宏观卫生经济学的理论与实践研究
摘要
一、研究背景与研究目的
目前,卫生服务物品社会生产效率不能够满足居民的健康需要;卫生服务物品社会分配的不公平极大地影响着居民健康状况的不平等。这些问题,必须得立足于国家或者地区整体社会才能够最大程度地解决。现有的卫生经济学理论,属于微观范畴,不能够担当此重任。因此,有必要开发用于解决卫生服务物品社会生产效率和社会分配公平问题的宏观理论。本课题研究的目的就是创建宏观卫生经济学学科。
二、研究内容与技术路线
本课题研究内容有八个方面,①宏观卫生经济学的理论支撑体系;②宏观卫生经济学的基础理论探讨;③卫生服务物品生产和分配的结构及其运行规则;④国际卫生经济制度比较研究;⑤我国改革开放以来宏观卫生经济政策的实践;⑥宏观卫生经济政策的理论研究;⑦我国未来宏观卫生经济政策的框架;⑧宏观卫生经济学发展前景展望。
研究技术路线是,①学习理论文献,利用逻辑推理的方法,对研究对象进行分析,综合,演绎,归纳,借用制度经济学、宏观经济学、卫生经济学、社会学、社会医学等学科的理论,构建宏观卫生经济学理论框架。②查阅政府统计文献,按照理论研究开发的分析框架,验证有关卫生服务物品社会生产效率与社会分配公平的理论假说。③将理论规范分析与数据实证分析结合在一起,开发用于实践工作的宏观卫生经济政策框架。
三、研究方法
本课题的理论研究部分应用规范分析方法,实践研究部分采用实证分析方法。用逻辑的规范分析方法提出理论,用数据的实证分析方法验证理论。
四、研究结果
①在宏观卫生经济学的理论支撑体系研究方面,阐述了系统论、卫生事业管理学、卫生经济学、社会医学、制度经济学、人力资本理论、福利经济学、宏观经济学、社会学、公平理论,“人民健康优先”理念和人本主义经济学等学科理论在创建和发展宏观卫生经济学学科过程中可能起到的作用。同时,指出了其中的一些理论在解决卫生服务物品社会生产效率和社会分配公平问题时的不足之处,对此进行了修正发展。
②在宏观卫生经济学的基础理论方面,我们提出了劳动交易价值论、社会合作竞争理论,论述了社会合作竞争理论与罗尔斯主义公正理论的联系,阐明了这些理论构建宏观卫生经济学的作用。
③在宏观卫生经济学的微观基础方面,论述了卫生服务物品生产和分配的结构及其运行规则。
④在国际卫生经济制度比较研究方面,我们选择美国与英国为样本,根据社会合作竞争理论规定的框架,进行了卫生经济制度比较研究。得出结论,英国卫生计划体制的效率和公平程度低,美国卫生市场体制的效率和公平程度高。以卫生计划经济制度为基础的社会合作不能够达致卫生效率和公平;以卫生市场经济制度为基础的社会合作能够达致卫生效率和公平。
⑤在我国改革开放以来宏观卫生经济政策实践研究方面,调查发现,今天中国的卫生经济制度是卫生计划经济制度,还不是卫生市场经济制度,虽然整个卫生系统置身于正在逐渐成熟的市场经济制度之中;数据证明,我国宏观卫生经济政策的社会效率低下,社会公平程度低下。经过理论规范分析,我们认为,在提高居民健康水平、改善居民健康公平性的道路上,应该选择卫生市场经济制度,而不应该实行卫生计划经济制度。
⑥在宏观卫生经济政策的理论研究方面,我们做了理论分析,卫生财政政策资助经济主体的顺序应该是公共卫生服务物品生产和分配机构,医疗保障机构,患者,医生,医疗机构。应该向国有医疗机构和其他非营利医疗机构征收税收;应该实行差别税率,以调节医疗服务物品结构和区域卫生事业发展速度,促进社区卫生服务工作发展。我国现阶段应该制定有效的宏观卫生经济政策,促进卫生总费用增长,合理调整卫生总费用的结构,增进社会健康资本数量和质量,以此促进国内生产总值的增长。
⑦根据以上理论规范研究和数据实证研究结果,在社会合作竞争理论规定的范围内,我们设计了我国未来宏观卫生经济政策的框架。
⑧宏观卫生经济学发展前景展望。在前面研究的基础上,我们提出了宏观卫生经济学的研究领域和研究方向。
五、研究创新
1.劳动交易价值论;
2.社会合作竞争理论;
3.社会公平决定社会效率、公平与效率统一于公正的理论论断;
4.衡量社会平等程度的平等系数X系数;
5.修正的帕累托原理,帕累托最优状态也是最公平状态的结论;
6.卫生事业性质公域性理论。
六、研究不足之处:
1.规范研究结论还需要实践验证。
2.实证研究范围还需要扩大。
ⅠResearch background and objective
Now, the social production efficiency of the health service goods does not catch up people’s health need; the social distribution unfairness of the health service goods influence people health inequality extremely. These problems will be resolved at biggest degree, only if they are based on the whole society of the nation or the region. The existing health economics theories which belong to microscopic category can't take this heavy responsibility enough. Therefore, it is necessary to develop macroscopic theories that resolve the problems of social production efficiency and social distribution fairness of the health service product. The objective of the research is to establish the macro-health-economics subject.
ⅡResearch content and technic route
The research covers eight parts: first, the theory system supporting macro-health-economics system; second, the foundation theories of the macro-health-economics; third, the microscopic foundation of the macro-health-economics; fourth, the international health economic system comparison research; fifth, the study of our country macroscopic health economic policy practice since reform and open; sixth, the theory research of the macroscopic health economic policy; seventh, the future macroscopic health economic policy framework of our country; eighth, the macro-health-economics development prospect.
The research technic route is: first, study theoretic literatures, make use of logic inferential methods to analyze, to synthesize, to deduce and to induce the research objects. By the theory of institutional economics, macroeconomics, health economics, sociology, social medicine, etc., build the theory framework of macro-health-economics. Second, according to the analysis framework developed by the research, consult governmental statistic data; prove the theoretic hypothesis of health service goods social production efficiency and social distribution fairness. Third, combine the theoretic normative analysis with the data-based positive analysis to develop the future macroscopic health economic policy framework.
ⅢResearch methods
In the theoretic analysis parts of the research, we make use of normative analysis methods; while in the practice investigation parts, adopt the positive analysis methods. By the logical normative analysis methods, bring forward the theory. By the data-based positive analysis methods, prove the theory.
ⅣResults
The first, in the theory system supporting the macro-health-economics, we expound the function of some studies and theories to propping up the macro-health-economics in the process of creating and developing the macro-health-economics. These studies and theories are the system theory, the health service management, the health economics, the social medicine, the institutional economics, the manpower capital theory, the welfare economics, the macroeconomics, sociology, the fairness theory, the "the people health is superior to others”ideal, and the human-centered economics etc. In the meantime, when these studies and theories resolve the problems of social production efficiency and social distribution fairness of the health service product, we pointed out some errors of them and revised the errors or developed the theories.
The second, in the foundation theory aspect of macro-health-economics, we put forward a labor transaction axiology, a social cooperation-competition theory, discussed the relationship of a social cooperation-competition theory with the John Rawls’s fairness theory and clarified the function of these theories to set up the macro-health-economics.
The third, the microscopic foundation of the macro-health-economics is the structure of health service goods production and distribution, and its operation rules.
The fourth, for the international health economic system comparison research, according to the framework ruled by social cooperation-competition theory, we chose the United States and Britain as samples to make a comparison research on the health economic system. The conclusion is that: the efficiency and fairness degree of the British health plan system are lower, while the efficiency and fairness degree of the American health market system are higher. it is improbable that the social cooperation which is based on health planned economy system attains to health efficiency and fairness; it is probable that the social cooperation which is based on health market economy system attains to health efficiency and fairness.
The fifth, in the study of our country macroscopic health economic policy practice since reform and open, the investigation result is, that the health economy system of China is the health planned economy system; and it is not yet a health market economy system, although the whole health system is marinated in the gradually ripe market economy system. The data has proved that the social efficiency and fairness of our country’s macroscopic health economic policy is lower. Combining with theoretic normative analysis, we deem that, on the road to elevate people health level and to improve people health fairness, should select the health market economy system, but should not put into practice health planned economy system.
The sixth, in the theory research of the macroscopic health economic policy, our conclusions are that: the sequence of the economic subjects who is subsidized by health fiscal policy should be the public health service goods production and distribution organization, the hospitalization insurance organization, the patient, the doctor and the medical organization; the tax should be collected from the national medical organization and other not-for-profit medical organization, and the differential tax rates should be implemented, to adjust medical service goods structure and region health service developing speed, to improve the community health service development. Currently, our country should institute valid macroscopic health economic policy, promote health expenditure growth, reasonably adjust health expenditure structure, improve the quantity and quality of social health capital, so as to promote the growth of gross domestic product.
The seventh, according to the above theoretic normative research and data-dependent positive research results, in the area ruled by the social cooperation-competition theory, we have designed our country’s future macroscopic health economic policy framework.
The eighth, we forecast the macro-health-economics development prospect. On the foundation of the above research, the research realm and the research direction of the macro-health-economics have been put forward.
