基于SNMP的IP网络拓扑信息的发现与应用
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摘要
随着对网络需求的不断增强，必须要求一个可信、可靠、安全、稳定的网络平台。网络管理已成为网络系统运行好坏的关键。如何发现网络拓扑结构，建立有效的网络拓扑模型，对于网络管理是十分重要的。
本文讨论了在研究IP网络拓扑发现时所需要考虑的问题，在分析了以前的拓扑发现算法的基础上，提出了一种有效的针对管理域内网络自动拓扑发现算法。本算法使用SNMP协议采集管理域内各种网络设备中MIB库保存的信息，采用本文提出的设备连接关系判定规则处理获取的拓扑信息，确定路由器、交换机和主机之间的连接关系，构造网络第二层和第三层的拓扑结构图。实验结果表明，大部分支持网管的设备中包含了算法所要求的数据。在与以前的自动拓扑发现算法做了比较以后，本算法具有稳定性好、运算简单、获得的网络拓扑构图更准确且可操作性强的优点。
在分析基于SNMP拓扑发现算法性能的基础上，本文介绍了一个自主开发的拓扑发现子系统原型。该系统由数据采集和网络拓扑图生成两部分组成，分别实现了MIB数据的获取和网络拓扑结构图生成功能。
网络拓扑发现需要发送大量的探测包来收集拓扑信息，使得完成一次拓扑发现需要很长的时间，并且占用大量的网络带宽。为了提高拓扑发现的性能，本文介绍了系统原型在减少探测包数量，加快探测过程等方面采用的一些关键技术，使其具有更强的实用性。
In large and constantly evolving networks, it is difficult to determine how the network is actually laid out. Yet Knowledge of the up-to-date topology of an IP network is crucial to a number of critical network management tasks.
Based on the analysis of the existing automatic topology discovery techniques, this paper presents a new topology discovery algorithm for heterogeneous IP networks using standard SNMP MIBs. Our algorithm makes use of the topology configuration information in routers, switches and hosts under the situation that do not generate traffic in the network in advance, to determine the interconnection between directly connected peers in a network, to produce the IP-level and link-level topology map. We have tested our approach in our internal network and we verified the result, it has accurately determined the topology of several different networks using a variety of hardware and network configurations.
We present the design of network management prototype. We have implemented the proposed topology discovery algorithm based on the Visual C++ and WinSNMP API. Detailed implementation techniques are given for decreasing the number of SNMP request packets and the cost of topology discovery.
本文讨论了在研究IP网络拓扑发现时所需要考虑的问题，在分析了以前的拓扑发现算法的基础上，提出了一种有效的针对管理域内网络自动拓扑发现算法。本算法使用SNMP协议采集管理域内各种网络设备中MIB库保存的信息，采用本文提出的设备连接关系判定规则处理获取的拓扑信息，确定路由器、交换机和主机之间的连接关系，构造网络第二层和第三层的拓扑结构图。实验结果表明，大部分支持网管的设备中包含了算法所要求的数据。在与以前的自动拓扑发现算法做了比较以后，本算法具有稳定性好、运算简单、获得的网络拓扑构图更准确且可操作性强的优点。
在分析基于SNMP拓扑发现算法性能的基础上，本文介绍了一个自主开发的拓扑发现子系统原型。该系统由数据采集和网络拓扑图生成两部分组成，分别实现了MIB数据的获取和网络拓扑结构图生成功能。
网络拓扑发现需要发送大量的探测包来收集拓扑信息，使得完成一次拓扑发现需要很长的时间，并且占用大量的网络带宽。为了提高拓扑发现的性能，本文介绍了系统原型在减少探测包数量，加快探测过程等方面采用的一些关键技术，使其具有更强的实用性。
In large and constantly evolving networks, it is difficult to determine how the network is actually laid out. Yet Knowledge of the up-to-date topology of an IP network is crucial to a number of critical network management tasks.
Based on the analysis of the existing automatic topology discovery techniques, this paper presents a new topology discovery algorithm for heterogeneous IP networks using standard SNMP MIBs. Our algorithm makes use of the topology configuration information in routers, switches and hosts under the situation that do not generate traffic in the network in advance, to determine the interconnection between directly connected peers in a network, to produce the IP-level and link-level topology map. We have tested our approach in our internal network and we verified the result, it has accurately determined the topology of several different networks using a variety of hardware and network configurations.
We present the design of network management prototype. We have implemented the proposed topology discovery algorithm based on the Visual C++ and WinSNMP API. Detailed implementation techniques are given for decreasing the number of SNMP request packets and the cost of topology discovery.
