台风外围强暴雨的发生发展及其增强和维持机制研究
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摘要
在2000年12号台风(Prapiroon)影响期间，其外围对淮河流域东北部造成了一次罕见的特大暴雨。本文利用非静力平衡的中尺度模式ARPS(V5.2)，使用1°×1°NCEP再分析资料，运用ADAS三维同化系统对雷达回波、红外云图进行了同化，然后进行了48小时数值模拟，并设计了四个敏感性试验。通过对几种不稳定、CVV、水平垂直环流与中尺度深湿对流系统之间关系的诊断分析，揭示了本次台风外围异常暴雨形成的内在机理。研究结果表明：
(1)对流云团的演变分为三个阶段：分别是30日01～12时、30日13～23时、31日00～06时。四条对流带在响水交汇，一是高空槽前的对流系统向东南方向移动；二是沿西南低空急流方向的西南．东北对流带；三是响水偏南方向生成的对流带；四是响水东南方向沿海地区生成向西北移动的对流带。
(2)中低层对流不稳定是深湿对流系统发生的先决条件，深湿对流系统的中低层还是斜压不稳定、条件对称不稳定，而对应中高层必须有斜压不稳定和条件对称不稳定。由于低层存在辐合，使得周围湿空气向暴雨区集中，对流单体在响水汇聚，且发生合并增强，从台风左前方向响水输送对流不稳定能量，是暴雨区对流不稳定重新建立和加强的重要机制。
(3)深湿对流系统的高层西(北)侧为负MPV_2柱，东(南)侧为正MPV_2柱。深对流系统中惯性不稳定柱总是伴随强的惯性稳定柱，且惯性不稳定与惯性稳定相间分布。深湿对流系统西(南)侧为负CVV柱，而东(北)侧为正CVV柱，负CVV柱对深湿对流单体起激发作用。
(4)四个敏感性试验分别揭示了潜热加热、台风、高空槽、副高使对流不稳定区范围扩大，并使对流不稳定的高度升高，加强了台风向暴雨中心输送的高能舌，向暴雨中心输送更多的不稳定能量；增加大气中高层斜压性，使对称不稳定加大；加强低层辐合和低层水汽通量散度辐合、并增强对流单体上升运动；增加水平θ_e梯度和风垂直切变，产生深的负CVV柱。
(5)潜热加热能够引起热成风调整，并驱动中尺度环流，产生中尺度辐合线和β中尺度涡旋。台风、高空槽、副高等天气系统对中尺度辐合线和β中尺度涡旋的激发也有显著的影响，对对流单体起组织和加强的作用；促使暴雨中心附近垂直方向顺切变环流的生成，补充对流单体加强和发展所需的干冷气流，增强高低空急流及非地转性，使高低空急流的耦合加强，从而加大风垂直切变，增加高层惯性不稳定，加大低层惯性稳定，导致高层辐散和低层辐合均加强，并产生正涡度柱，形成散度与涡度相互耦合的动力机制。
During the appearance of Prapiroon typhoon (No. 12) in 2000, a torrential rainoccurred in its periphery. Using a nonhydrostatic mesoscale Model (ARPS(V5.2)),with ADAS 3-D data assimilation system, reanaiysis data of NCEP, radar echo andGMS5 satellite image had been applied to simulate the event. Four sensitivityexperiments had been designed. The relationship between deep moist mesoscaleconvective system (DMMCS) and instability, CVV, horizontal and vertical circulationare analyzed, and the mechanism of this torrential rain is revealed. The conclusionsare following:
(1) There are three phases during the evolution of the convective clouds:3001-3012BST, 3013-3023BST, and 3100-3106BST. There are four convective beltswhich converge on Xiangshui. The first belt lies in front of upper trough, and movessoutheastward; the second one lies in the southwest, and moves from southwest tonortheast; the third one lies in the south; and the last one lies in the southeast.
(2) The middle-low level convective instability is the precondition of theoccurrence of DMMCS, not only baroclinic instability and conditional symmetryinstability lie in the middle-low level, but also lie in the middle-upper level. Becauseof the low-level convergence, the surrounding moisture centralize in the heavy rainarea, the convergence and merging enhancement of convection cells, and theconvective instability energy transporting from the left-front of typhoon, are theimportant mechanism of the rebuilding of convective instability.
(3) At the west (east, south, north) of DMMCS, there lies negative (positive,positive, negative) MPV2 column. In DMMCS, there is an alternative distributionbetween inertial instability column and inertial stability column. At the west and south(east and north), there lie negative (positive) CVV columns, and negative CVVcolumn is beneficial to deep moist convection.
(4) Four sensitivity experiments show that latent heat, typhoon, upper trough,subtropical high have important effects separately. The convective instability zonecan be expanded, and the convective instability height can be rose. The high energytongue which is from the typhoon transporting to the heavy rain cell is enhanced. More instability energy is transported to the cell. The middle-upper level baroclinityand symmetry instability are enhanced. Being the convergence of low-levelconvergence and the moisture flux divergence are enhanced, the ascending motion isenhanced. Because of the horizontal gradient ofθ_e and wind vertical shear are added,the CW column is deepened.