ⅤResearch creations
In the research, the main creations are the labor transaction axiology; the social cooperation-competition theory; the theory judgement that the social fairness determine the social efficiency and that the social fairness and the social efficiency were unified to the social justice; the equality coefficient (X coefficient) which measured the social fairness degree; the corrected Pareto principle, and the theory conclusion that Pareto-optimal state is the most fairness state; and the public domain theory of the health industry nature, etc.
ⅥResearch deficiencies
Certainly, our research report has also two deficiencies.First, the conclusion of normative analysis needs the confirmation of practice. Second, the area of positive analysis should be expanded.
目前,卫生服务物品社会生产效率不能够满足居民的健康需要;卫生服务物品社会分配的不公平极大地影响着居民健康状况的不平等。这些问题,必须得立足于国家或者地区整体社会才能够最大程度地解决。现有的卫生经济学理论,属于微观范畴,不能够担当此重任。因此,有必要开发用于解决卫生服务物品社会生产效率和社会分配公平问题的宏观理论。本课题研究的目的就是创建宏观卫生经济学学科。
二、研究内容与技术路线
本课题研究内容有八个方面,①宏观卫生经济学的理论支撑体系;②宏观卫生经济学的基础理论探讨;③卫生服务物品生产和分配的结构及其运行规则;④国际卫生经济制度比较研究;⑤我国改革开放以来宏观卫生经济政策的实践;⑥宏观卫生经济政策的理论研究;⑦我国未来宏观卫生经济政策的框架;⑧宏观卫生经济学发展前景展望。
研究技术路线是,①学习理论文献,利用逻辑推理的方法,对研究对象进行分析,综合,演绎,归纳,借用制度经济学、宏观经济学、卫生经济学、社会学、社会医学等学科的理论,构建宏观卫生经济学理论框架。②查阅政府统计文献,按照理论研究开发的分析框架,验证有关卫生服务物品社会生产效率与社会分配公平的理论假说。③将理论规范分析与数据实证分析结合在一起,开发用于实践工作的宏观卫生经济政策框架。
三、研究方法
本课题的理论研究部分应用规范分析方法,实践研究部分采用实证分析方法。用逻辑的规范分析方法提出理论,用数据的实证分析方法验证理论。
四、研究结果
①在宏观卫生经济学的理论支撑体系研究方面,阐述了系统论、卫生事业管理学、卫生经济学、社会医学、制度经济学、人力资本理论、福利经济学、宏观经济学、社会学、公平理论,“人民健康优先”理念和人本主义经济学等学科理论在创建和发展宏观卫生经济学学科过程中可能起到的作用。同时,指出了其中的一些理论在解决卫生服务物品社会生产效率和社会分配公平问题时的不足之处,对此进行了修正发展。
②在宏观卫生经济学的基础理论方面,我们提出了劳动交易价值论、社会合作竞争理论,论述了社会合作竞争理论与罗尔斯主义公正理论的联系,阐明了这些理论构建宏观卫生经济学的作用。
③在宏观卫生经济学的微观基础方面,论述了卫生服务物品生产和分配的结构及其运行规则。
④在国际卫生经济制度比较研究方面,我们选择美国与英国为样本,根据社会合作竞争理论规定的框架,进行了卫生经济制度比较研究。得出结论,英国卫生计划体制的效率和公平程度低,美国卫生市场体制的效率和公平程度高。以卫生计划经济制度为基础的社会合作不能够达致卫生效率和公平;以卫生市场经济制度为基础的社会合作能够达致卫生效率和公平。
⑤在我国改革开放以来宏观卫生经济政策实践研究方面,调查发现,今天中国的卫生经济制度是卫生计划经济制度,还不是卫生市场经济制度,虽然整个卫生系统置身于正在逐渐成熟的市场经济制度之中;数据证明,我国宏观卫生经济政策的社会效率低下,社会公平程度低下。经过理论规范分析,我们认为,在提高居民健康水平、改善居民健康公平性的道路上,应该选择卫生市场经济制度,而不应该实行卫生计划经济制度。
⑥在宏观卫生经济政策的理论研究方面,我们做了理论分析,卫生财政政策资助经济主体的顺序应该是公共卫生服务物品生产和分配机构,医疗保障机构,患者,医生,医疗机构。应该向国有医疗机构和其他非营利医疗机构征收税收;应该实行差别税率,以调节医疗服务物品结构和区域卫生事业发展速度,促进社区卫生服务工作发展。我国现阶段应该制定有效的宏观卫生经济政策,促进卫生总费用增长,合理调整卫生总费用的结构,增进社会健康资本数量和质量,以此促进国内生产总值的增长。
⑦根据以上理论规范研究和数据实证研究结果,在社会合作竞争理论规定的范围内,我们设计了我国未来宏观卫生经济政策的框架。
⑧宏观卫生经济学发展前景展望。在前面研究的基础上,我们提出了宏观卫生经济学的研究领域和研究方向。
五、研究创新
1.劳动交易价值论;
2.社会合作竞争理论;
3.社会公平决定社会效率、公平与效率统一于公正的理论论断;
4.衡量社会平等程度的平等系数X系数;
5.修正的帕累托原理,帕累托最优状态也是最公平状态的结论;
6.卫生事业性质公域性理论。
六、研究不足之处:
1.规范研究结论还需要实践验证。
2.实证研究范围还需要扩大。
ⅠResearch background and objective
Now, the social production efficiency of the health service goods does not catch up people’s health need; the social distribution unfairness of the health service goods influence people health inequality extremely. These problems will be resolved at biggest degree, only if they are based on the whole society of the nation or the region. The existing health economics theories which belong to microscopic category can't take this heavy responsibility enough. Therefore, it is necessary to develop macroscopic theories that resolve the problems of social production efficiency and social distribution fairness of the health service product. The objective of the research is to establish the macro-health-economics subject.
ⅡResearch content and technic route
The research covers eight parts: first, the theory system supporting macro-health-economics system; second, the foundation theories of the macro-health-economics; third, the microscopic foundation of the macro-health-economics; fourth, the international health economic system comparison research; fifth, the study of our country macroscopic health economic policy practice since reform and open; sixth, the theory research of the macroscopic health economic policy; seventh, the future macroscopic health economic policy framework of our country; eighth, the macro-health-economics development prospect.
The research technic route is: first, study theoretic literatures, make use of logic inferential methods to analyze, to synthesize, to deduce and to induce the research objects. By the theory of institutional economics, macroeconomics, health economics, sociology, social medicine, etc., build the theory framework of macro-health-economics. Second, according to the analysis framework developed by the research, consult governmental statistic data; prove the theoretic hypothesis of health service goods social production efficiency and social distribution fairness. Third, combine the theoretic normative analysis with the data-based positive analysis to develop the future macroscopic health economic policy framework.
ⅢResearch methods
In the theoretic analysis parts of the research, we make use of normative analysis methods; while in the practice investigation parts, adopt the positive analysis methods. By the logical normative analysis methods, bring forward the theory. By the data-based positive analysis methods, prove the theory.
ⅣResults
The first, in the theory system supporting the macro-health-economics, we expound the function of some studies and theories to propping up the macro-health-economics in the process of creating and developing the macro-health-economics. These studies and theories are the system theory, the health service management, the health economics, the social medicine, the institutional economics, the manpower capital theory, the welfare economics, the macroeconomics, sociology, the fairness theory, the "the people health is superior to others”ideal, and the human-centered economics etc. In the meantime, when these studies and theories resolve the problems of social production efficiency and social distribution fairness of the health service product, we pointed out some errors of them and revised the errors or developed the theories.
The second, in the foundation theory aspect of macro-health-economics, we put forward a labor transaction axiology, a social cooperation-competition theory, discussed the relationship of a social cooperation-competition theory with the John Rawls’s fairness theory and clarified the function of these theories to set up the macro-health-economics.
The third, the microscopic foundation of the macro-health-economics is the structure of health service goods production and distribution, and its operation rules.
The fourth, for the international health economic system comparison research, according to the framework ruled by social cooperation-competition theory, we chose the United States and Britain as samples to make a comparison research on the health economic system. The conclusion is that: the efficiency and fairness degree of the British health plan system are lower, while the efficiency and fairness degree of the American health market system are higher. it is improbable that the social cooperation which is based on health planned economy system attains to health efficiency and fairness; it is probable that the social cooperation which is based on health market economy system attains to health efficiency and fairness.
The fifth, in the study of our country macroscopic health economic policy practice since reform and open, the investigation result is, that the health economy system of China is the health planned economy system; and it is not yet a health market economy system, although the whole health system is marinated in the gradually ripe market economy system. The data has proved that the social efficiency and fairness of our country’s macroscopic health economic policy is lower. Combining with theoretic normative analysis, we deem that, on the road to elevate people health level and to improve people health fairness, should select the health market economy system, but should not put into practice health planned economy system.
The sixth, in the theory research of the macroscopic health economic policy, our conclusions are that: the sequence of the economic subjects who is subsidized by health fiscal policy should be the public health service goods production and distribution organization, the hospitalization insurance organization, the patient, the doctor and the medical organization; the tax should be collected from the national medical organization and other not-for-profit medical organization, and the differential tax rates should be implemented, to adjust medical service goods structure and region health service developing speed, to improve the community health service development. Currently, our country should institute valid macroscopic health economic policy, promote health expenditure growth, reasonably adjust health expenditure structure, improve the quantity and quality of social health capital, so as to promote the growth of gross domestic product.
