春燕,郑哲民.四种蝽科昆虫酯酶同工酶的比较研究(半翅目:蝽科)[J].陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2001,29(4):94-97.
[55]马春燕,郑哲民.两种蝽科昆虫酯酶同工酶的比较研究[J].宁夏工程技术,2005,4(1):68-73.
[56]史丽,齐宝瑛.内蒙古菜蝽属4个种昆虫酯酶同工酶的比较研究[J].昆虫知识,2005,42(3):278-283.
[57]吕秀华,齐宝瑛.苜蓿盲蝽属10种昆虫同工酶的比较研究[J].内蒙古师范大学学报(自然科学汉文版),2006,(03).
[58]吕秀华,齐宝瑛,栗淑媛.苜蓿盲蝽属6种昆虫不同地理种群同工酶比较研究[J].2007,36(1):104-107.
[59]朱咏华,胡旺顺,罗泽民.九香虫与其伪品小皱蝽的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳鉴别[J].中国中医药信息杂志.2001,8(8):37-38.
[60]White M J D.animal Cytology and Evolution,3rd edition.London:Cambridge University Press,1986,961-973.
[61]Manna G K.Chromosomes in evolution in Heteroptera.In:Sharma A K,Sharma A eds.Chromosomes in Evolution of Eukaryotic Group Ⅱ.Boca Raton,FL,U1S1A1 CRC Press,1985,189-225.
[62]张虎芳,郑乐怡.四种蝽科昆虫的染色体研究.昆虫学报,1999,42(3):234-240.
[63]张虎芳,郑乐怡.卷蝽Paterculus elates(Yang)的细胞学研究[J].Entomological Sinica.1999,6(3):227-232.
[64]张虎芳,郑乐怡.六种蝽象的染色体研究(半翅目:蝽科)[J].昆虫学报.2001.44(2):129-138.
[65]张虎芳,郑乐怡.五种蝽科昆虫的细胞分类学研究(半翅目:异翅亚目)[J].昆虫分类学报,2001,23(4):265-276.
[66]张虎芳,郑乐怡.三种辉蝽的核型研究(半翅目:蝽科)[J].Entomological Sinica,2002,9(2):59-67.
[67]Dai,J-X and Zheng,Z-M Discussion on the phylogenetic relationships of partial Pentatomidae insects based on sequences of cytochromeb gene.Zool.Res.2004,25(5):397- 402.
[68]代金霞,郑哲民.蝽科部分昆虫细胞色素b基因序列及其系统发育关系的探讨[J].动物学研究,2004,25(5):397-402.
[69]代金霞.线粒体Cytb基因与昆虫分子系统学研究[J].四川动物,2005,24(2):222-225.
[70]代金霞.从Cyt b基因序列探讨Grophosoma属和Dybowskyia属的分类地位(半翅目:蝽科科)[J].四川动物,2005,24(4):490-495.
[71]代金霞,郑哲民.基于Cytb基因序列探讨蝽亚科11种昆虫的系统发育关系[J].昆虫知识,2005,42(4):395-399.
[72]代金霞.从Cytb基因序列探讨蝽类部分昆虫的系统发生[J].宁夏大学学报(自然科学版),2006,27(1):62-67.
[73]李红梅.蝽次目昆虫的分类与系统发育研究进展[J].仲恺农业技术学院学报,2006,19(04):62-67.
[74]李红梅,王殉章,林进添.基于线粒体16SrDNA序列的蜷总科系统发育研究(异翅亚目:蝽次目)[J].华中农业大学学报,2006,25(5):507-511.
[75]李红梅.基于mt16S rDNA长蝽总科(异翅亚目:蝽次目)系统发育的研究[J].2007,6(4):30-34.
[76]卜云,郑哲民,郭昆.五种真蝽(Pentatoma Olivier)mtDNA COⅡ基因序列分析及系统发育关系初探[J].昆虫分类学报,2005,27(2):90-96.
[77]卜云.栾云霞,哲民.基于线粒体CO Ⅱ基因的中国蝽科分子系统学研究(半翅目,异翅亚目)[J].2006,31(2):209-246.
[78]齐宝瑛.盲蝽科部分昆虫分子系统学研究(半翅目:异翅亚目)[D].西安:陕西师范大学生命科学学院,2003.