(5) The thermal wind can cause adjustment by latent heat, then drive themeso-scale circulation, so meso-scale convergence line and meso-β-scale vortexformed. Typhoon, upper trough, and subtropical high have important effect on thedevelopment of meso-scaie convergence line and meso-β-scale vortex, so theconvective cells can be organized and intensified. They have important effect on thedevelopment of downshear circulation, which can supply the dry and cold air, nearbythe heavy rain cell. Then, the convective cells can be intensified. They have importanteffect on upper- and low-level jet, and ageostrophy. The coupling of upper- andlow-level jet can be enhanced, and the wind vertical shear can be added. As theupper-level inertial instability and the low-level inertial stability, the upper-leveldivergence and the low-level convergence can be intensified, the positive vorticityappear. Then, the coupling of divergence and vorticity is intensified.
(1)对流云团的演变分为三个阶段：分别是30日01～12时、30日13～23时、31日00～06时。四条对流带在响水交汇，一是高空槽前的对流系统向东南方向移动；二是沿西南低空急流方向的西南．东北对流带；三是响水偏南方向生成的对流带；四是响水东南方向沿海地区生成向西北移动的对流带。
(2)中低层对流不稳定是深湿对流系统发生的先决条件，深湿对流系统的中低层还是斜压不稳定、条件对称不稳定，而对应中高层必须有斜压不稳定和条件对称不稳定。由于低层存在辐合，使得周围湿空气向暴雨区集中，对流单体在响水汇聚，且发生合并增强，从台风左前方向响水输送对流不稳定能量，是暴雨区对流不稳定重新建立和加强的重要机制。
(3)深湿对流系统的高层西(北)侧为负MPV_2柱，东(南)侧为正MPV_2柱。深对流系统中惯性不稳定柱总是伴随强的惯性稳定柱，且惯性不稳定与惯性稳定相间分布。深湿对流系统西(南)侧为负CVV柱，而东(北)侧为正CVV柱，负CVV柱对深湿对流单体起激发作用。
(4)四个敏感性试验分别揭示了潜热加热、台风、高空槽、副高使对流不稳定区范围扩大，并使对流不稳定的高度升高，加强了台风向暴雨中心输送的高能舌，向暴雨中心输送更多的不稳定能量；增加大气中高层斜压性，使对称不稳定加大；加强低层辐合和低层水汽通量散度辐合、并增强对流单体上升运动；增加水平θ_e梯度和风垂直切变，产生深的负CVV柱。
(5)潜热加热能够引起热成风调整，并驱动中尺度环流，产生中尺度辐合线和β中尺度涡旋。台风、高空槽、副高等天气系统对中尺度辐合线和β中尺度涡旋的激发也有显著的影响，对对流单体起组织和加强的作用；促使暴雨中心附近垂直方向顺切变环流的生成，补充对流单体加强和发展所需的干冷气流，增强高低空急流及非地转性，使高低空急流的耦合加强，从而加大风垂直切变，增加高层惯性不稳定，加大低层惯性稳定，导致高层辐散和低层辐合均加强，并产生正涡度柱，形成散度与涡度相互耦合的动力机制。
During the appearance of Prapiroon typhoon (No. 12) in 2000, a torrential rainoccurred in its periphery. Using a nonhydrostatic mesoscale Model (ARPS(V5.2)),with ADAS 3-D data assimilation system, reanaiysis data of NCEP, radar echo andGMS5 satellite image had been applied to simulate the event. Four sensitivityexperiments had been designed. The relationship between deep moist mesoscaleconvective system (DMMCS) and instability, CVV, horizontal and vertical circulationare analyzed, and the mechanism of this torrential rain is revealed. The conclusionsare following:
(1) There are three phases during the evolution of the convective clouds:3001-3012BST, 3013-3023BST, and 3100-3106BST. There are four convective beltswhich converge on Xiangshui. The first belt lies in front of upper trough, and movessoutheastward; the second one lies in the southwest, and moves from southwest tonortheast; the third one lies in the south; and the last one lies in the southeast.
(2) The middle-low level convective instability is the precondition of theoccurrence of DMMCS, not only baroclinic instability and conditional symmetryinstability lie in the middle-low level, but also lie in the middle-upper level. Becauseof the low-level convergence, the surrounding moisture centralize in the heavy rainarea, the convergence and merging enhancement of convection cells, and theconvective instability energy transporting from the left-front of typhoon, are theimportant mechanism of the rebuilding of convective instability.
(3) At the west (east, south, north) of DMMCS, there lies negative (positive,positive, negative) MPV2 column. In DMMCS, there is an alternative distributionbetween inertial instability column and inertial stability column. At the west and south(east and north), there lie negative (positive) CVV columns, and negative CVVcolumn is beneficial to deep moist convection.
(4) Four sensitivity experiments show that latent heat, typhoon, upper trough,subtropical high have important effects separately. The convective instability zonecan be expanded, and the convective instability height can be rose. The high energytongue which is from the typhoon transporting to the heavy rain cell is enhanced. More instability energy is transported to the cell. The middle-upper level baroclinityand symmetry instability are enhanced. Being the convergence of low-levelconvergence and the moisture flux divergence are enhanced, the ascending motion isenhanced. Because of the horizontal gradient ofθ_e and wind vertical shear are added,the CW column is deepened.
(5) The thermal wind can cause adjustment by latent heat, then drive themeso-scale circulation, so meso-scale convergence line and meso-β-scale vortexformed. Typhoon, upper trough, and subtropical high have important effect on thedevelopment of meso-scaie convergence line and meso-β-scale vortex, so theconvective cells can be organized and intensified. They have important effect on thedevelopment of downshear circulation, which can supply the dry and cold air, nearbythe heavy rain cell. Then, the convective cells can be intensified. They have importanteffect on upper- and low-level jet, and ageostrophy. The coupling of upper- andlow-level jet can be enhanced, and the wind vertical shear can be added. As theupper-level inertial instability and the low-level inertial stability, the upper-leveldivergence and the low-level convergence can be intensified, the positive vorticityappear. Then, the coupling of divergence and vorticity is intensified.