The seventh, according to the above theoretic normative research and data-dependent positive research results, in the area ruled by the social cooperation-competition theory, we have designed our country’s future macroscopic health economic policy framework.
The eighth, we forecast the macro-health-economics development prospect. On the foundation of the above research, the research realm and the research direction of the macro-health-economics have been put forward.
ⅤResearch creations
In the research, the main creations are the labor transaction axiology; the social cooperation-competition theory; the theory judgement that the social fairness determine the social efficiency and that the social fairness and the social efficiency were unified to the social justice; the equality coefficient (X coefficient) which measured the social fairness degree; the corrected Pareto principle, and the theory conclusion that Pareto-optimal state is the most fairness state; and the public domain theory of the health industry nature, etc.
ⅥResearch deficiencies
Certainly, our research report has also two deficiencies.First, the conclusion of normative analysis needs the confirmation of practice. Second, the area of positive analysis should be expanded.
引文
[1]贝塔朗菲.关于一般系统论.见:庞元正,李建华.系统论、控制论、信息论经典文献选编.北京:求实出版社,1989年.7～21.
[2]贝塔朗菲.一般系统论的意义.见:庞元正,李建华.系统论、控制论、信息论经典文献选编.北京:求实出版社,1989年.56～58.
[3]乔治·J·克利尔.一般系统论.见:亚当·库珀,杰西卡·库珀.社会科学百科全书.1985年版.上海:上海译文出版社,1989年.302～303
[4] Stephen j. Wiliams,Stephen j. Wiliams.Introduction to health services (6th edition).New York: Thomson Delmar learning,2002.
[5]梁万年,郝模.卫生事业管理学.北京:人民卫生出版社,2003年.
[6] Paul J. Feldstein.Health care economics(6th edition) .New York: Thomson Delmar learning,2005.
[7]程晓明,罗五金,等.卫生经济学.北京:人民卫生出版社,2003年.
[8]卢祖询,肖水源,张拓红,等.社会医学.北京:科学出版社,2003年.
[9]康芒斯.制度经济学.中文版.丁树生.北京:商务印书馆,1997年. pp86—87.
[10]诺思.经济学的一场革命.见:(法)克劳德·梅纳尔.制度、契约与组织——从新制度经济学角度的透视.刘刚,冯健,杨其静,等.北京:经济科学出版社,2003年. 48.
[11]诺思.绪论.见:(美)约翰·N·德勒巴克,约翰·V·C·奈.新制度经济学前沿——从新制度经济学角度的透视.张宇燕,等.北京:经济科学出版社,2003年. 10--19.
[12] C.Mantzavinos. Individuals, institutions, and markets. Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 2001. 66
[13]科斯.新制度经济学.见:(法)克劳德·梅纳尔.制度、契约与组织——从新制度经济学角度的透视.刘刚,冯健,杨其静,等.北京:经济科学出版社,2003年. 10--11
[14] Biography of Theodore William Schultz (1902-98),in:David R. Henderson. The concise encyclopedia of economics. 1993. http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Schultz.html
[15] Gary S. Becker. Human Capital. in: David R. Henderson. The concise encyclopedia of economics. 1993. http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Becker.html
[16] David C.Colander. Economics. 4th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin,2000.
[17] David C.Colander. Economics. 4th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin,2000. 539
[18] Michael Grossman. The Human Capital Model Of The Demand For Health. NBER Working Paper No. 7078 , April 1999.. JELNo. I10 ,http://www.nber.org/papers/w7078, 2.
[19] Michael Grossman. On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health. The Journal of Political Economy. Vol. 80, No. 2 (Mar. - Apr., 1972), 223-255. http://uk.j stor.org/, Wed Apr 7 06:24:05 2004
[20] Michael Grossman. The Human Capital Model Of The Demand For Health. NBER Working Paper No. 7078 , April 1999 , JELNo. I10 ,http://www.nber.org/papers/w7078
[21] Michael Grossman. The Human Capital Model Of The Demand For Health. NBER Working Paper No. 7078 , April 1999 , JELNo. I10 ,http://www.nber.org/papers/w7078 , 43～59
[22] Michael Grossman. On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health. The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 80, No. 2 (Mar. - Apr., 1972), 223-255. http://uk.j stor.org/, Wed Apr 7 06:24:05 2004
[23] Michael Grossman. The Human Capital Model Of The Demand For Health. NBER Working Paper No. 7078 , April 1999 , JELNo. I10 ,http://www.nber.org/papers/w7078
[24]黄有光.福利经济学.北京:中国友谊出版社,1991年. 2～6
[25] Richard E. Just, Darrell L. Hueth, Andrew Schmitz. The welfare economics of public policy: a practical approach to project and policy evaluation. Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. 2004.
[26]黄有光.福利经济学.北京:中国友谊出版社,1991年. 1
[27] William Sweet. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832). in:The internet encyclopedia of philosophy. http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/bentham.htm 2007-1-11
[28] Jeremy Bentham. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation.中南财经政法大学法学院图书馆,http://fxylib.znufe.edu.cn/wgfljd/道德与立法原理导论/ ,2007-1-11
[29] 29(John R. Hicks. The foundations of welfare economics. The Economic journal. 1939, 49(196): 696-712)
[30] Richard E. Just, Darrell L. Hueth, Andrew Schmitz. The welfare economics of public policy: a practical approach to project and policy evaluation.Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. 2004.
[31] Stiglitz,Joseph E. Information and economic analysis: a perspective. Economic Journal, 95(conference papers supplement): 31
[32] World health organization. Working together for health--the world health report 2006.Geneva: World health organization, 2006. 184
[33]卫生部卫生经济研究所. 2005中国卫生总费用研究报告.第1页
[34] Beth B. Hess, Elizabeth W. Markson,Peter J. Stein.Sociology third edition.New York: Macmillan publishing company 1988. 1-49
[35]〔美〕威廉·科克汉姆.医学社会学.中文版(第七版).杨辉,张拓红.北京:华夏出版社,2000
[36]胡继春.医学社会学.武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2005年
[37] Beth B. Hess, Elizabeth W. Markson,Peter J. Stein.Sociology third edition.New York: Macmillan publishing company 1988. 161-190
[38] Jeremy Bentham. A FRAGMENT ON GOVERNMENT. http://www.ecn.bris.ac.uk/ het/ bentham/government.htm,2007-1-25;中南财经政法大学法学院图书馆,http://fxylib.znufe.edu.cn/new/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=4277 ,2007-1-25
[39] John Rawls. a theory of justice. revised edition. Haverd university press, sixth printing, 2003,263-267
[40] World Health Organization. Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for Economic Deve lopment--Report of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health. Geneva: World Health Organization, 20 December 2001. http://www3.who.int/whosis/ cmh/cmh_report/ report.cfm?path=whosis,cmh,cmh_report&language=english
[41] The Commission on Macroeconomics and Health (CMH). Evidence and Information for Policy: Overview. World Health Organization. 5 November 2001, http://www.who.int/ macrohealth /en/CMH-overview.Summary.pdf
[42] World Health Organization. Declaration, The 2nd Consultation on Macroeconomics and Health, Increasing Investments in Health Outcomes for the Poor, 28-30 October 2003,http://www.who.int/macrohealth/events/health_for_poor/en/declaration_english_cover.pdf
[43]姚岚.宏观卫生政策的理论研究和实践:〔博士学位论文〕。武汉:华中科技大学图书馆,2004.
