礼貌和英汉礼貌用语翻译
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摘要
本文试图探究中英礼貌原则的异同，分析礼貌用语翻译中翻译策略的运用，并寻求影响翻译策略的各种因素，强调翻译目的的重要作用。
在绪论中，笔者以一个不同文化间礼貌原则差异引起交际失败的事例开头，提出探求中英礼貌异同的必要性和分析礼貌翻译的意义。绪论的后半部阐述了本文的讨论范围。
第一章是对礼貌和翻译理论的回顾。有关礼貌的研究，在西方有如下几个重要理论：Lakoff避免冲突的礼貌语用观，Leech的礼貌准则论，Brown和Levinson的留面子礼貌观。在中国，礼貌研究的代表是顾日国，他的研究特点在于将礼貌和社会道德标准联系了起来。笔者接着讨论相关的翻译理论，主要有Nida的功能对等理论，Newmark的语义翻译法和交际翻译法，Bassnett和Lefevere的文化翻译观，Vemeer的目的翻译论和Venutii的异化、归化翻译法，本文将依次回顾这些理论，并讨论它们在礼貌翻译中的运用。
第二章主要对比中英礼貌原则的异同。首先分别介绍由Leech提出的英语礼貌原则和顾日国提出的汉语礼貌原则。英语礼貌原则由六条构成：策略准则，慷慨准则，赞扬准则，谦虚准则，赞同准则和同情准则。汉语礼貌原则包括五条：贬已尊人准则，称呼准则，文雅准则，求同准则和德言行准则。其次，笔者讨论中英礼貌原则的相似点，主要从宏观的语用层次和微观的具体准则层次进行归纳。然后，笔者讨论中英礼貌原则的差异之处，这是第二章的重点，主要着眼于四个方面：汉语文化侧重贬己，英语文化侧重尊人；称赞行为在英语和汉语文化中具有不同的内容和涵义；中英文在称呼语的使用习惯方面有所不同；英语和汉语文化具有不同的禁忌。最后，笔者从民族文化特点角度总结了造成这些差异的深层次原因。
第三章对礼貌翻译进行试探性研究。首先讨论礼貌翻译中归化翻译策略的运用。因为礼貌使用属于语用的范畴，所以总的说来礼貌用语的翻译多用归化策略，以获得语用等值的效果。从这个意义上来说，奈达的功能对等理论与归化策略很相似，适合于礼貌翻译。为了证实这点，笔者通过日常生活中的常用礼貌用语，短篇故事及《浮生六记》等小说中的对话来作说明。但是归化策略的运用不是绝对的，读者不难找到异化的例子。因此，其次笔者将分析对于同一个源语文
本，既有归化翻译又有异化翻译的情况。本文主要基于《红楼梦》和《京华烟
云》的不同译本，探究翻译目的在决定翻译策略中所起的重要作用。接着，笔者
以《围城》翻译为例探讨异化一种策略运用于礼貌翻译的情况，寻求影响翻译策
略的其它因素:如译者的语言文化背景，目标语读者的相关情况，源语文本的特
点等。最后，笔者举出了一例不成功的礼貌翻译，突出翻译目的因素的重要性，
并给出了自己的翻译。
结论部分，笔者重申本文提出的观点。在大多数情况中，礼貌用语的翻译
采用归化策略获得等值效果，但是因为服务于不同的翻译目的，翻译方法会有所
不同，异化方法也运用于礼貌的翻译。翻译策略的选择取决于多种因素，其中翻
译目的起着主导性的作用，译者背景、目标读者背景和源语文本特点等各项因素
也共同作用影响着翻译策略的运用。
This thesis is an attempt to examine the similarities and differences of politeness principles between Chinese and English, analyze the application of translation strategies for politeness expressions and find out the factors influencing the adoption of different translation methods with emphasis on the translation purpose.
The introduction begins with a true story in which cross-cultural difference of politeness caused misunderstanding in daily communication and illustrates the necessity to examine the common grounds and divergences of politeness between different cultures and the importance to have an appropriate translation of politeness expressions. Then, the scope of discussion of the paper is also defined.
Chapter One is a review of previous literature concerning both politeness and translation. As far as politeness is concerned, there are quite a few important conceptualizations in western countries which form the core of the vast field of modern politeness research-Lakoff's pragmatic conflict-avoidance strategy of politeness, Leech's maxim-and-principle approach to politeness and Brown & Levinson's face-saving view of politeness. In China, the most recent developments in politeness study are represented by Gu Yueguo, who explicitly connects politeness with social moral norms. In terms of translation, I will discuss Nida's functional equivalence approach, Newmark's functional theory of translation, Bassnett & Lefevere' s cultural approach to translation, Vemeer's Skopos theory and Venuti's Foreignization and Domestication one by one as well as their application to the analysis of politeness translation.