引文
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[1] 吴国雄，蔡雅萍，唐晓菁．湿位涡和倾斜涡度发展．气象学报，1995，53(4)：387～405 Wu Guoxiong, Cai Yaping, Tang Xiaojing. Moist potemial vorticity and slantwise vorticity development. Acta Meteor Sinica (in Chinese), 1995,53 (4): 387-405
[2] 吴国雄，刘还珠．全型垂直涡度倾向方程和倾斜涡度发展．气象学报，1999，57(1)：1～15 Wu Guoxiong, Liu Huanzhu. Complete form of vertical vorticity tendency equation and slantwise vorticity development. Acta Meteor Sinica (in Chinese), 1999,57(1): 1-15
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[4] 刘还珠，张绍晴．湿位涡与锋面强降水天气的三维结构．应用气象学报，1996，7(3)：275～284 Liu Huanzhu, Zhang Shaoqing. Moist potential vorticity and the three dimensional structure of a cold front with heavy rainfall. Quart J Appl Meteor (in Chinese), 1996, 7(3):275-284
[5] 郭大梅，丁治英．潜热和惯性不稳定与气旋爆发性发展关系的数值研究．南京气象学院学报，2005，28(6)：794～800 Guo Damei, Ding Zhiying. Numerical experiment study on the relation of latent heat, inert ial instability and the explosive development of cyclone. J Nanjing Inst Meteor (in Chinese), 2005,28(6):794-800
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[17] 朱佩君，陈敏，陶祖钰等．登陆台风Winnie(1997)的数值模拟研究Ⅱ：结构演变特征分析．气象学报，2002，60(5)：560～567 Zhu Peijun, Chen Min, Tao Zuyu, et al. Numerical simulation of typhoon Winnie(1997) after landfall. Part Ⅱ: structure evolution analysis. Acta Meteor Sinica (in Chinese),2002,60(5):560-567
[18] 段丽，陈联寿．热带风暴“菲特”(0114)特大暴雨的诊断研究．大气科学，2005，29(3)：343～ 353 Duan Li, Chen Lianshou. Diagnostic analysis and numerical study of torrential rain associated with the tropical storm Fitow (0114). Chinese J Atmos Sci (in Chinese),2005, 29(3):343-353
[19] 沈树勤，曾明剑，吴海英等．特大暴雨的中-β尺度系统研究．气象，2001，27(12)：33～37 Shen Shuqin, Zeng Mingjian, Wu Haiying. A study on meso-β scale system during an excessive heavy rain. Meteorogical Monthly (in Chinese), 2001,27(12):33-37
[20] 蒋建莹，倪允琪．一次梅雨锋暴雨过程多尺度特征的诊断分析．气象学报，2003，61(6)：673～683 Jiang Jianying, Ni Yunqi. A diagnostic study to the multi-scale characteristics of a meiyu front heavy rainfall process in 1998. Acta Meteor Sinica (in Chinese),2003,61(6):673-683
[21] 倪允琪，周秀骥．中国长江中下游梅雨锋暴雨形成机理以及监测与预测理论和方法研究．气象学报，2004，62(5)：647～662 Ni Yunqi, Zhou Xiuji. Study for formation mechanism of heavy rainfall within the meiyu front along the middle and downstream of Yangtze river and theories and methods of their detection and prediction. Acta Meteor Sinica (in Chinese),2004,62(5):647-662
[22] 魏建苏等．“0012”台风引发“8．30”特大暴雨过程的分析．气象科学，2003，23(1)：92～99 Wei Jiansu, Zhao Yongling, Zhou Zengkui, et al. Analysis of the'8.30' storm rainfall caused by typhoon 0012. Sci Meteor Sinica(in Chinese),2003,23(1):92-99
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[53] 程麟生，冯伍虎．中纬度中尺度对流系统研究的若干进展．高原气象．2002，21(4)：337～347
[54] ZHU Guofu(朱国富),CHEN Shoujun(陈受钧). Analysis and Comparison of Mesoscale Convective Systems over the (Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,2003,20(3): 311-322
[55] 翟国庆，丁华君，高冲．中尺度下垫面特征对气旋暴雨影响的数值试验．杭州大学学报(自然科学版)．1995，22(2)：185～191
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[1] 邓国，周玉淑，李建通．台风数值模拟中边界层方案的敏感性试验Ⅰ．对台风结构的影响．大气科学，2005，29(3)：417～428
[2] 吴启树，沈桐立，李双锦．影响福建沿海的0010号“碧利斯”台风暴雨的地形敏感性试验，台湾海峡，2005，24(2)：236～242
[3] 李英，陈联寿，雷小途．高空槽对9711号台风变性加强影响的数值研究．气象学报，2006，64(5)：552～563
[4] 周玉淑，邓国，黄仪虹．长江流域一次暴雨过程中的不稳定条件分析．气象学报．2003，61(3)：323～333
[5] MAURIZIO FANTINI.Baroclinic Instability of a Zero-PVE Jet: Enhanced Effects of Moisture on the Life Cycle of Midlatitude Cyclones.J.Atmos. Sci.,2004,61:1295-1307.