[44] (美)马克·A·卢兹,(美)肯尼思·勒克斯.人本主义经济学的挑战.中文版(第一版).王立宇,栾宏琼,王红雨.成都:西南财经大学出版社,2003年4月. 27～28
[45]陈惠雄.人本经济学原理.上海:上海财经大学出版社,1999年4月. 74
[46] (美)马克·A·卢兹,(美)肯尼思·勒克斯.人本主义经济学的挑战.中文版(第一版).王立宇,栾宏琼,王红雨.成都:西南财经大学出版社,2003年4月. 151～153
[47] (美)马克·A·卢兹,(美)肯尼思·勒克斯.人本主义经济学的挑战.中文版(第一版).王立宇,栾宏琼,王红雨.成都:西南财经大学出版社,2003年4月. 4～5
[48]康芒斯.制度经济学.中文版.丁树生.北京:商务印书馆,1997. 21～52
[49]康芒斯.制度经济学.中文版.丁树生.北京:商务印书馆, 1997. 219～220
[50]乔治·拉姆赛.论财富的分配.中文版.李任初.北京:商务印书馆,1984.21～42
[51] C.Mantzavinos. Individuals, institutions, and markets. Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 2001. 73
[52] (英)亚当·斯密.国民财富的性质和原因的研究.中文版(第一版).郭大力,王亚南.北京:商务印书馆,1972年12月.28～29
[53] Beth B.Hess, Elizabeth W.Markson, Peter J.Stein. Sociology. Third Edition. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1988.62～63
[54] (德)柯武刚,史漫飞.制度经济学——社会秩序与公共政策.中文版.韩朝化.北京:商务印书馆,2003.593～600
[55] John Locke. Two treatises of government. Edited with an introduction and notes by Peter Laslett .剑桥政治思想史原著系列(影印本).北京:中国政法大学出版社,2003年5月.287～288
[56] (英)洛克.政府论下篇――论政府的真正起源、范围和目的.叶启芳,瞿菊农.北京:商务印书馆,1996年.19
[57]康芒斯.制度经济学.中文版.丁树生.北京:商务印书馆,1997. 11
[58]康芒斯.制度经济学.中文版.丁树生.北京:商务印书馆, 1997. 11—12
[59]凡勃伦.有闲阶级论——制度的经济研究.中文版(第1版).蔡受百.北京:商务印书馆,1964年8月. 138—139
[60]康芒斯.制度经济学.中文版.丁树生.北京:商务印书馆,1997.73～74
[61]康芒斯.制度经济学.中文版.丁树生.北京:商务印书馆, 1997.86—87
[62]诺思.经济学的一场革命.见:(法)克劳德·梅纳尔.制度、契约与组织——从新制度经济学角度的透视,刘刚,冯健,杨其静,等.北京:经济科学出版社,2003年. 48
[63]科斯.新制度经济学.见:(法)克劳德·梅纳尔.制度、契约与组织——从新制度经济学角度的透视,刘刚,冯健,杨其静,等.北京:经济科学出版社,2003年. 10--11
[64]诺思.绪论.见:(美)约翰·N·德勒巴克,约翰·V·C·奈.新制度经济学前沿——从新制度经济学角度的透视.张宇燕,等.北京:经济科学出版社,2003年. 10--19
[65]李露亮,李露钢.制度经济学—原始积累与制度变迁研究.郑州:黄河水利出版社,2000年.63-145
[66] Axel Leijonhufvud. Capitalism and the factory system. in: Richard N.Langlois. Economics as a process :essay in the new institutional economics. Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 1986. 204-205
[67] Davids.landes. The wealth and poverty of nations: why some are so rich and some so poor. New York: W.W.Norton & company, 1999. 214-215
[68] (德)弗里德里希·李斯特.政治经济学的自然体系.杨春学.北京:商务印书馆,1997. 129-141
[69]道格拉斯·C·诺思,巴里·R·温格斯特.宪法与承诺:17世纪英格兰治理公共选择制度的演进.见:Lee J. Alston, Thrainn Eggertsson, Douglass C. North eds.制度变革的经验研究.中文版.罗仲伟.北京:经济科学出版社,2003.157-194
[70] David Romer. Advanced macroeconomics.2nd ed. New York: McGraw-hil,2001. 5-28
[71] David Romer. Advanced macroeconomics.2nd ed. New York: McGraw-hil,2001. 98-161
[72] (英)波普尔.客观知识.中文版(第一版).舒炜光,卓如飞,等.上海:上海译文出版社,2001年11月. 274
[73] Karl R. Popper. Objective Knowledge: an evolutionary approach. Oxford University Press, 1992, 261
[74] C.Mantzavinos. Individuals, institutions, and markets. Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 2001.69-70
[75] C.Mantzavinos. Individuals, institutions, and markets. Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 2001.9
[76] C.Mantzavinos. Individuals, institutions, and markets. Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 2001.65-160
[77] C.Mantzavinos. Individuals, institutions, and markets. Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 2001. 66
[78] Austin M Chinhengo. Essential jurisprudence. 2nd ed.武汉:武汉大学出版社,2004.69-75.
[79]朱锡莹,杨文士.管理学原理.北京:人民卫生出版社,1986. 157
[80] (美)科克汉姆(Cockerham,W.C.).医学社会学.中文版.杨辉,张拓红.北京:华夏出版社,2000年.52～58
[81]王宇.中国封建社会土地私有产权演进下的集权和分权.见:黄少安.制度经济学研究(第三辑).北京:经济科学出版社,2004. 198-219.
[82] http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/D/1601-1650/plymouth/compac.htm, 2006年1月29日星期日
[83] J?rgen Weibull. Presentation Speech. http://nobelprize.org/ nobel_prizes/ economics/laureates/ 2005/presentation-speech.html 2007-03-22
[84] John Rawls. a theory of justice,revised edition. Haverd university press, sixth printing, 2003
[85] John Rawls. a theory of justice,revised edition, Haverd university press, sixth printing, 2003,263-267
[86] Beth B.Hess, Elizabeth W.Markson, Peter J.Stein. Sociology. Third Edition. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1988.
[87] Executive Yuan, Republic of China. The Fruits of Economic Development. http://www.roc-taiwan.de/info/ecobook_e/efruit7.htm. 2006-4-15
[88] Source: The 1995 Survey Report on Family Income and Expenditures in the Taiwan Area, Republic of China (in Chinese). Taipei: Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, Republic of China.
[89]南方日报.穷人的后代还是穷人?.http://www.nanfangdaily.com. cn/southnews/ jwxy/200602100163.asp 2006-02-10 09:22:44
[90] Alasdair Macon, Briefcase on Medicare Law Courts(影印本),武汉:武汉大学出版社,2004.6,14～19
[91]国务院发展研究中心课题组.对中国医疗卫生体制改革的评价与建议(概要与重点),中国发展评论,2005年3月,增刊1期。http://guancha.gmw.cn /uploadfile /2005-8/23/2005823212826925.DOC,2006-6-8。
[92]董伟,2006年《医疗卫生绿皮书》认为“市场化”只是医改不成功的次要原因主要原因是没有正确有效地发挥政府主导作用,中国青年报http://zqb.cyol.com/content/2006-05/23/content_1392856.htm,2006-6-17
[93]李玲.北大课题组宿迁医改调研报告.中国青年报/2006年/6月/22日/第007版
[94]魏凤春.宿迁市医疗卫生体制改革考察报告. http://weifengchun.blog.sohu.com /25232459.html,2007-3-25
[95] Linda F. McCaig, Catharine W. Burt. Division of Health Care Statistics,National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2003 Emergency Department Summary , Number 358 + May 26, 2005 ,http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad358.pdf, 2006-7-17
[96] Catharine W. Burt, Linda F. McCaig, Elizabeth A. Rechtsteiner, Division of Health Care Statistics,National center for Health Statistics, Ambulatory Medical Care Utilization Estimates for 2004, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd /hestats/estimates2004/ estimates04. htm,2006-7-11
[97] U.K. Office for National Statistics, http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=6,2006年7月21日
[98] U.S. Census Bureau http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/population/pop.pdf ,2006年7月21日
[99]英国卫生部.Our health, our care, our say: a new direction for community services, Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Health by Command of Her Majesty. January 2006. 18 ,http://www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/12/74/59/04127459.pdf 2006年6月16日
[100] U.S. center for Medicare & Medicaid services http://www.cms.hhs.gov/MedicaidGenInfo/ 2006年7月26日
[101] The White House. President Signs Medicare Legislation http://www.whitehouse.gov/news /releases/2003/12/20031208-2.html, 2006年7月16日
[102] The White House. Strengthening Medicare:a framework to modernize and improve Medicare. http://www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/medicare/index.html, 2006年7月16日
[103] Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services. U.S. http://www.cms.hhs.gov/ LowCost HealthInsFamChild/; http://www.cms.hhs.gov/LowCostHealthInsFamChild/02_InsureKidsNow.asp#TopOfPage;2006年8月3日
[104] U.S. Department of health and human services.“Health, United States, 2005”, 36, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus05.pdf, 2006年7月17日
[105] Robin A. Cohen, Michael E. Martinez. Health Insurance Coverage: Estimatesfrom the National Health Interview Survey, 2005. Division of Health Interview Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics. 11 - 13 , http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data /nhis/earlyrelease/insur 200606.pdf, 2006年7月18日
[106] Black D, Morris J, Smith C, Townsend P. Inequalities in health: report of a Research Working Group. London: Department of Health and Social Security, 1980.