[79]李淑娟.中国猎蝽科昆虫分子分类初探[D].中国农业大学硕士学位论文,2002.
[80]刘会,李正西,李淑娟等.线粒体DNA序列在半翅目异翅亚目昆虫分子系统学上的应用[J].昆虫分类学报,2007,29(4):265-271.
[81]孙钦霞,张雅林.七种蝽mtDNA216S rRNA基因序列多态性的研究[J].昆虫分类学报,2004,26(2):107-113.
[82]杨星勇,何清君.裵炎等.小皱蝽抗菌物质研究[J].西南农业大学学报,1998,20(3):246.
[83]杨泽宏,杨星勇,何清君.半翅目蝽科昆虫小皱蝽(cylopelta Parva Distant)抗菌物质的诱导提取及活性检测[J].四川大学学报,2007,22(5):1091-1096.
[84]萧采瑜.《中国蝽类昆虫鉴定手册》(半翅目异翅亚目)第一册[M].北京:科学出版社,1977.
[85]萧采瑜.《中国蝽类昆虫鉴定手册》(半翅目异翅亚目)第二册[M].北京:科学出版社,1981.
[86]杨惟义.《中国经济昆虫志》第二册,半翅目:蝽科[M].北京:科学出版社,1962.
[87]能乃扎布.《内蒙古昆虫志》(第一卷第一册)半翅目异翅亚目[M].呼和浩特:内蒙古人民出版社.1986.
[88]郑乐怡,凌作培.碧蝽属亚洲东部种类的修订(半翅目:蝽科)[J].动物分类学报,1989,14(3):309-326.
[89]郑乐怡,归鸿.昆虫分类(上)[M].南京:南京师范大学出版社,1999.443-523.
[90]Handlirsch,A.Die fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der rezenten Formen.Ein Handbuch fur Palaontologen und Zoologen.Journal Article press,1908.58:1281-1430.
[91]The Histology Domestic Animals,Trautmann,Comstock Publishing associates,1925.
[92]周尧.《中国昆虫学史》[M].昆虫分类学报社,1980.
[93]陈世骧.昆虫分类的一个新系统[J].科学通报,1958,(4):110-111.
[94]曾德良,罗雅琴等.关于“半翅目”和“同翅目”在《中图法》的立类问题.农业图书情报学刊[J].2004.7(3).
[95]梁爱萍.关于停止使用“同翅目Homoptera”目名的建议[J].昆虫知识,2005,42(3):332-333.
[96]杨惟义.华北蝽象志略.静生生物调查所汇报,1904,4(2):9-46.
[97]杨惟义.江西蝽象.静生生物调查所汇报,1934,5(3):45-136.
[98]陈振耀.广东省鼎湖山的蝽科昆虫[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),1982,(04).
[99]陈振耀.广东竹类半翅目昆虫[J].竹子研究汇刊,1989,(03).
[100]陈振耀.广东蝽科昆虫区系研究[J].生态科学,1990,(02).2001.
[101]陈振耀,梁铬球,贾凤龙等.广东南岭国家级自然保护区大东山昆虫名录(1)[J].生态科学,2001,(Z1).
[102]陈振耀.梁铬球,贾凤龙等.广东南岭国家级自然保护区大东山昆虫名录(Ⅱ)[J].生态科学,2001,(04).
[103]陈振耀.梁铬球,贾凤龙等.广东南岭国家级自然保护区大东山昆虫名录(Ⅲ)[J].昆虫天敌,2002,(02).
[104]陈振耀,梁铬球,贾凤龙等.广东南岭国家级自然保护区大东山昆虫名录(Ⅳ)[J].昆虫天敌,2002,(03).
[105]陈振耀,梁铬球,贾凤龙等.广东南岭国家级自然保护区大东山昆虫名录(Ⅴ)[J].昆虫天敌,2002,(04).
[106]陈振耀,广东省海南岛尖峰岭蝽科昆虫调查简报[N].江西植保,1983,(02.)
[107]李长安.山西省蝽类昆虫名录[J].山西大学学报(自然科学版),1981,(01).
[108]李长安.嵩山半翅目昆虫的研究[J].山西大学学报(自然科学版),1983,(04).