[6] M. JOAN ALEXANDER,JADWIGA H.(BEKES)RICHTER, BRUCE R. SUTHERLAND. Generation and Trapping of Gravity Waves from Convection with Comparison to Paramete-rization.J.Atmos. Sci.,2006,63:2963-2977.
[7] Darius Mottaghy and Volker Rath (2005), Latent heat effects in subsurface heat transport modelling and their impact on palaeotemperature reconstructions, Geophys. J. Int. 154, doi: 10. 1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02843.x
[8] G. LAPEYRE, I. M. HELD. The Role of Moisture in the Dynamics and Energetics of Turbulent Baroclinic Eddies.J.Atmos. Sci.,2004,61:1693-1710.
[9] Melville E.Nicholls and Roger A.Pielke SR.. Thermally Induced Compression Waves and Gravity Waves Generated by Convective Storms.J.Atmos. Sci.,2000,57:3251-3271.
[10] 张大林．各种非绝热物理过程在中尺度模式中的作用．大气科学，1998，22(4)：548～561
[11] 张进，梅雨锋上中尺度对流系统演变与结构的数值模拟，南京：南京大学博士学位论文， 2006
[12] 王亦平，侯定臣．潜热释放和初始位温扰动对锋生的影响．气象学报，2002，60(1)：122～127
[13] Sun Jianhua,Zhang Xiaoling,et al. An Analysis ofa Meso-β System in a Mei-yu Front Using the Intensive Observation Data During CHeRES 2002.Adv. Atmos. Sci.,2005,22(2): 278-289
[14] 段旭，张秀年，许美玲．一次梅雨锋暴雨过程β中尺度对流系统发展机理的数值研究．气象学报，2004，62(2)：243～251
[15] 郑新江等．1998年7月21-22日特大暴雨过程的中-β尺度云团特征．气象学报，2001，59(5)：625～632
[16] 卓鸿等．黄河下游春季一次MαCS暴雨过程的综合分析．气象学报，2004，62(4)：504～512
[17] ZHU Guofu, CHEN Shoujun. Analysis and Comparison of Mesoscale Convective Systems over the (Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,2003, 20(3): 311～322
[18] 江晓燕，倪允琪．一次梅雨锋暴雨过程的β中尺度对流系统发展机理的数值研究．气象学报，2005，63(1)：77～92 Jiang Xiaoyan,Ni Yunqi.Numerical study of the evolution mechanism of meso-βscale convective system along the mei-yu front. Acta Meteor Sinica (in Chinese), 2005,63(1):77-92
[19] Peng Jiayi, Wu Rongsheng, Wang Yuan. Initiation Mechanism of Meso-βScale Convective Systems. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,2002, 19(5): 870-884
[20] ZHU Guofu, CHEN Shoujun. A Numerical Case Study on a Mesoscale Convective System over the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,2003,20(3): 385-397
[21] 蒙伟光等．华南暴雨中尺度对流系统的形成及湿位涡分析．大气科学，2004，28(3)：330～341 Meng Weiguang, Wang Anyu, Li Jiangnan, et al.Moist potential vorticity analysis of the heavy rainfall and mesoscale convective systems in south China. Chinese J Atmos Sci (in Chinese),2004,28(3):330-341
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[23] YUBAO LIU, DA-LIN ZHANG, M.K. YAU. A Multiscale Numerical Study of Hurricane Andrew (1992).Pan Ⅱ: Kinematics and Inner-Core Structures. Mort Wea Rev,1999,127: 2597-2616
[24] DA-LIN ZHANG, YUBAO LIU,M. K. YAU. A Multiscale Numerical Study of Hurricane Andrew (1992).Part Ⅲ: Dynamically Induced Vertical Motion. Mon Wea Rev,1999,128: 3772-3788
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[29] 吴国雄，刘还珠．全型垂直涡度倾向方程和倾斜涡度发展．气象学报，1999，57(1)：1～15 Wu Guoxiong, Liu Humzhu. Complete form of vertical vorticity tendency equation and slantwise vonicity development. Acta Meteor Sinica (in Chinese), 1999, 57(1):1-15
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[52] 张小玲，陶诗言，张顺利等．1996年7月洞庭湖流域持续性暴雨过程分析．应用气象学报，2004，15(1)：21～31
[53] 程麟生，冯伍虎．中纬度中尺度对流系统研究的若干进展．高原气象．2002，21(4)：337～347
[54] ZHU Guofu(朱国富),CHEN Shoujun(陈受钧). Analysis and Comparison of Mesoscale Convective Systems over the (Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,2003,20(3): 311-322
[55] 翟国庆，丁华君，高冲．中尺度下垫面特征对气旋暴雨影响的数值试验．杭州大学学报(自然科学版)．1995，22(2)：185～191
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[59] W．R．Cotton，R．A．Anthes．风暴和云动力学．北京：气象出版社，1993．949pp
[1] 李英，陈联寿，雷小途．高空槽对9711号台风变性加强影响的数值研究．气象学报，2006，64(5)：552～563
[2] HUI YU and H. JOE KWON. Effect of TC-Trough Interaction on the Intensity Change of Two Typhoons. WEATHER AND FORECASTING.,2005,20:199-211.