[107] Department of health, UK. Background about the health inequalities programme.http://www. dh.gov.uk/en/Policyandguidance/Healthandsocialcaretopics/Healthinequalities/DH_064031
[108] (美)科可汉姆.医学社会学.中文版.杨辉,张拓红,等.北京:华夏出版社,2000年,52～58
[109] Donald Acheson. Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health Report. http://www.archive. official-documents.co.uk/document/doh/ih/ih.htm, Prepared 26 November 1998
[110] Department of health, UK. Life Expectancy. http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/ Policyandguidance/ Healthandsocialcaretopics/Healthinequalities/Healthinequalitiesguidancepublications/DH_064240, 2007-03-25
[111] Department of health, UK. Infant Mortality. http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/ Policyandguidance/ Healthandsocialcaretopics/Healthinequalities/Healthinequalitiesguidancepublications/DH_064261,2007-03-25
[112]劳动和社会保障部,国家统计局. 2005年度劳动和社会保障事业发展统计公报. http://www.molss.gov.cn/gb/zwxx/2006-06/12/content_119277.htm ,2006-10-17
[113]卫生部统计信息中心. 2005年中国卫生事业发展情况统计公报.中华人民共和国卫生部网站, www.moh.gov.cn 2006-10-17
[114]《国务院批准卫生部关于允许个体开业行医问题的请示报告(一九八0年八月二十四日)》,中国政府法制信息网,http://www.chinalaw.gov.cn/ jsp/jalor/ disptext.jsp?recno =312&&ttlrec=400, 2006-10-29
[115]中华人民共和国卫生部. 2006年中国卫生统计提要, www.moh.gov.cn, 2006-04-18
[116]国务院批转卫生部关于解决医院赔本问题的报告的通知(一九八一年二月二十七日),中国政府法制信息网,http://www.chinalaw.gov.cn/
[117]国家计委、卫生部印发关于改革医疗服务价格管理的意见的通知(计价格〔2000〕962号) ,江苏省卫生厅网站, http://www.jswst.gov.cn/dfnewsdisplay.php?newsid=371 2006-9-28
[118]国务院批转国家计委关于改进计划体制的若干暂行规定的通知(1984年10月4日),中国政府法制信息网,http://www.chinalaw.gov.cn/,2006-10-30
[119]国务院发展研究中心课题组.对中国医疗卫生体制改革的评价与建议(概要与重点) .中国发展评论, 2005年3月,增刊1期。http://guancha.gmw.cn/uploadfile/ 2005-8/23/ 2005823212826925.DOC ,2006-6-8。
[120]国务院办公厅转发国务院体改办等部门关于城镇医药卫生体制改革指导意见的通知(国办发[2000]16号),中国人口网,http://www.chinapop.gov.cn/flfg /xgflfg/t20040326 _30760.htm,2006-9-29
[121]财政部、国家计委、卫生部关于印发《关于卫生事业补助政策的意见》的通知(财社〔2 0 0 0〕1 7号) ,广东省财政厅网站,http://www.gdczt.gov.cn/browse. jsp?idlib=01 &codeclass =0701 2006-9-28
[122]国家计委、卫生部印发关于改革医疗服务价格管理的意见的通知(计价格〔2000〕962号) ,江苏省卫生厅网站, http://www.jswst.gov.cn/dfnewsdisplay.php?newsid=371 2006-9-28
[123]卫生部,财政部《医院药品收支两条线管理暂行办法》,广西卫生信息网, http://www.gxws.gov.cn/2005/6-2/10521636796.htm ,2006-9-28
[124]财政部、国家计委、卫生部、中医药局,关于印发《关于完善城镇医疗机构补偿机制、落实补偿政策的若干意见》的通知(财社〔2001〕60号),广东省财政厅网站, http://www.gdczt.gov.cn/browse.jsp?idlib=01&codeclass=0701 2006-9-28
[125]财政部,国家计委,卫生部.关于印发《关于农村卫生事业补助政策的若干意见》的通知,广东省财政厅网站, http://www.gdczt.gov.cn/browse.jsp?idlib=01&codeclass=0701, 2006-9-28
[126] World Bank. World Development Report 1993 Investing in Health. New York:Oxford University Press, 1993. 68
[127]李卫平.中国经济体制改革与卫生改革.卫生经济研究,2001.1:4～6
[128]李利,万红,肖云昌,等.乡镇卫生院管理体制与运行机制研究.卫生经济研究,2002.8:3～8
[129]贾莉英.公共财政框架下建立规范的卫生转移支付制度的必要性.中国卫生经济,2004.2:34～36
[130]贾莉英.卫生转移支付制度实施的主体与对象.中国卫生经济,2005.2:54～56
[131]贾莉英.我国建立卫生财政转移支付制度的模式选择.中国卫生经济,2005.3:58～60
[132]中国人口网, http://www.chinapop.gov.cn/flfg/xgflfg/t20040326_30760.htm,2006年8月20日
[133]国家税务总局, http://www.chinatax.gov.cn/view.jsp?code=200309241007358367,2006年8月20日
[134]中华人民共和国卫生部,http://www.moh.gov.cn/,2006年8月20日
[135]中华人民共和国卫生部. 2006年中国卫生统计提要. http://www.moh.gov.cn/ news/sub_index.aspx?tp_class=C3,2006年8月22日
[136]轩志东.卫生经济改革理论研究与实践.北京:石油工业出版社,2001年12月. 102
[137]保罗·萨缪尔森,威廉·诺得豪斯.经济学.第十六版.萧琛,等.北京:华夏出版社,1999年8月.240
[138]轩志东.卫生经济改革理论研究与实践.北京:石油工业出版社,2001年12月.98-102
[139]陈惠雄.人本经济学原理.上海:上海财经大学出版社,1999年4月. 74
[140]轩志东,卫生经济改革理论研究与实践.北京:石油工业出版社,2001.
[141] [德]柯武刚,史漫飞.制度经济学——社会秩序与公共政策.北京:商务印书馆,2003年11月. 215—230
[142]中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室.现代汉语词典〈2002年增补本〉.北京:商务印书馆,2002. 1332
[143] [德]柯武刚,史漫飞.制度经济学——社会秩序与公共政策.北京:商务印书馆,2003年11月. 236
[144]轩志东.卫生经济改革理论研究与实践.北京:石油工业出版社,2001年,102—103
[145] (美)萨缪尔森, [美]诺德豪斯.经济学.第十四版.胡代光,等.北京:北京经济学院出版社,1996年6月. 720～721
[146] [德]柯武刚,史漫飞.制度经济学——社会秩序与公共政策.北京:商务印书馆,2003年11月. 391
[147] [德]柯武刚,史漫飞.制度经济学——社会秩序与公共政策.北京:商务印书馆,2003年11月. 395
[148]姚先国,盛乐.关于社会资本与人力资本的理论思考.经济学动态,2003.2
[149]朱玲.健康投资与人力资本理论.经济学动态,2002.8
[150]姚岚.宏观卫生政策的理论研究和实践:〔博士学位论文〕。武汉:华中科技大学图书馆,2004. 61
[151] Jill Rachel Honvitz. Corporate Form of Hospitals: Behavior and Obligations:Dissertation for Doctor of Philosophy,Massachusetts: Harvard University Cambridge,July 2002 . 65-66,211-212
[152]卫生部卫生经济研究所. 2005中国卫生总费用研究报告,第6页
[1] World health organization. Background on CMH, http://www.who.int/macrohealth/background/en/
[2] World Health Organization. Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for Economic Development--Report of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health. Geneva: World Health Organization, 20 December 2001. http://www3.who.int/whosis/ cmh/cmh_report/ report.cfm?path=whosis,cmh, cmh_report&language=english
[3]杜乐勋.宏观卫生经济学基础. 1987年
[4] Markus Haacker. The Macroeconomics of HIV/AIDS. International Monetary Fund.November, 2004, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/aids/eng/index.htm
[5]新浪网.青年参考.中国的基尼系数已超警戒线. http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2005-06-22/14017016551.shtml
[6]人民网.时事观察.中国基尼系数已逼近0.47统筹公平与效率. http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/30178/3759688.html, 2005年10月12日04:12
[7]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴2004年. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/yb2004-c/indexch.htm
[8]英国卫生部, http://www.dh.gov.uk/AboutUs/HowDHWorks/ HistoryOfDH/HistoryOfDHArticle/fs/en? CONTENT_ID=4106107&chk=B43OKa
[9]英国卫生部.Our health, our care, our say: a new direction for community services. http://www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/12/74/59/04127459.pdf
[10] Black D, Morris J, Smith C, Townsend P. Inequalities in health: report of a Research Working Group. London: Department of Health and Social Security, 1980.
[11] Department of health, UK. Background about the health inequalities programme.http://www. dh.gov.uk/en/Policyandguidance/Healthandsocialcaretopics/Healthinequalities/DH_064031
[12] (美)科可汉姆.医学社会学.中文版.杨辉,张拓红,等.北京:华夏出版社,2000年,52～58
[13] Donald Acheson. Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health Report. http://www.archive. official-documents.co.uk/document/doh/ih/ih.htm, Prepared 26 November 1998
[14] Department of health, UK. Life Expectancy. http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/ Policyandguidance/ Healthandsocialcaretopics/Healthinequalities/Healthinequalitiesguidancepublications/DH_064240,
[15] Department of health, UK. Infant Mortality. http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/ Policyandguidance/ Healthandsocialcaretopics/Healthinequalities/Healthinequalitiesguidancepublications/DH_064261
[16] U.S. center for Medicare & Medicaid services http://www.cms.hhs.gov/MedicaidGenInfo/
[17] U.S. Whitehouse , President Signs Medicare Legislation ,http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/ releases/2003/12/20031208-2.html
[18] Richard E. Just, Darrell L. Hueth, Andrew Schmitz. The welfare economics ofpublic policy: a practical approach to project and policy evaluation. Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. 2004.
[19]黄有光.福利经济学.北京:中国友谊出版社,1991年. 2～6
[20] (美)马克·A·卢兹,(美)肯尼思·勒克斯.人本主义经济学的挑战.中文版(第一版).王立宇,栾宏琼,王红雨.成都:西南财经大学出版社,2003年4月.
[21]陈惠雄.人本经济学原理.上海:上海财经大学出版社,1999年4月. 74
[22] William Sweet. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832). in:The internet encyclopedia of philosophy. http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/bentham.htm
[23] Jeremy Bentham. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation.中南财经政法大学法学院图书馆,http://fxylib.znufe.edu.cn/wgfljd/道德与立法原理导论/
[24] Jeremy Bentham. a Fragment on Government. http://www.ecn.bris.ac.uk/ het/ bentham/government.htm,2007-1-25;中南财经政法大学法学院图书馆,http://fxylib.znufe.edu.cn/new/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=4277 ,2007-1-25
[25] John Rawls. a theory of justice. revised edition. Haverd university press, sixth printing, 2003,263-267
[26] Beth B. Hess, Elizabeth W. Markson,Peter J. Stein.Sociology third edition.New York: Macmillan publishing company 1988. 1-49
[27]〔美〕威廉·科克汉姆.医学社会学.中文版(第七版).杨辉,张拓红.北京:华夏出版社,2000
[28]胡继春.医学社会学.武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2005年
[29] Beth B. Hess, Elizabeth W. Markson,Peter J. Stein.Sociology third edition.New York: Macmillan publishing company 1988. 161-190
[30] Paul J. Feldstein.Health care economics(6th edition) .New York: Thomson Delmar learning,2005.