[109]李长安,王瑞,李青森等.太行山区(山西境内)半翅目昆虫调查研究(Ⅰ)-蝽科、缘蝽科、异蝽科、同蝽科、猎蝽科、长蝽科、盲蝽科[J].山西大学学报(自然科学版),1992,(01).
[110]李长安,韩风英,张明等.河南省鸡公山地区半翅目昆虫区系调查[J].山西大学学报(自然科学版),1985,(03).
[111]刘国卿,杨彩霞,郑乐怡.中国西北部分地区蝽类考察报告(Ⅰ)[J].宁夏农林科技,1993,(01).
[112]能乃扎布,刘强.内蒙古的蝽总科昆虫[J].内蒙古师范大学学报(自然科学汉文版),1982,(02).
[113]能乃扎布.我国稀见的蝽类昆虫[J].内蒙古师范大学学报(自然科学汉文版),1985,(01).
[114]能乃扎布,齐宝瑛.内蒙古蝽科昆虫的区系分析[J].内蒙古师范大学学报(自然科学汉文版),1987,(03).
[115]郭昆,郑哲民.秦岭及其他地区蝽科分类研究(半翅目:蝽科)[J].陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2003,(03).
[116]何鹏兴,郑哲民,卜云.秦岭山脉蝽科昆虫调查及区系分析[J].陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2007,(04).
[117]章士美.江西蝽科昆虫的分布区系[J].昆虫学报,1974.(03).
[118]章士美,林毓鉴,尹益寿等.江西半翅目蝽总科昆虫纪述[J].江西农业大学学报,1980,(01).
[119]章士美,林毓鉴,蒋兆龙.云南蝽科昆虫区系分析[J].西部林业科学,1983,(02).
[120]章士美.四川蝽科昆虫区系分析[J].江西农业大学学报,1986,(S2).
[121]章士美.西藏蝽科昆虫区系分析[J].昆虫学报,1986,(04).
[122]章士美.新疆蝽科昆虫分布区系简析[J].新疆农业大学学报,1986,(03).
[123]章士美,李友恭,陈顺立等.福建蝽科昆虫区系分析(半翅目)[J].武夷科学,1984,(04).
[124]章士美,李友恭,陈顺立等.福建蝽科昆虫区系分析(半翅目)[J].江西农业大学学报,1986,(S2).
[125]章士美.宁夏蝽科昆虫种类及区系结构[J].宁夏大学学报(农业科学版),1987,(01).
[126]章士美,陈其瑚.浙江蝽科昆虫的区系结构[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),1988,(03).
[127]章士美,赵升平.湖北蝽科昆虫新纪录[J].湖北林业科技,1988,(04).
[128]章士美,朱建.江苏省蝽科昆虫的区系结构[J].江西农业大学学报,1989,(02).
[129]章士美.甘肃缘蝽科昆虫种类及其区系结构[J].江西农业大学学报,1987,(01).
[130]章士美,林毓鑑,孟绪武.安徽蝽科昆虫及其区系简析[J].安徽农业大学学报,1989,(02).
[131]郑乐怡,高兆宁.宁夏半翅目昆虫记录[J].宁夏农林科技,1990,(03).
[132]郑乐怡,王洪建,徐宗平等.甘肃白水江自然保护区及其邻近地区半翅目昆虫区系初报[J].甘肃林业科技,1988,(04).
[133]郑圣寿,邱宁芳,丁冬荪等.中国益蝽亚科昆虫区系分析[J].江西植保,2001,12(4):97-100.
[134]崔建新.河南蝽科(半翅目)昆虫区系分析[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(12):5001-5003.
[135]何鹏兴,郑哲民等.秦岭山脉蝽科昆虫调查及区系分析[J].陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2007,12(4):94-98.
[136]全仁哲,赵志英等.奎屯及临近地区半翅目种类的区系分[J].兵团教育学院学报.2003.3(3):48-51.
[137]扈克明.哀牢山北段西坡蝽类昆虫垂直分布的研究[J].动物学研究.1988,9(02):193-200.
[138]扈克明.西双版纳大勐龙季节雨林的蝽类昆虫动态分析[J].动物学研究,1991,(01).