引文
[1] Bruce Lowekamp. Discovery and Application of Network Information: [Ph. D. dissertation]. School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 2001
[2] Larry L. Peterson, Bruce S. Davie. Computer Network: ASystem Approach (影印版). Second Edition. 北京：机械工业出版社，2000
[3] Behrouz A. Forouzan, Sophia Chung Fegan. TCP/IP Protocol Suite (影北京：清华大学出版社，2000
[4] Radia Perlman．网络互连：网桥·路由器·交换机和互连协议(英文版·第2版)．北京：机械工业出版社，2002
[5] G. Mansfield, M. Ouchi, K. Jayanthi, et al. Techniques for automated Network Map Generation using SNMP. In:Proceedings of INFOCOM'96, 473～480, March 1996
[6] Hwa-Chun Lin, Shou-Chuan Lai, Ping-Wen Chen. An algorithm for Automatic Topology Discovery of IP Networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE ICC'98, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A., June 1998
[7] Ramesh Govindan, Hongsuda Tangmunarunkit. Heuristics for Internet Map Discovery. In: Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2000, Tel-Aviv, Israel, IEEE, March 2000
[8] Y. Breitbart, M. Garofalakis, C. Martin, R. Rastogi, S. Seshadri, A. Silberschatz. Topology Discovery in Heterogeneous IP Networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2000, Tel-Aviv, Israel, IEEE, March 2000
[9] R. Siamwalla, R. Sharma. Discovering Internet Topology. Unpublished research paper submitted to INFOCOM 99, Cornell University, 1999
[10] 田慧，裴昌幸．网络拓扑发现综述与展望．电信快报，2002年第8期：26～27
[11] C. Faloutsos, M. Faloutsos, P. Faloutsos. On Power-Law Relationships of the Internet Topology. In: Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM'99, Cambridge, MA, USA, Aug 1999, 251-260
[12] Bill Cheswick, Hal Burch, Steve Branigan. Mapping and Visualizing the Internet. In: Proceedings of the 2000 USENIX Annual Technical Conference, June 18-23, 2000, San Diego, California, USA
[13] J. Postel. Internet Control Message Protocol(ICMP).RFC 792.September 1981
[14] J Case, M Fedor, M Schoffstall et al. Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). RFC 1157. May 1990
[15] 杨家海，任宪坤，王沛瑜．网络管理原理与实现技术．北京：清华大学出版社，2000
[16] Douglas E, Comer.用TCP／IP进行网际互联第一卷：原理、协议与结构．第四版．北京：电子工业出版社，2001
[17] Bierman, K. Jones. Physical Topology MIB. RFC 2922. September 2000
[18] 李佳，石冰心．基于ICMP和SNMP的网络拓扑发现算法研究及实现．微型机及应用，1998年第1期：33～35
[19] K. McCloghrie, M. Rose. Management Information Base for Network Management of TCP/IP-based internets: MIB-Ⅱ. RFC 1213. March 1991
[20] K.C. Claffy, D. McRobb. Measurement and visualization of Internet Connectivity and Performance. CAIDA. Skitter. http://www.caida.org/TOOLS/measurement/skitter/
[21] Paul Barford, Azer Bestavros, John Byers, Mark Crovella. On the Marginal Utility of Network Topology Measurements. In: ACM SIGCOMM Internet Measurement Workshop 2001, October 2001
[22] 徐大海，黄健强，吴克喜，白英彩．基于OSPF的网络拓扑搜索．计算机工程与科学，1999，21(6)：17～21
[23] Bruce Lowekamp, David R. O'Hallaron, Thomas R. Gross. Topology Discovery for Large Ethernet Networks. In: Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM 2001. San Diego, California, ACM Press, August 2001
[24] 郑海，张国清．物理网络拓扑发现算法的研究．计算机研究与发展，2002，39(3)：264～268
[25] E Decker, P. Langille, A. Rijsinghani et al. Definitions of Managed Objects for Bridges. RFC 1493. July 1993
[26] CiscoWorks. http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/cc/pd/wr2k/
[27] HP Openview. http://www.openview.hp.com.cn/
[28] Tivoli NetView. http://www.tivoli.com/
[29] B. Lowerkamp, N. Miller, D. Sutherland, T. Gross, P. Steenkiste, J. Subhlok.A Resource Query Interface for Network-aware Application. Cluster Computing, 1999, 2(2): 139～151
