斑尾复鰕虎鱼耳石成分研究
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摘要
耳石是位于硬骨鱼类内耳膜迷路中的碳酸钙组织,起到声音接收和平衡定位的作用,其沉积过程受到水体中元素浓度、温度、盐度等多种因素的影响,因此耳石成分往往能作为生物标签反映鱼体的生活环境,并有效地区分鱼类的种群和群体。国外采用电感耦合等离子质谱仪、电子微探针和激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对耳石成分进行的研究比较多,在我国尚未见采用电感耦合等离子质谱仪(Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, ICP-MS)对海水鱼进行分析的报道。本文以近年来笔者在国家海洋局908专项、国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)研究过程中搜集的海洋鱼类耳石为标本,采用ICP-MS,对中国沿海八个站点(丹东、大连、天津、东营、威海、青岛、赣榆、厦门)斑尾复鰕虎鱼耳石的十种元素(K、Ca、Na、Mg、Sr、Pb、Ba、Mn、Co、Zn)进行了分析,以分析斑尾复鰕虎鱼生活水体的相似度,并为我国海水鱼耳石成分的分析提供原始数据。研究主要研究结果如下：
(1)对鱼类体长和体重进行回归分析。
(2)对耳石元素浓度和耳石重进行回归分析,如果相关性显著,则以残差替代原始浓度值进行后续分析,以消除耳石重对耳石浓度的影响。在本实验中,只有锰和钾和耳石重量相关,其中,锰呈正相关,钾呈负相关。
(3)以各种元素的浓度及Sr/Ca为自变量,以性别为控制变量,对雌性个体和雄性个体进行方差分析,以检验雌雄个体耳石元素浓度是否存在显著性差异,进而分析雌雄个体的生理状况和发育等对耳石吸收的影响。结果显示,对于所有元素,雌雄间均没有显著性差异(p>0.05)。
(4)分别采用原始值和残差(和耳石重相关的元素)对所有站点间样本进行方差分析。根据回归分析的结论,K和Mn的浓度与耳石重显著相关,在本环节中,以其各自的残差代替原变量,其他元素浓度采用原变量,进行方差分析。结果显不Sr、Co、Ba、Pb、K和Mn有显著性差异,Na、Mg、Ca、Zn无显著性差异,Sr/Ca有显著性差异。
(5)通过对各站点样本的聚类分析,来确定各地的环境相似度。对各群体的元素浓度值求平均,以平均浓度代表该群体的元素浓度特征,进行聚类分析,聚类时采用系统聚类方法。结果显示大连(采自于养殖池塘)和其他站点样本的相似度最差。
(6)对站点间的耳石成分进行判别分析,检验每个站点样本回到原始站点的概率有多大。对标准化以后的变量进行逐步判别分析,采用8个已知类别的变量,建立判别函数。结果显示,青岛和丹东容易混群。
Otoliths of teleost fishes are small, calcareous structures located within the inner ear, whose primary function appears to be the detection of sound and the balance of body. In exchange with fish and the water, the ions pass from the water into blood plasma by way of gills and digest system, Endolymph chemistry and otolith growth in fish and then deposit into otolith by metabolism. Otolith is metabolic inertness, i.e. it is acellular and physiologically static, once accreted, material is not resorbed or metabolically reworked. The deposit of ions were influenced by the concentrations of ions in the water, temperature, salinity and so on, so the concentration of element can reflect the environment of water. In recent years, otolith has been used abroad in population and stock identification, environment indication, life-history reestablishment with the process of analysis instrument(ICP-MS, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry; EPMA, Electron Probe Micro Analysis; LA-ICP-MS, Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry), but it is rarely in China. Based on otoliths collected from the recent research programms such as "908" special project of State Oceanic Administration of People's Republic of China, National Basic Research Program of China (973 program) (No.2005CB422306), etc., the concentrations of ten elements(K, Ca, Na, Mg, Sr, Pb, Ba, Mn, Co, Zn) of Synechogobius ommaturus otoliths that from eight locations(Dandong, Dalian, Tianjin, Dongying, Weihai, Qingdao, Ganyu, Xiamen)were measured by ICPMS. The aim of this study were to:(1) analyse the difference among sites; (2) provide base values of otolith chemical composition. The main findings were as follows:
(1) Regression analysis were performed using body weight and standard lengt
(2) In order to remove the potential effect of otolith weight on the elemental composition of the otolith, the concentration of each element was regressed against otolith weight. When a regression was significant, the residuals of the regression were used instead of the original concentrations in the subsequent analyses. In this study, Otolith weigh has a significant effect on Mn and K only.
(3) Differences between male and female were tested by ANOVA, there was no significant difference between male and female(p>0.05)。
(4) Differences in element concentrations among sites, or the residuals of the regression against otolith weight when appropriate were tested with ANOVA. There was significant difference among sites for Sr, Co, Ba, Pb and Sr/Ca by ANOVA; for K and Mn and the residuals (concentrations on otolith weight), there was significant difference; Sr/Ca has no significant difference among sites.