[31]程晓明,罗五金,等.卫生经济学.北京:人民卫生出版社,2003年.
[2]贝塔朗菲.一般系统论的意义.见:庞元正,李建华.系统论、控制论、信息论经典文献选编.北京:求实出版社,1989年.56～58.
[3]乔治·J·克利尔.一般系统论.见:亚当·库珀,杰西卡·库珀.社会科学百科全书.1985年版.上海:上海译文出版社,1989年.302～303
[4] Stephen j. Wiliams,Stephen j. Wiliams.Introduction to health services (6th edition).New York: Thomson Delmar learning,2002.
[5]梁万年,郝模.卫生事业管理学.北京:人民卫生出版社,2003年.
[6] Paul J. Feldstein.Health care economics(6th edition) .New York: Thomson Delmar learning,2005.
[7]程晓明,罗五金,等.卫生经济学.北京:人民卫生出版社,2003年.
[8]卢祖询,肖水源,张拓红,等.社会医学.北京:科学出版社,2003年.
[9]康芒斯.制度经济学.中文版.丁树生.北京:商务印书馆,1997年. pp86—87.
[10]诺思.经济学的一场革命.见:(法)克劳德·梅纳尔.制度、契约与组织——从新制度经济学角度的透视.刘刚,冯健,杨其静,等.北京:经济科学出版社,2003年. 48.
[11]诺思.绪论.见:(美)约翰·N·德勒巴克,约翰·V·C·奈.新制度经济学前沿——从新制度经济学角度的透视.张宇燕,等.北京:经济科学出版社,2003年. 10--19.
[12] C.Mantzavinos. Individuals, institutions, and markets. Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 2001. 66
[13]科斯.新制度经济学.见:(法)克劳德·梅纳尔.制度、契约与组织——从新制度经济学角度的透视.刘刚,冯健,杨其静,等.北京:经济科学出版社,2003年. 10--11
[14] Biography of Theodore William Schultz (1902-98),in:David R. Henderson. The concise encyclopedia of economics. 1993. http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Schultz.html
[15] Gary S. Becker. Human Capital. in: David R. Henderson. The concise encyclopedia of economics. 1993. http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Becker.html
[16] David C.Colander. Economics. 4th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin,2000.
[17] David C.Colander. Economics. 4th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin,2000. 539
[18] Michael Grossman. The Human Capital Model Of The Demand For Health. NBER Working Paper No. 7078 , April 1999.. JELNo. I10 ,http://www.nber.org/papers/w7078, 2.
[19] Michael Grossman. On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health. The Journal of Political Economy. Vol. 80, No. 2 (Mar. - Apr., 1972), 223-255. http://uk.j stor.org/, Wed Apr 7 06:24:05 2004
[20] Michael Grossman. The Human Capital Model Of The Demand For Health. NBER Working Paper No. 7078 , April 1999 , JELNo. I10 ,http://www.nber.org/papers/w7078
[21] Michael Grossman. The Human Capital Model Of The Demand For Health. NBER Working Paper No. 7078 , April 1999 , JELNo. I10 ,http://www.nber.org/papers/w7078 , 43～59
[22] Michael Grossman. On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health. The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 80, No. 2 (Mar. - Apr., 1972), 223-255. http://uk.j stor.org/, Wed Apr 7 06:24:05 2004
[23] Michael Grossman. The Human Capital Model Of The Demand For Health. NBER Working Paper No. 7078 , April 1999 , JELNo. I10 ,http://www.nber.org/papers/w7078
[24]黄有光.福利经济学.北京:中国友谊出版社,1991年. 2～6
[25] Richard E. Just, Darrell L. Hueth, Andrew Schmitz. The welfare economics of public policy: a practical approach to project and policy evaluation. Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. 2004.
[26]黄有光.福利经济学.北京:中国友谊出版社,1991年. 1
[27] William Sweet. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832). in:The internet encyclopedia of philosophy. http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/bentham.htm 2007-1-11
[28] Jeremy Bentham. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation.中南财经政法大学法学院图书馆,http://fxylib.znufe.edu.cn/wgfljd/道德与立法原理导论/ ,2007-1-11
[29] 29(John R. Hicks. The foundations of welfare economics. The Economic journal. 1939, 49(196): 696-712)
[30] Richard E. Just, Darrell L. Hueth, Andrew Schmitz. The welfare economics of public policy: a practical approach to project and policy evaluation.Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. 2004.
[31] Stiglitz,Joseph E. Information and economic analysis: a perspective. Economic Journal, 95(conference papers supplement): 31
[32] World health organization. Working together for health--the world health report 2006.Geneva: World health organization, 2006. 184
[33]卫生部卫生经济研究所. 2005中国卫生总费用研究报告.第1页
[34] Beth B. Hess, Elizabeth W. Markson,Peter J. Stein.Sociology third edition.New York: Macmillan publishing company 1988. 1-49
[35]〔美〕威廉·科克汉姆.医学社会学.中文版(第七版).杨辉,张拓红.北京:华夏出版社,2000
[36]胡继春.医学社会学.武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2005年
[37] Beth B. Hess, Elizabeth W. Markson,Peter J. Stein.Sociology third edition.New York: Macmillan publishing company 1988. 161-190
[38] Jeremy Bentham. A FRAGMENT ON GOVERNMENT. http://www.ecn.bris.ac.uk/ het/ bentham/government.htm,2007-1-25;中南财经政法大学法学院图书馆,http://fxylib.znufe.edu.cn/new/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=4277 ,2007-1-25
[39] John Rawls. a theory of justice. revised edition. Haverd university press, sixth printing, 2003,263-267
[40] World Health Organization. Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for Economic Deve lopment--Report of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health. Geneva: World Health Organization, 20 December 2001. http://www3.who.int/whosis/ cmh/cmh_report/ report.cfm?path=whosis,cmh,cmh_report&language=english
[41] The Commission on Macroeconomics and Health (CMH). Evidence and Information for Policy: Overview. World Health Organization. 5 November 2001, http://www.who.int/ macrohealth /en/CMH-overview.Summary.pdf
[42] World Health Organization. Declaration, The 2nd Consultation on Macroeconomics and Health, Increasing Investments in Health Outcomes for the Poor, 28-30 October 2003,http://www.who.int/macrohealth/events/health_for_poor/en/declaration_english_cover.pdf
[43]姚岚.宏观卫生政策的理论研究和实践:〔博士学位论文〕。武汉:华中科技大学图书馆,2004.