[139]郭新荣,李孟楼,庄世宏.秦岭火地塘林区半翅目昆虫多样性研究[J].西北林学院学报,2000,15(3):71-75.
[140]齐宝瑛,能乃扎布,照日格图等.内蒙古西部荒漠半翅目昆虫多样性及区系研究[J].内蒙古师大学报(自然科学汉文版),1997,(03).
[141]蒋杰贤,梁广文.又角厉蝽对斜纹夜蛾不同龄期幼虫的选择捕食作用[J].生态学报,2001.21(4):684-687.
[142]谢钦铭,梁广文.罗诗等.叉角厉蝽对绿额翠尺蛾幼虫的捕食作用的初步研究[J].江西科学,2001,(01).
[143]聂晓萌,郑哲民.我国缘蝽总科研究概况[J].河南农业科学,Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences,2005,8:56-58.
[144]郑哲民.秦岭蝽科一新种[J].昆虫学报,1982,(02).
[145]郑哲民.秦岭地区异蝽科初记.昆虫学报,1982,25(3):303-305.
[146]霍科科.秦巴山区半翅目的调查(Ⅲ)-长蝽科、红蝽科及猎蝽科.陕西师大学报(自然科学版),1988,16(增刊):108-114.
[147]许升全,郑哲民.陕西省皮蝽科一新种(半翅目:皮蝽科)[J].陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),1995,(04).
[148]杨从军,袁锋,花保祯等.陕北烟阳多异瓢虫空间分布型与抽样技术研究[J].昆虫知识,1997,(05).
[149]齐宝瑛,霍科科.陕西省秦岭盲蝽科昆虫记述(半翅目,异翅亚目)[J].内蒙古师范大学学报(自然科学汉文版),2007,(03).
[150]常罡洛.河流域黄土高原段蝗虫群落多样性研究[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2005.
[151]刘慧.陕西吴起生态恢复区直翅目昆虫多样性及其边缘效应的研究[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2007.
[152]李亚妮.北洛河流域蝗虫群落多样性和边缘效应研究[D].延安大学学报(自然科学版),2006.
[153]段小燕.延安北洛河流域蝶类群多样性的研究[D].延安大学学报(自然科学版),2008.
[154]肖金学.北洛河流域昆虫物种多样性研究[D].延安大学学报(自然科学版),2008.
[155]王云龙.北洛河流域的拟步甲科(鞘翅目)物种多样性研究[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2008.
[156]刘广全.黄土高原植被构建效应[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,2005:18-22.
[157]赵冬香,长安,景林.半翅目蝽科昆虫13种雄性外生殖器的研究.西大学学报(自然科学版),1994,7(3),323-29.
[158]任树芝.蝽类昆虫卵形态细微结构扫描电镜观察[J].南开大学学报(自然科学版),2001.4(2):109-113.
[159]李新正.缘蝽科的比较形态学研究Ⅰ(异翅亚目:缘蝽总科)[J].动物学研究.1996,17(1):1-7.
[160]张金屯.数量生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[161]徐汝梅,成新跃.昆虫种群生态学-基础与前言[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[162]吴坤君,龚佩瑜,盛承发.昆虫多样性参数的测定和表达[J].昆虫知识,2005.
[163]Pielou.E.,C.Ecological diversity.John Wiley & Sons.Inc.1975.
[164]Pielou.E.C.卢泽愚译.1969.数学生态学引论[M].北京:科学出版社,1978.
[165]马克平.生物群落多样性的测度方法[A].中国科学院生命多样性委员会.
[166]李春喜,王志和等.生物统计学(第二版)[M].科学出版社,2004,241-245.
[167]殷秀琴,王海霞,周道玮.松嫩草原区不同农业生态系统土壤动物群落特征[J].生态学报,2003,23(6):1071-1078.
[168]张士美.中国经济昆虫志(第三十一册)半翅目(一)[M].科学出版社,1985.
[169]张士美.中国经济昆虫志(第五十册)半翅目(二)[M].科学出版社,1995.
[170]钦俊德.昆虫与植物关系的研究进展和前景[J].动物学报,1995,41(1):17-19.
[171]朱慧,彭媛媛,王德利.植物对昆虫多样性的影响[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(12):2215-2221.