[3] 王远超．0214号热带气旋强度突变研究．海洋预报，2006，23(1)：44～47
[4] 张小玲，张建忠．1981年7月9—14日四川持续性暴雨分析．2006，17，79～87
[5] 覃丹宇，方宗义，江吉喜．典型梅雨暴雨系统的云系及其相互作用．大气科学，2006，30(4)：578-586
[6] 张伟红．舟山市一次冬季暴雨、大风天气过程分析．海洋预报，2006，30：98～103
[7] THOMAS A. KOVACS AND M. PATRICK MCCORMICK. Observations of Typhoon Melissa during the Lidar In-Space Technology, Experiment (LITE). J.A P P. M E T.,2003, 42: 1003-1013
[8] 邓国，周玉淑，李建通．台风数值模拟中边界层方案的敏感性试验Ⅰ．对台风结构的影响．大气科学，2005，29(3)：417～428
[9] 吴启树，沈桐立，李双锦．影响福建沿海的0010号“碧利斯”台风暴雨的地形敏感性试验，台湾海峡，2005，24(2)：236～242
[10] 周玉淑，邓国，黄仪虹．长江流域一次暴雨过程中的不稳定条件分析．气象学报．2003，61(3)：323～333
[11] MAURIZIO FANTINI.Baroclinic Instability of a Zero-PVE Jet: Enhanced Effects of Moisture on the Life Cycle of Midlatitude Cyclones.J.Atmos. Sci.,2004,61: 1296-1307.
[12] M. JOAN ALEXANDER, JADWIGA H. (BERES) RICHTER, BRUCE R. SUTHERLAND. Generation and Trapping of Gravity Waves from Convection with Comparison to Paramete-rization.J.Atmos. Sci.,2006,63:2963-2977.
[13] Darius Mottaghy and Volker Rath (2006), Latent heat effects in subsurface heat transport modelling and their impact on palaeotemperature reconstructions, Geophys. J. Int. 164, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02843.x
[14] G. LAPEYRE, I. M. HELD. The Role of Moisture in the Dynamics and Energetics of Turbulent Baroclinic Eddies.J.Atmos. Sci.,2004,61:1693-1710.
[15] Melville E.Nicholls and Roger A.Pielke SR.. Thermally Induced Compression Waves and Gravity Waves Generated by Convective Storms.J.Atmos. Sci.,2000,57:3251-3271.
[16] 张大林．各种非绝热物理过程在中尺度模式中的作用．大气科学，1998，22(4)：548～561
[17] 张进，梅雨锋上中尺度对流系统演变与结构的数值模拟，南京：南京大学博士学位论文，2006
[18] 王亦平，侯定臣潜热释放和初始位温扰动对锋生的影响．气象学报，2002，60(1)：122～127
[19] Sun Jianhua,Zhang Xiaoling,et al. An Analysis of a Meso-β System in a Mei-yu Front Using the Intensive Observation Data During CHeRES 2002.4dv. Atmos. Sci., 2005, 22(2): 278-289
[20] 段旭，张秀年，许美玲．一次梅雨锋暴雨过程β中尺度对流系统发展机理的数值研究．气象学报，2004，62(2)：243～251
[21] 郑新江等．1998年7月21-22日特大暴雨过程的中-β尺度云团特征．气象学报，2001，59(5)：625～632
[22] 卓鸿等．黄河下游春季一次MαCS暴雨过程的综合分析．气象学报，2004，62(4)：504～512
[23] ZHU Guofu, CHEN Shoujun. Analysis and Comparison of Mesoscale Convective Systems over the (Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,2003,20(3): 311～322
[24] Peng Jiayi, Wu Rongsheng, Wang Yuan. Initiation Mechanism of Meso-βScale Convective Systems. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,2002, 19(5): 870-884
[25] ZHU Guofu, CHEN Shoujua. A Numerical Case Study on a Mesoscale Convective System over the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,2003,20(3):385-397
[26] 蒙伟光等．华南暴雨中尺度对流系统的形成及湿位涡分析．大气科学，2004，28(3)：330～341 Meng Weiguang, Wang Anyu, Li Jiangnan, et al.Moist potential vorticity analysis of the heavy rainfall and mesoscale convective systems in south China. Chinese J Atmos Sci (in Chinese),2004,28(3):330-341
[27] YUBAO LIU,DA-LIN ZHANG,M. K. YAU. A Multiscale Numerical Study of Hurricane Andrew (1992). Part Ⅰ:Explicit Simulation and Verification. Mon Wea Rev, 1997,125:3073-3093
[28] YUBAO LIU,DA-LIN ZHANG,M. K. YAU. A Multiscale Numerical Study of Hurricane Andrew (1992).Part Ⅱ: Kinematics and Inner-Core Structures. Mort Wea Rev,1999, 127: 2597-2616
[29] DA-LIN ZHANG, YUBAO LIU,M. K. YAU. A Multiscale Numerical Study of Hurricane Andrew (1992).Part Ⅲ: Dynamically Induced Vertical Motion. Mon Wea Rev,1999,128: 3772-3788
[30] M. K. YAU et al.A Multiscale Numerical Study of Hurricane Andrew (1992).Part Ⅵ: Small-Scale Inner-Core Structures and Wind Streaks. Mon Wea Rev,2004,132:1410-1433
[31] TONG ZHU, DA-LIN ZHANG,FUZHONG WENG.Numerical Simulation of Hurricane Bonnie (1998). Part Ⅰ: Eyewall Evolution and Intensity Changes.Mon Wea Rev,2004, 132:225-241
[32] TONG ZHU, DA-LIN ZHANG .Numerical Simulation of Hurricane Bonnie (1998). Part Ⅱ:Sensitivity to Varying Cloud Microphysical Processes. J. Atmos. Sci.,2006,63:109-126.