[30] N. Miller, P. Steenkiste. Collecting Network Status Information for Network-aware Application. In: Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2000, Tel-Aviv, Israel, IEEE, March 2000
[31] J. Schonwalder and H. Langendorfer. How To Keep Track of Your Network Configuration. In: Proceedings 7th Conference on Large Installation System Administration (LISA Ⅶ), Monterey California, November 1993
[32] 张勇，张德运，李刚．网络拓扑发现的主动探测技术的研究和实现．小型微型计算机系统，2000，21(8)：792～794
[33] K. Obraczka, G. Gheorghiu. The Performance of a Service for Network-aware Application. In: Proceedings of the ACM Sigmetrics SPDT'98, Welches, Oregon, USA, August 1998
[34] S. Jamin, C. Jin, Y. Jin, D. Raz, Y. Shavitt, and L. Zhang. On the placement of Internet instrumentation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2000, Tel-Aviv, Israel, IEEE, March 2000
[35] Wolfgang Theilmann, Kurt Rothermel. Dynamic Distance Maps of the Internet. In: Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE INFOCOM Conference, Tel Aviv, Israel, March 2000
[36] 徐斌，王磊，陆月明，邵书毅．基于IP协议TTL的网络拓扑搜索算法．微型机及应用，2000年第7期：31～32
[37] 李佳，石冰心，喻莉．面向网络配置的拓扑发现技术研究．计算机工程与应用，1998，12：23～25
[38] Mani Subramanian．网络管理—原理与实践(影印版)．北京：高等教育出版社，2001
[39] M. Rose, K. McCloghrie. Structure and Identification of Management Information for TCP/IP-based Internets. RFC 1155. May 1990
[40] ISO/IEC 15802-3 Information technology-Telecommunications and information exchange between systems-Local and metropolitan area networks-Common specifications-Part 3: Media Access Control (MAC) bridges (also ANSI/IEEE Std 802.1D-1998), 1998
[41] 郭瑜茹，张斌，石冰心．VLAN拓扑发现算法研究．计算机研究与发展，1999，36(6)：745～750
[42] MG-SOFT Corporation. MIB Browser. http://www.mg-soft.com/mgMibB rowserPE.html
[43] Network Associates Inc. Sniffer. http://www.nai.com/international/china/products/sniffer.asp
[44] Microsoft Corporation. MSDN library, July 2000
[45] 高宝华，古华茂，成锐．用WinSNMP开发网络管理应用软件．计算机应用，2002，22(12)：105～107
[2] Larry L. Peterson, Bruce S. Davie. Computer Network: ASystem Approach (影印版). Second Edition. 北京：机械工业出版社，2000
[3] Behrouz A. Forouzan, Sophia Chung Fegan. TCP/IP Protocol Suite (影北京：清华大学出版社，2000
[4] Radia Perlman．网络互连：网桥·路由器·交换机和互连协议(英文版·第2版)．北京：机械工业出版社，2002
[5] G. Mansfield, M. Ouchi, K. Jayanthi, et al. Techniques for automated Network Map Generation using SNMP. In:Proceedings of INFOCOM'96, 473～480, March 1996
[6] Hwa-Chun Lin, Shou-Chuan Lai, Ping-Wen Chen. An algorithm for Automatic Topology Discovery of IP Networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE ICC'98, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A., June 1998
[7] Ramesh Govindan, Hongsuda Tangmunarunkit. Heuristics for Internet Map Discovery. In: Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2000, Tel-Aviv, Israel, IEEE, March 2000
[8] Y. Breitbart, M. Garofalakis, C. Martin, R. Rastogi, S. Seshadri, A. Silberschatz. Topology Discovery in Heterogeneous IP Networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2000, Tel-Aviv, Israel, IEEE, March 2000
[9] R. Siamwalla, R. Sharma. Discovering Internet Topology. Unpublished research paper submitted to INFOCOM 99, Cornell University, 1999
[10] 田慧，裴昌幸．网络拓扑发现综述与展望．电信快报，2002年第8期：26～27
[11] C. Faloutsos, M. Faloutsos, P. Faloutsos. On Power-Law Relationships of the Internet Topology. In: Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM'99, Cambridge, MA, USA, Aug 1999, 251-260
[12] Bill Cheswick, Hal Burch, Steve Branigan. Mapping and Visualizing the Internet. In: Proceedings of the 2000 USENIX Annual Technical Conference, June 18-23, 2000, San Diego, California, USA
[13] J. Postel. Internet Control Message Protocol(ICMP).RFC 792.September 1981