[44] (美)马克·A·卢兹,(美)肯尼思·勒克斯.人本主义经济学的挑战.中文版(第一版).王立宇,栾宏琼,王红雨.成都:西南财经大学出版社,2003年4月. 27～28
[45]陈惠雄.人本经济学原理.上海:上海财经大学出版社,1999年4月. 74
[46] (美)马克·A·卢兹,(美)肯尼思·勒克斯.人本主义经济学的挑战.中文版(第一版).王立宇,栾宏琼,王红雨.成都:西南财经大学出版社,2003年4月. 151～153
[47] (美)马克·A·卢兹,(美)肯尼思·勒克斯.人本主义经济学的挑战.中文版(第一版).王立宇,栾宏琼,王红雨.成都:西南财经大学出版社,2003年4月. 4～5
[48]康芒斯.制度经济学.中文版.丁树生.北京:商务印书馆,1997. 21～52
[49]康芒斯.制度经济学.中文版.丁树生.北京:商务印书馆, 1997. 219～220
[50]乔治·拉姆赛.论财富的分配.中文版.李任初.北京:商务印书馆,1984.21～42
[51] C.Mantzavinos. Individuals, institutions, and markets. Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 2001. 73
[52] (英)亚当·斯密.国民财富的性质和原因的研究.中文版(第一版).郭大力,王亚南.北京:商务印书馆,1972年12月.28～29
[53] Beth B.Hess, Elizabeth W.Markson, Peter J.Stein. Sociology. Third Edition. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1988.62～63
[54] (德)柯武刚,史漫飞.制度经济学——社会秩序与公共政策.中文版.韩朝化.北京:商务印书馆,2003.593～600
[55] John Locke. Two treatises of government. Edited with an introduction and notes by Peter Laslett .剑桥政治思想史原著系列(影印本).北京:中国政法大学出版社,2003年5月.287～288
[56] (英)洛克.政府论下篇――论政府的真正起源、范围和目的.叶启芳,瞿菊农.北京:商务印书馆,1996年.19
[57]康芒斯.制度经济学.中文版.丁树生.北京:商务印书馆,1997. 11
[58]康芒斯.制度经济学.中文版.丁树生.北京:商务印书馆, 1997. 11—12
[59]凡勃伦.有闲阶级论——制度的经济研究.中文版(第1版).蔡受百.北京:商务印书馆,1964年8月. 138—139
[60]康芒斯.制度经济学.中文版.丁树生.北京:商务印书馆,1997.73～74
[61]康芒斯.制度经济学.中文版.丁树生.北京:商务印书馆, 1997.86—87
[62]诺思.经济学的一场革命.见:(法)克劳德·梅纳尔.制度、契约与组织——从新制度经济学角度的透视,刘刚,冯健,杨其静,等.北京:经济科学出版社,2003年. 48
[63]科斯.新制度经济学.见:(法)克劳德·梅纳尔.制度、契约与组织——从新制度经济学角度的透视,刘刚,冯健,杨其静,等.北京:经济科学出版社,2003年. 10--11
[64]诺思.绪论.见:(美)约翰·N·德勒巴克,约翰·V·C·奈.新制度经济学前沿——从新制度经济学角度的透视.张宇燕,等.北京:经济科学出版社,2003年. 10--19
[65]李露亮,李露钢.制度经济学—原始积累与制度变迁研究.郑州:黄河水利出版社,2000年.63-145
[66] Axel Leijonhufvud. Capitalism and the factory system. in: Richard N.Langlois. Economics as a process :essay in the new institutional economics. Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 1986. 204-205
[67] Davids.landes. The wealth and poverty of nations: why some are so rich and some so poor. New York: W.W.Norton & company, 1999. 214-215
[68] (德)弗里德里希·李斯特.政治经济学的自然体系.杨春学.北京:商务印书馆,1997. 129-141
[69]道格拉斯·C·诺思,巴里·R·温格斯特.宪法与承诺:17世纪英格兰治理公共选择制度的演进.见:Lee J. Alston, Thrainn Eggertsson, Douglass C. North eds.制度变革的经验研究.中文版.罗仲伟.北京:经济科学出版社,2003.157-194
[70] David Romer. Advanced macroeconomics.2nd ed. New York: McGraw-hil,2001. 5-28
[71] David Romer. Advanced macroeconomics.2nd ed. New York: McGraw-hil,2001. 98-161
[72] (英)波普尔.客观知识.中文版(第一版).舒炜光,卓如飞,等.上海:上海译文出版社,2001年11月. 274
[73] Karl R. Popper. Objective Knowledge: an evolutionary approach. Oxford University Press, 1992, 261
[74] C.Mantzavinos. Individuals, institutions, and markets. Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 2001.69-70
[75] C.Mantzavinos. Individuals, institutions, and markets. Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 2001.9
[76] C.Mantzavinos. Individuals, institutions, and markets. Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 2001.65-160
[77] C.Mantzavinos. Individuals, institutions, and markets. Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 2001. 66
[78] Austin M Chinhengo. Essential jurisprudence. 2nd ed.武汉:武汉大学出版社,2004.69-75.
[79]朱锡莹,杨文士.管理学原理.北京:人民卫生出版社,1986. 157
[80] (美)科克汉姆(Cockerham,W.C.).医学社会学.中文版.杨辉,张拓红.北京:华夏出版社,2000年.52～58
[81]王宇.中国封建社会土地私有产权演进下的集权和分权.见:黄少安.制度经济学研究(第三辑).北京:经济科学出版社,2004. 198-219.
[82] http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/D/1601-1650/plymouth/compac.htm, 2006年1月29日星期日
[83] J?rgen Weibull. Presentation Speech. http://nobelprize.org/ nobel_prizes/ economics/laureates/ 2005/presentation-speech.html 2007-03-22
[84] John Rawls. a theory of justice,revised edition. Haverd university press, sixth printing, 2003
[85] John Rawls. a theory of justice,revised edition, Haverd university press, sixth printing, 2003,263-267
[86] Beth B.Hess, Elizabeth W.Markson, Peter J.Stein. Sociology. Third Edition. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1988.
[87] Executive Yuan, Republic of China. The Fruits of Economic Development. http://www.roc-taiwan.de/info/ecobook_e/efruit7.htm. 2006-4-15
[88] Source: The 1995 Survey Report on Family Income and Expenditures in the Taiwan Area, Republic of China (in Chinese). Taipei: Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, Republic of China.
[89]南方日报.穷人的后代还是穷人?.http://www.nanfangdaily.com. cn/southnews/ jwxy/200602100163.asp 2006-02-10 09:22:44
[90] Alasdair Macon, Briefcase on Medicare Law Courts(影印本),武汉:武汉大学出版社,2004.6,14～19
[91]国务院发展研究中心课题组.对中国医疗卫生体制改革的评价与建议(概要与重点),中国发展评论,2005年3月,增刊1期。http://guancha.gmw.cn /uploadfile /2005-8/23/2005823212826925.DOC,2006-6-8。
[92]董伟,2006年《医疗卫生绿皮书》认为“市场化”只是医改不成功的次要原因主要原因是没有正确有效地发挥政府主导作用,中国青年报http://zqb.cyol.com/content/2006-05/23/content_1392856.htm,2006-6-17
[93]李玲.北大课题组宿迁医改调研报告.中国青年报/2006年/6月/22日/第007版
[94]魏凤春.宿迁市医疗卫生体制改革考察报告. http://weifengchun.blog.sohu.com /25232459.html,2007-3-25
[95] Linda F. McCaig, Catharine W. Burt. Division of Health Care Statistics,National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2003 Emergency Department Summary , Number 358 + May 26, 2005 ,http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad358.pdf, 2006-7-17
[96] Catharine W. Burt, Linda F. McCaig, Elizabeth A. Rechtsteiner, Division of Health Care Statistics,National center for Health Statistics, Ambulatory Medical Care Utilization Estimates for 2004, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd /hestats/estimates2004/ estimates04. htm,2006-7-11
[97] U.K. Office for National Statistics, http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=6,2006年7月21日
[98] U.S. Census Bureau http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/population/pop.pdf ,2006年7月21日
[99]英国卫生部.Our health, our care, our say: a new direction for community services, Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Health by Command of Her Majesty. January 2006. 18 ,http://www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/12/74/59/04127459.pdf 2006年6月16日
[100] U.S. center for Medicare & Medicaid services http://www.cms.hhs.gov/MedicaidGenInfo/ 2006年7月26日
[101] The White House. President Signs Medicare Legislation http://www.whitehouse.gov/news /releases/2003/12/20031208-2.html, 2006年7月16日
[102] The White House. Strengthening Medicare:a framework to modernize and improve Medicare. http://www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/medicare/index.html, 2006年7月16日
[103] Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services. U.S. http://www.cms.hhs.gov/ LowCost HealthInsFamChild/; http://www.cms.hhs.gov/LowCostHealthInsFamChild/02_InsureKidsNow.asp#TopOfPage;2006年8月3日
[104] U.S. Department of health and human services.“Health, United States, 2005”, 36, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus05.pdf, 2006年7月17日
[105] Robin A. Cohen, Michael E. Martinez. Health Insurance Coverage: Estimatesfrom the National Health Interview Survey, 2005. Division of Health Interview Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics. 11 - 13 , http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data /nhis/earlyrelease/insur 200606.pdf, 2006年7月18日
[106] Black D, Morris J, Smith C, Townsend P. Inequalities in health: report of a Research Working Group. London: Department of Health and Social Security, 1980.