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[1] 吴国雄，蔡雅萍，唐晓菁．湿位涡和倾斜涡度发展．气象学报，1995，53(4)：387～405 Wu Guoxiong, Cai Yaping, Tang Xiaojing. Moist potemial vorticity and slantwise vorticity development. Acta Meteor Sinica (in Chinese), 1995,53 (4): 387-405
[2] 吴国雄，刘还珠．全型垂直涡度倾向方程和倾斜涡度发展．气象学报，1999，57(1)：1～15 Wu Guoxiong, Liu Huanzhu. Complete form of vertical vorticity tendency equation and slantwise vorticity development. Acta Meteor Sinica (in Chinese), 1999,57(1): 1-15
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[4] 刘还珠，张绍晴．湿位涡与锋面强降水天气的三维结构．应用气象学报，1996，7(3)：275～284 Liu Huanzhu, Zhang Shaoqing. Moist potential vorticity and the three dimensional structure of a cold front with heavy rainfall. Quart J Appl Meteor (in Chinese), 1996, 7(3):275-284
[5] 郭大梅，丁治英．潜热和惯性不稳定与气旋爆发性发展关系的数值研究．南京气象学院学报，2005，28(6)：794～800 Guo Damei, Ding Zhiying. Numerical experiment study on the relation of latent heat, inert ial instability and the explosive development of cyclone. J Nanjing Inst Meteor (in Chinese), 2005,28(6):794-800
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[17] 朱佩君，陈敏，陶祖钰等．登陆台风Winnie(1997)的数值模拟研究Ⅱ：结构演变特征分析．气象学报，2002，60(5)：560～567 Zhu Peijun, Chen Min, Tao Zuyu, et al. Numerical simulation of typhoon Winnie(1997) after landfall. Part Ⅱ: structure evolution analysis. Acta Meteor Sinica (in Chinese),2002,60(5):560-567
[18] 段丽，陈联寿．热带风暴“菲特”(0114)特大暴雨的诊断研究．大气科学，2005，29(3)：343～ 353 Duan Li, Chen Lianshou. Diagnostic analysis and numerical study of torrential rain associated with the tropical storm Fitow (0114). Chinese J Atmos Sci (in Chinese),2005, 29(3):343-353
[19] 沈树勤，曾明剑，吴海英等．特大暴雨的中-β尺度系统研究．气象，2001，27(12)：33～37 Shen Shuqin, Zeng Mingjian, Wu Haiying. A study on meso-β scale system during an excessive heavy rain. Meteorogical Monthly (in Chinese), 2001,27(12):33-37
[20] 蒋建莹，倪允琪．一次梅雨锋暴雨过程多尺度特征的诊断分析．气象学报，2003，61(6)：673～683 Jiang Jianying, Ni Yunqi. A diagnostic study to the multi-scale characteristics of a meiyu front heavy rainfall process in 1998. Acta Meteor Sinica (in Chinese),2003,61(6):673-683
[21] 倪允琪，周秀骥．中国长江中下游梅雨锋暴雨形成机理以及监测与预测理论和方法研究．气象学报，2004，62(5)：647～662 Ni Yunqi, Zhou Xiuji. Study for formation mechanism of heavy rainfall within the meiyu front along the middle and downstream of Yangtze river and theories and methods of their detection and prediction. Acta Meteor Sinica (in Chinese),2004,62(5):647-662
[22] 魏建苏等．“0012”台风引发“8．30”特大暴雨过程的分析．气象科学，2003，23(1)：92～99 Wei Jiansu, Zhao Yongling, Zhou Zengkui, et al. Analysis of the'8.30' storm rainfall caused by typhoon 0012. Sci Meteor Sinica(in Chinese),2003,23(1):92-99
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[53] 程麟生，冯伍虎．中纬度中尺度对流系统研究的若干进展．高原气象．2002，21(4)：337～347
[54] ZHU Guofu(朱国富),CHEN Shoujun(陈受钧). Analysis and Comparison of Mesoscale Convective Systems over the (Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,2003,20(3): 311-322
[55] 翟国庆，丁华君，高冲．中尺度下垫面特征对气旋暴雨影响的数值试验．杭州大学学报(自然科学版)．1995，22(2)：185～191
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[1] 邓国，周玉淑，李建通．台风数值模拟中边界层方案的敏感性试验Ⅰ．对台风结构的影响．大气科学，2005，29(3)：417～428
[2] 吴启树，沈桐立，李双锦．影响福建沿海的0010号“碧利斯”台风暴雨的地形敏感性试验，台湾海峡，2005，24(2)：236～242
[3] 李英，陈联寿，雷小途．高空槽对9711号台风变性加强影响的数值研究．气象学报，2006，64(5)：552～563
[4] 周玉淑，邓国，黄仪虹．长江流域一次暴雨过程中的不稳定条件分析．气象学报．2003，61(3)：323～333
[5] MAURIZIO FANTINI.Baroclinic Instability of a Zero-PVE Jet: Enhanced Effects of Moisture on the Life Cycle of Midlatitude Cyclones.J.Atmos. Sci.,2004,61:1295-1307.