(5) Cluster analyses were performed using the residuals of the regressions of elemental concentrations against otolith weight when appropriate. Dalian simples(collected from the aquaculture ponds) is different with simples from other locations.
(6) Discriminant analyses were performed using the residuals of the regressions of elemental concentrations against otolith weight when appropriate. The average discriminant accuracy of the eight locations is 80.3%, the accuracy of Weihai and Xiamen are 100%.
(1)对鱼类体长和体重进行回归分析。
(2)对耳石元素浓度和耳石重进行回归分析,如果相关性显著,则以残差替代原始浓度值进行后续分析,以消除耳石重对耳石浓度的影响。在本实验中,只有锰和钾和耳石重量相关,其中,锰呈正相关,钾呈负相关。
(3)以各种元素的浓度及Sr/Ca为自变量,以性别为控制变量,对雌性个体和雄性个体进行方差分析,以检验雌雄个体耳石元素浓度是否存在显著性差异,进而分析雌雄个体的生理状况和发育等对耳石吸收的影响。结果显示,对于所有元素,雌雄间均没有显著性差异(p>0.05)。
(4)分别采用原始值和残差(和耳石重相关的元素)对所有站点间样本进行方差分析。根据回归分析的结论,K和Mn的浓度与耳石重显著相关,在本环节中,以其各自的残差代替原变量,其他元素浓度采用原变量,进行方差分析。结果显不Sr、Co、Ba、Pb、K和Mn有显著性差异,Na、Mg、Ca、Zn无显著性差异,Sr/Ca有显著性差异。
(5)通过对各站点样本的聚类分析,来确定各地的环境相似度。对各群体的元素浓度值求平均,以平均浓度代表该群体的元素浓度特征,进行聚类分析,聚类时采用系统聚类方法。结果显示大连(采自于养殖池塘)和其他站点样本的相似度最差。
(6)对站点间的耳石成分进行判别分析,检验每个站点样本回到原始站点的概率有多大。对标准化以后的变量进行逐步判别分析,采用8个已知类别的变量,建立判别函数。结果显示,青岛和丹东容易混群。
Otoliths of teleost fishes are small, calcareous structures located within the inner ear, whose primary function appears to be the detection of sound and the balance of body. In exchange with fish and the water, the ions pass from the water into blood plasma by way of gills and digest system, Endolymph chemistry and otolith growth in fish and then deposit into otolith by metabolism. Otolith is metabolic inertness, i.e. it is acellular and physiologically static, once accreted, material is not resorbed or metabolically reworked. The deposit of ions were influenced by the concentrations of ions in the water, temperature, salinity and so on, so the concentration of element can reflect the environment of water. In recent years, otolith has been used abroad in population and stock identification, environment indication, life-history reestablishment with the process of analysis instrument(ICP-MS, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry; EPMA, Electron Probe Micro Analysis; LA-ICP-MS, Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry), but it is rarely in China. Based on otoliths collected from the recent research programms such as "908" special project of State Oceanic Administration of People's Republic of China, National Basic Research Program of China (973 program) (No.2005CB422306), etc., the concentrations of ten elements(K, Ca, Na, Mg, Sr, Pb, Ba, Mn, Co, Zn) of Synechogobius ommaturus otoliths that from eight locations(Dandong, Dalian, Tianjin, Dongying, Weihai, Qingdao, Ganyu, Xiamen)were measured by ICPMS. The aim of this study were to:(1) analyse the difference among sites; (2) provide base values of otolith chemical composition. The main findings were as follows:
(1) Regression analysis were performed using body weight and standard lengt
(2) In order to remove the potential effect of otolith weight on the elemental composition of the otolith, the concentration of each element was regressed against otolith weight. When a regression was significant, the residuals of the regression were used instead of the original concentrations in the subsequent analyses. In this study, Otolith weigh has a significant effect on Mn and K only.
(3) Differences between male and female were tested by ANOVA, there was no significant difference between male and female(p>0.05)。
(4) Differences in element concentrations among sites, or the residuals of the regression against otolith weight when appropriate were tested with ANOVA. There was significant difference among sites for Sr, Co, Ba, Pb and Sr/Ca by ANOVA; for K and Mn and the residuals (concentrations on otolith weight), there was significant difference; Sr/Ca has no significant difference among sites.
(5) Cluster analyses were performed using the residuals of the regressions of elemental concentrations against otolith weight when appropriate. Dalian simples(collected from the aquaculture ponds) is different with simples from other locations.
(6) Discriminant analyses were performed using the residuals of the regressions of elemental concentrations against otolith weight when appropriate. The average discriminant accuracy of the eight locations is 80.3%, the accuracy of Weihai and Xiamen are 100%.
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