[14] J Case, M Fedor, M Schoffstall et al. Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). RFC 1157. May 1990
[15] 杨家海，任宪坤，王沛瑜．网络管理原理与实现技术．北京：清华大学出版社，2000
[16] Douglas E, Comer.用TCP／IP进行网际互联第一卷：原理、协议与结构．第四版．北京：电子工业出版社，2001
[17] Bierman, K. Jones. Physical Topology MIB. RFC 2922. September 2000
[18] 李佳，石冰心．基于ICMP和SNMP的网络拓扑发现算法研究及实现．微型机及应用，1998年第1期：33～35
[19] K. McCloghrie, M. Rose. Management Information Base for Network Management of TCP/IP-based internets: MIB-Ⅱ. RFC 1213. March 1991
[20] K.C. Claffy, D. McRobb. Measurement and visualization of Internet Connectivity and Performance. CAIDA. Skitter. http://www.caida.org/TOOLS/measurement/skitter/
[21] Paul Barford, Azer Bestavros, John Byers, Mark Crovella. On the Marginal Utility of Network Topology Measurements. In: ACM SIGCOMM Internet Measurement Workshop 2001, October 2001
[22] 徐大海，黄健强，吴克喜，白英彩．基于OSPF的网络拓扑搜索．计算机工程与科学，1999，21(6)：17～21
[23] Bruce Lowekamp, David R. O'Hallaron, Thomas R. Gross. Topology Discovery for Large Ethernet Networks. In: Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM 2001. San Diego, California, ACM Press, August 2001
[24] 郑海，张国清．物理网络拓扑发现算法的研究．计算机研究与发展，2002，39(3)：264～268
[25] E Decker, P. Langille, A. Rijsinghani et al. Definitions of Managed Objects for Bridges. RFC 1493. July 1993
[26] CiscoWorks. http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/cc/pd/wr2k/
[27] HP Openview. http://www.openview.hp.com.cn/
[28] Tivoli NetView. http://www.tivoli.com/
[29] B. Lowerkamp, N. Miller, D. Sutherland, T. Gross, P. Steenkiste, J. Subhlok.A Resource Query Interface for Network-aware Application. Cluster Computing, 1999, 2(2): 139～151
[30] N. Miller, P. Steenkiste. Collecting Network Status Information for Network-aware Application. In: Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2000, Tel-Aviv, Israel, IEEE, March 2000
[31] J. Schonwalder and H. Langendorfer. How To Keep Track of Your Network Configuration. In: Proceedings 7th Conference on Large Installation System Administration (LISA Ⅶ), Monterey California, November 1993
[32] 张勇，张德运，李刚．网络拓扑发现的主动探测技术的研究和实现．小型微型计算机系统，2000，21(8)：792～794
[33] K. Obraczka, G. Gheorghiu. The Performance of a Service for Network-aware Application. In: Proceedings of the ACM Sigmetrics SPDT'98, Welches, Oregon, USA, August 1998
[34] S. Jamin, C. Jin, Y. Jin, D. Raz, Y. Shavitt, and L. Zhang. On the placement of Internet instrumentation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2000, Tel-Aviv, Israel, IEEE, March 2000
[35] Wolfgang Theilmann, Kurt Rothermel. Dynamic Distance Maps of the Internet. In: Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE INFOCOM Conference, Tel Aviv, Israel, March 2000
[36] 徐斌，王磊，陆月明，邵书毅．基于IP协议TTL的网络拓扑搜索算法．微型机及应用，2000年第7期：31～32
[37] 李佳，石冰心，喻莉．面向网络配置的拓扑发现技术研究．计算机工程与应用，1998，12：23～25
[38] Mani Subramanian．网络管理—原理与实践(影印版)．北京：高等教育出版社，2001
[39] M. Rose, K. McCloghrie. Structure and Identification of Management Information for TCP/IP-based Internets. RFC 1155. May 1990
[40] ISO/IEC 15802-3 Information technology-Telecommunications and information exchange between systems-Local and metropolitan area networks-Common specifications-Part 3: Media Access Control (MAC) bridges (also ANSI/IEEE Std 802.1D-1998), 1998
[41] 郭瑜茹，张斌，石冰心．VLAN拓扑发现算法研究．计算机研究与发展，1999，36(6)：745～750
[42] MG-SOFT Corporation. MIB Browser. http://www.mg-soft.com/mgMibB rowserPE.html
[43] Network Associates Inc. Sniffer. http://www.nai.com/international/china/products/sniffer.asp
[44] Microsoft Corporation. MSDN library, July 2000
[45] 高宝华，古华茂，成锐．用WinSNMP开发网络管理应用软件．计算机应用，2002，22(12)：105～107