[6] M. JOAN ALEXANDER,JADWIGA H.(BEKES)RICHTER, BRUCE R. SUTHERLAND. Generation and Trapping of Gravity Waves from Convection with Comparison to Paramete-rization.J.Atmos. Sci.,2006,63:2963-2977.
[7] Darius Mottaghy and Volker Rath (2005), Latent heat effects in subsurface heat transport modelling and their impact on palaeotemperature reconstructions, Geophys. J. Int. 154, doi: 10. 1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02843.x
[8] G. LAPEYRE, I. M. HELD. The Role of Moisture in the Dynamics and Energetics of Turbulent Baroclinic Eddies.J.Atmos. Sci.,2004,61:1693-1710.
[9] Melville E.Nicholls and Roger A.Pielke SR.. Thermally Induced Compression Waves and Gravity Waves Generated by Convective Storms.J.Atmos. Sci.,2000,57:3251-3271.
[10] 张大林．各种非绝热物理过程在中尺度模式中的作用．大气科学，1998，22(4)：548～561
[11] 张进，梅雨锋上中尺度对流系统演变与结构的数值模拟，南京：南京大学博士学位论文， 2006
[12] 王亦平，侯定臣．潜热释放和初始位温扰动对锋生的影响．气象学报，2002，60(1)：122～127
[13] Sun Jianhua,Zhang Xiaoling,et al. An Analysis ofa Meso-β System in a Mei-yu Front Using the Intensive Observation Data During CHeRES 2002.Adv. Atmos. Sci.,2005,22(2): 278-289
[14] 段旭，张秀年，许美玲．一次梅雨锋暴雨过程β中尺度对流系统发展机理的数值研究．气象学报，2004，62(2)：243～251
[15] 郑新江等．1998年7月21-22日特大暴雨过程的中-β尺度云团特征．气象学报，2001，59(5)：625～632
[16] 卓鸿等．黄河下游春季一次MαCS暴雨过程的综合分析．气象学报，2004，62(4)：504～512
[17] ZHU Guofu, CHEN Shoujun. Analysis and Comparison of Mesoscale Convective Systems over the (Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,2003, 20(3): 311～322
[18] 江晓燕，倪允琪．一次梅雨锋暴雨过程的β中尺度对流系统发展机理的数值研究．气象学报，2005，63(1)：77～92 Jiang Xiaoyan,Ni Yunqi.Numerical study of the evolution mechanism of meso-βscale convective system along the mei-yu front. Acta Meteor Sinica (in Chinese), 2005,63(1):77-92
[19] Peng Jiayi, Wu Rongsheng, Wang Yuan. Initiation Mechanism of Meso-βScale Convective Systems. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,2002, 19(5): 870-884
[20] ZHU Guofu, CHEN Shoujun. A Numerical Case Study on a Mesoscale Convective System over the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,2003,20(3): 385-397
[21] 蒙伟光等．华南暴雨中尺度对流系统的形成及湿位涡分析．大气科学，2004，28(3)：330～341 Meng Weiguang, Wang Anyu, Li Jiangnan, et al.Moist potential vorticity analysis of the heavy rainfall and mesoscale convective systems in south China. Chinese J Atmos Sci (in Chinese),2004,28(3):330-341
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[23] YUBAO LIU, DA-LIN ZHANG, M.K. YAU. A Multiscale Numerical Study of Hurricane Andrew (1992).Pan Ⅱ: Kinematics and Inner-Core Structures. Mort Wea Rev,1999,127: 2597-2616
[24] DA-LIN ZHANG, YUBAO LIU,M. K. YAU. A Multiscale Numerical Study of Hurricane Andrew (1992).Part Ⅲ: Dynamically Induced Vertical Motion. Mon Wea Rev,1999,128: 3772-3788
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[29] 吴国雄，刘还珠．全型垂直涡度倾向方程和倾斜涡度发展．气象学报，1999，57(1)：1～15 Wu Guoxiong, Liu Humzhu. Complete form of vertical vorticity tendency equation and slantwise vonicity development. Acta Meteor Sinica (in Chinese), 1999, 57(1):1-15
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[52] 张小玲，陶诗言，张顺利等．1996年7月洞庭湖流域持续性暴雨过程分析．应用气象学报，2004，15(1)：21～31
[53] 程麟生，冯伍虎．中纬度中尺度对流系统研究的若干进展．高原气象．2002，21(4)：337～347
[54] ZHU Guofu(朱国富),CHEN Shoujun(陈受钧). Analysis and Comparison of Mesoscale Convective Systems over the (Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,2003,20(3): 311-322
[55] 翟国庆，丁华君，高冲．中尺度下垫面特征对气旋暴雨影响的数值试验．杭州大学学报(自然科学版)．1995，22(2)：185～191
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[59] W．R．Cotton，R．A．Anthes．风暴和云动力学．北京：气象出版社，1993．949pp
[1] 李英，陈联寿，雷小途．高空槽对9711号台风变性加强影响的数值研究．气象学报，2006，64(5)：552～563
[2] HUI YU and H. JOE KWON. Effect of TC-Trough Interaction on the Intensity Change of Two Typhoons. WEATHER AND FORECASTING.,2005,20:199-211.