[107] Department of health, UK. Background about the health inequalities programme.http://www. dh.gov.uk/en/Policyandguidance/Healthandsocialcaretopics/Healthinequalities/DH_064031
[108] (美)科可汉姆.医学社会学.中文版.杨辉,张拓红,等.北京:华夏出版社,2000年,52～58
[109] Donald Acheson. Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health Report. http://www.archive. official-documents.co.uk/document/doh/ih/ih.htm, Prepared 26 November 1998
[110] Department of health, UK. Life Expectancy. http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/ Policyandguidance/ Healthandsocialcaretopics/Healthinequalities/Healthinequalitiesguidancepublications/DH_064240, 2007-03-25
[111] Department of health, UK. Infant Mortality. http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/ Policyandguidance/ Healthandsocialcaretopics/Healthinequalities/Healthinequalitiesguidancepublications/DH_064261,2007-03-25
[112]劳动和社会保障部,国家统计局. 2005年度劳动和社会保障事业发展统计公报. http://www.molss.gov.cn/gb/zwxx/2006-06/12/content_119277.htm ,2006-10-17
[113]卫生部统计信息中心. 2005年中国卫生事业发展情况统计公报.中华人民共和国卫生部网站, www.moh.gov.cn 2006-10-17
[114]《国务院批准卫生部关于允许个体开业行医问题的请示报告(一九八0年八月二十四日)》,中国政府法制信息网,http://www.chinalaw.gov.cn/ jsp/jalor/ disptext.jsp?recno =312&&ttlrec=400, 2006-10-29
[115]中华人民共和国卫生部. 2006年中国卫生统计提要, www.moh.gov.cn, 2006-04-18
[116]国务院批转卫生部关于解决医院赔本问题的报告的通知(一九八一年二月二十七日),中国政府法制信息网,http://www.chinalaw.gov.cn/
[117]国家计委、卫生部印发关于改革医疗服务价格管理的意见的通知(计价格〔2000〕962号) ,江苏省卫生厅网站, http://www.jswst.gov.cn/dfnewsdisplay.php?newsid=371 2006-9-28
[118]国务院批转国家计委关于改进计划体制的若干暂行规定的通知(1984年10月4日),中国政府法制信息网,http://www.chinalaw.gov.cn/,2006-10-30
[119]国务院发展研究中心课题组.对中国医疗卫生体制改革的评价与建议(概要与重点) .中国发展评论, 2005年3月,增刊1期。http://guancha.gmw.cn/uploadfile/ 2005-8/23/ 2005823212826925.DOC ,2006-6-8。
[120]国务院办公厅转发国务院体改办等部门关于城镇医药卫生体制改革指导意见的通知(国办发[2000]16号),中国人口网,http://www.chinapop.gov.cn/flfg /xgflfg/t20040326 _30760.htm,2006-9-29
[121]财政部、国家计委、卫生部关于印发《关于卫生事业补助政策的意见》的通知(财社〔2 0 0 0〕1 7号) ,广东省财政厅网站,http://www.gdczt.gov.cn/browse. jsp?idlib=01 &codeclass =0701 2006-9-28
[122]国家计委、卫生部印发关于改革医疗服务价格管理的意见的通知(计价格〔2000〕962号) ,江苏省卫生厅网站, http://www.jswst.gov.cn/dfnewsdisplay.php?newsid=371 2006-9-28
[123]卫生部,财政部《医院药品收支两条线管理暂行办法》,广西卫生信息网, http://www.gxws.gov.cn/2005/6-2/10521636796.htm ,2006-9-28
[124]财政部、国家计委、卫生部、中医药局,关于印发《关于完善城镇医疗机构补偿机制、落实补偿政策的若干意见》的通知(财社〔2001〕60号),广东省财政厅网站, http://www.gdczt.gov.cn/browse.jsp?idlib=01&codeclass=0701 2006-9-28
[125]财政部,国家计委,卫生部.关于印发《关于农村卫生事业补助政策的若干意见》的通知,广东省财政厅网站, http://www.gdczt.gov.cn/browse.jsp?idlib=01&codeclass=0701, 2006-9-28
[126] World Bank. World Development Report 1993 Investing in Health. New York:Oxford University Press, 1993. 68
[127]李卫平.中国经济体制改革与卫生改革.卫生经济研究,2001.1:4～6
[128]李利,万红,肖云昌,等.乡镇卫生院管理体制与运行机制研究.卫生经济研究,2002.8:3～8
[129]贾莉英.公共财政框架下建立规范的卫生转移支付制度的必要性.中国卫生经济,2004.2:34～36
[130]贾莉英.卫生转移支付制度实施的主体与对象.中国卫生经济,2005.2:54～56
[131]贾莉英.我国建立卫生财政转移支付制度的模式选择.中国卫生经济,2005.3:58～60
[132]中国人口网, http://www.chinapop.gov.cn/flfg/xgflfg/t20040326_30760.htm,2006年8月20日
[133]国家税务总局, http://www.chinatax.gov.cn/view.jsp?code=200309241007358367,2006年8月20日
[134]中华人民共和国卫生部,http://www.moh.gov.cn/,2006年8月20日
[135]中华人民共和国卫生部. 2006年中国卫生统计提要. http://www.moh.gov.cn/ news/sub_index.aspx?tp_class=C3,2006年8月22日
[136]轩志东.卫生经济改革理论研究与实践.北京:石油工业出版社,2001年12月. 102
[137]保罗·萨缪尔森,威廉·诺得豪斯.经济学.第十六版.萧琛,等.北京:华夏出版社,1999年8月.240
[138]轩志东.卫生经济改革理论研究与实践.北京:石油工业出版社,2001年12月.98-102
[139]陈惠雄.人本经济学原理.上海:上海财经大学出版社,1999年4月. 74
[140]轩志东,卫生经济改革理论研究与实践.北京:石油工业出版社,2001.
[141] [德]柯武刚,史漫飞.制度经济学——社会秩序与公共政策.北京:商务印书馆,2003年11月. 215—230
[142]中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室.现代汉语词典〈2002年增补本〉.北京:商务印书馆,2002. 1332
[143] [德]柯武刚,史漫飞.制度经济学——社会秩序与公共政策.北京:商务印书馆,2003年11月. 236
[144]轩志东.卫生经济改革理论研究与实践.北京:石油工业出版社,2001年,102—103
[145] (美)萨缪尔森, [美]诺德豪斯.经济学.第十四版.胡代光,等.北京:北京经济学院出版社,1996年6月. 720～721
[146] [德]柯武刚,史漫飞.制度经济学——社会秩序与公共政策.北京:商务印书馆,2003年11月. 391
[147] [德]柯武刚,史漫飞.制度经济学——社会秩序与公共政策.北京:商务印书馆,2003年11月. 395
[148]姚先国,盛乐.关于社会资本与人力资本的理论思考.经济学动态,2003.2
[149]朱玲.健康投资与人力资本理论.经济学动态,2002.8
[150]姚岚.宏观卫生政策的理论研究和实践:〔博士学位论文〕。武汉:华中科技大学图书馆,2004. 61
[151] Jill Rachel Honvitz. Corporate Form of Hospitals: Behavior and Obligations:Dissertation for Doctor of Philosophy,Massachusetts: Harvard University Cambridge,July 2002 . 65-66,211-212
[152]卫生部卫生经济研究所. 2005中国卫生总费用研究报告,第6页
[1] World health organization. Background on CMH, http://www.who.int/macrohealth/background/en/
[2] World Health Organization. Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for Economic Development--Report of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health. Geneva: World Health Organization, 20 December 2001. http://www3.who.int/whosis/ cmh/cmh_report/ report.cfm?path=whosis,cmh, cmh_report&language=english
[3]杜乐勋.宏观卫生经济学基础. 1987年
[4] Markus Haacker. The Macroeconomics of HIV/AIDS. International Monetary Fund.November, 2004, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/aids/eng/index.htm
[5]新浪网.青年参考.中国的基尼系数已超警戒线. http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2005-06-22/14017016551.shtml
[6]人民网.时事观察.中国基尼系数已逼近0.47统筹公平与效率. http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/30178/3759688.html, 2005年10月12日04:12
[7]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴2004年. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/yb2004-c/indexch.htm
[8]英国卫生部, http://www.dh.gov.uk/AboutUs/HowDHWorks/ HistoryOfDH/HistoryOfDHArticle/fs/en? CONTENT_ID=4106107&chk=B43OKa
[9]英国卫生部.Our health, our care, our say: a new direction for community services. http://www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/12/74/59/04127459.pdf
[10] Black D, Morris J, Smith C, Townsend P. Inequalities in health: report of a Research Working Group. London: Department of Health and Social Security, 1980.
[11] Department of health, UK. Background about the health inequalities programme.http://www. dh.gov.uk/en/Policyandguidance/Healthandsocialcaretopics/Healthinequalities/DH_064031
[12] (美)科可汉姆.医学社会学.中文版.杨辉,张拓红,等.北京:华夏出版社,2000年,52～58
[13] Donald Acheson. Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health Report. http://www.archive. official-documents.co.uk/document/doh/ih/ih.htm, Prepared 26 November 1998
[14] Department of health, UK. Life Expectancy. http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/ Policyandguidance/ Healthandsocialcaretopics/Healthinequalities/Healthinequalitiesguidancepublications/DH_064240,
[15] Department of health, UK. Infant Mortality. http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/ Policyandguidance/ Healthandsocialcaretopics/Healthinequalities/Healthinequalitiesguidancepublications/DH_064261
[16] U.S. center for Medicare & Medicaid services http://www.cms.hhs.gov/MedicaidGenInfo/
[17] U.S. Whitehouse , President Signs Medicare Legislation ,http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/ releases/2003/12/20031208-2.html
[18] Richard E. Just, Darrell L. Hueth, Andrew Schmitz. The welfare economics ofpublic policy: a practical approach to project and policy evaluation. Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. 2004.
[19]黄有光.福利经济学.北京:中国友谊出版社,1991年. 2～6
[20] (美)马克·A·卢兹,(美)肯尼思·勒克斯.人本主义经济学的挑战.中文版(第一版).王立宇,栾宏琼,王红雨.成都:西南财经大学出版社,2003年4月.
[21]陈惠雄.人本经济学原理.上海:上海财经大学出版社,1999年4月. 74
[22] William Sweet. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832). in:The internet encyclopedia of philosophy. http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/bentham.htm
[23] Jeremy Bentham. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation.中南财经政法大学法学院图书馆,http://fxylib.znufe.edu.cn/wgfljd/道德与立法原理导论/
[24] Jeremy Bentham. a Fragment on Government. http://www.ecn.bris.ac.uk/ het/ bentham/government.htm,2007-1-25;中南财经政法大学法学院图书馆,http://fxylib.znufe.edu.cn/new/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=4277 ,2007-1-25
[25] John Rawls. a theory of justice. revised edition. Haverd university press, sixth printing, 2003,263-267
[26] Beth B. Hess, Elizabeth W. Markson,Peter J. Stein.Sociology third edition.New York: Macmillan publishing company 1988. 1-49
[27]〔美〕威廉·科克汉姆.医学社会学.中文版(第七版).杨辉,张拓红.北京:华夏出版社,2000
[28]胡继春.医学社会学.武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2005年
[29] Beth B. Hess, Elizabeth W. Markson,Peter J. Stein.Sociology third edition.New York: Macmillan publishing company 1988. 161-190
[30] Paul J. Feldstein.Health care economics(6th edition) .New York: Thomson Delmar learning,2005.
[31]程晓明,罗五金,等.卫生经济学.北京:人民卫生出版社,2003年.