[3] 王远超．0214号热带气旋强度突变研究．海洋预报，2006，23(1)：44～47
[4] 张小玲，张建忠．1981年7月9—14日四川持续性暴雨分析．2006，17，79～87
[5] 覃丹宇，方宗义，江吉喜．典型梅雨暴雨系统的云系及其相互作用．大气科学，2006，30(4)：578-586
[6] 张伟红．舟山市一次冬季暴雨、大风天气过程分析．海洋预报，2006，30：98～103
[7] THOMAS A. KOVACS AND M. PATRICK MCCORMICK. Observations of Typhoon Melissa during the Lidar In-Space Technology, Experiment (LITE). J.A P P. M E T.,2003, 42: 1003-1013
[8] 邓国，周玉淑，李建通．台风数值模拟中边界层方案的敏感性试验Ⅰ．对台风结构的影响．大气科学，2005，29(3)：417～428
[9] 吴启树，沈桐立，李双锦．影响福建沿海的0010号“碧利斯”台风暴雨的地形敏感性试验，台湾海峡，2005，24(2)：236～242
[10] 周玉淑，邓国，黄仪虹．长江流域一次暴雨过程中的不稳定条件分析．气象学报．2003，61(3)：323～333
[11] MAURIZIO FANTINI.Baroclinic Instability of a Zero-PVE Jet: Enhanced Effects of Moisture on the Life Cycle of Midlatitude Cyclones.J.Atmos. Sci.,2004,61: 1296-1307.
[12] M. JOAN ALEXANDER, JADWIGA H. (BERES) RICHTER, BRUCE R. SUTHERLAND. Generation and Trapping of Gravity Waves from Convection with Comparison to Paramete-rization.J.Atmos. Sci.,2006,63:2963-2977.
[13] Darius Mottaghy and Volker Rath (2006), Latent heat effects in subsurface heat transport modelling and their impact on palaeotemperature reconstructions, Geophys. J. Int. 164, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02843.x
[14] G. LAPEYRE, I. M. HELD. The Role of Moisture in the Dynamics and Energetics of Turbulent Baroclinic Eddies.J.Atmos. Sci.,2004,61:1693-1710.
[15] Melville E.Nicholls and Roger A.Pielke SR.. Thermally Induced Compression Waves and Gravity Waves Generated by Convective Storms.J.Atmos. Sci.,2000,57:3251-3271.
[16] 张大林．各种非绝热物理过程在中尺度模式中的作用．大气科学，1998，22(4)：548～561
[17] 张进，梅雨锋上中尺度对流系统演变与结构的数值模拟，南京：南京大学博士学位论文，2006
[18] 王亦平，侯定臣潜热释放和初始位温扰动对锋生的影响．气象学报，2002，60(1)：122～127
[19] Sun Jianhua,Zhang Xiaoling,et al. An Analysis of a Meso-β System in a Mei-yu Front Using the Intensive Observation Data During CHeRES 2002.4dv. Atmos. Sci., 2005, 22(2): 278-289
[20] 段旭，张秀年，许美玲．一次梅雨锋暴雨过程β中尺度对流系统发展机理的数值研究．气象学报，2004，62(2)：243～251
[21] 郑新江等．1998年7月21-22日特大暴雨过程的中-β尺度云团特征．气象学报，2001，59(5)：625～632
[22] 卓鸿等．黄河下游春季一次MαCS暴雨过程的综合分析．气象学报，2004，62(4)：504～512
[23] ZHU Guofu, CHEN Shoujun. Analysis and Comparison of Mesoscale Convective Systems over the (Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,2003,20(3): 311～322
[24] Peng Jiayi, Wu Rongsheng, Wang Yuan. Initiation Mechanism of Meso-βScale Convective Systems. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,2002, 19(5): 870-884
[25] ZHU Guofu, CHEN Shoujua. A Numerical Case Study on a Mesoscale Convective System over the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,2003,20(3):385-397
[26] 蒙伟光等．华南暴雨中尺度对流系统的形成及湿位涡分析．大气科学，2004，28(3)：330～341 Meng Weiguang, Wang Anyu, Li Jiangnan, et al.Moist potential vorticity analysis of the heavy rainfall and mesoscale convective systems in south China. Chinese J Atmos Sci (in Chinese),2004,28(3):330-341
[27] YUBAO LIU,DA-LIN ZHANG,M. K. YAU. A Multiscale Numerical Study of Hurricane Andrew (1992). Part Ⅰ:Explicit Simulation and Verification. Mon Wea Rev, 1997,125:3073-3093
[28] YUBAO LIU,DA-LIN ZHANG,M. K. YAU. A Multiscale Numerical Study of Hurricane Andrew (1992).Part Ⅱ: Kinematics and Inner-Core Structures. Mort Wea Rev,1999, 127: 2597-2616
[29] DA-LIN ZHANG, YUBAO LIU,M. K. YAU. A Multiscale Numerical Study of Hurricane Andrew (1992).Part Ⅲ: Dynamically Induced Vertical Motion. Mon Wea Rev,1999,128: 3772-3788
[30] M. K. YAU et al.A Multiscale Numerical Study of Hurricane Andrew (1992).Part Ⅵ: Small-Scale Inner-Core Structures and Wind Streaks. Mon Wea Rev,2004,132:1410-1433
[31] TONG ZHU, DA-LIN ZHANG,FUZHONG WENG.Numerical Simulation of Hurricane Bonnie (1998). Part Ⅰ: Eyewall Evolution and Intensity Changes.Mon Wea Rev,2004, 132:225-241
[32] TONG ZHU, DA-LIN ZHANG .Numerical Simulation of Hurricane Bonnie (1998). Part Ⅱ:Sensitivity to Varying Cloud Microphysical Processes. J. Atmos. Sci.,2006,63:109-126.
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