Chapter Two is a comparison and contrast between Chinese and English politeness principles. I first introduce English and Chinese Politeness Principles proposed by Leech and Gu respectively. English politeness principle consists of six maxims: Tact, Generosity, Approbation, Modesty, Agreement and Sympathy (Maxim). Chinese politeness principle is made up of five maxims: Self-denigration and others-respecting, Address, Elegancy, Conforming and Virtue, Words & Behaviour (Maxim). Secondly, I explore the similarities between Chinese and English Politeness Principles both at the macrolevel of pragmatics and at the microlevel of the specific maxims. Thirdly, I examine their differences in four aspects: Self-denigration and Others-respecting (Maxim), Compliments (part of Approbation Maxim), Address (Maxim) and Taboos (part of Tact/Elegancy Maxim), which are the focus of Chapter
Two. In the last part of Chapter Two, I summarize the deep-rooted reasons for these differences in the cultural background.
Chapter Three is a tentative analysis of politeness translation. I first discuss the application of domestication strategy for the translation of politeness expressions. As the use of politeness falls within the pragmatic area, in general, domestication, which is similar to Nida's approach of functional equivalence, is the most common strategy for politeness translation to achieve the pragmatic equivalent effect. I prove it with cases of translation of daily politeness formulae and conversations in short stories and novels such as Six Chapters of a Floating Life. But it is not absolute and the foreignized examples of politeness translation can be found without much difficulty. Hence, secondly, I analyze the application of both domestication and foreignization strategies for the same source language text with examples from the translation of The Dream of the Red Mansion and The Moment in Peiking, to study the role of translation purpose in it. Thirdly, I focus on the application of only foreignization to a po
liteness text mainly with the examples from the translation of The Fortress Besieged and probe into the factors influencing the selection of this strategy. They include the translation purpose, the linguistic and cultural background of the translator, the expectation and cultural background of the target language readers, the nature of the source language text, etc. Last, I analyse an unsuccessful example of pol
在绪论中，笔者以一个不同文化间礼貌原则差异引起交际失败的事例开头，提出探求中英礼貌异同的必要性和分析礼貌翻译的意义。绪论的后半部阐述了本文的讨论范围。
第一章是对礼貌和翻译理论的回顾。有关礼貌的研究，在西方有如下几个重要理论：Lakoff避免冲突的礼貌语用观，Leech的礼貌准则论，Brown和Levinson的留面子礼貌观。在中国，礼貌研究的代表是顾日国，他的研究特点在于将礼貌和社会道德标准联系了起来。笔者接着讨论相关的翻译理论，主要有Nida的功能对等理论，Newmark的语义翻译法和交际翻译法，Bassnett和Lefevere的文化翻译观，Vemeer的目的翻译论和Venutii的异化、归化翻译法，本文将依次回顾这些理论，并讨论它们在礼貌翻译中的运用。
第二章主要对比中英礼貌原则的异同。首先分别介绍由Leech提出的英语礼貌原则和顾日国提出的汉语礼貌原则。英语礼貌原则由六条构成：策略准则，慷慨准则，赞扬准则，谦虚准则，赞同准则和同情准则。汉语礼貌原则包括五条：贬已尊人准则，称呼准则，文雅准则，求同准则和德言行准则。其次，笔者讨论中英礼貌原则的相似点，主要从宏观的语用层次和微观的具体准则层次进行归纳。然后，笔者讨论中英礼貌原则的差异之处，这是第二章的重点，主要着眼于四个方面：汉语文化侧重贬己，英语文化侧重尊人；称赞行为在英语和汉语文化中具有不同的内容和涵义；中英文在称呼语的使用习惯方面有所不同；英语和汉语文化具有不同的禁忌。最后，笔者从民族文化特点角度总结了造成这些差异的深层次原因。
第三章对礼貌翻译进行试探性研究。首先讨论礼貌翻译中归化翻译策略的运用。因为礼貌使用属于语用的范畴，所以总的说来礼貌用语的翻译多用归化策略，以获得语用等值的效果。从这个意义上来说，奈达的功能对等理论与归化策略很相似，适合于礼貌翻译。为了证实这点，笔者通过日常生活中的常用礼貌用语，短篇故事及《浮生六记》等小说中的对话来作说明。但是归化策略的运用不是绝对的，读者不难找到异化的例子。因此，其次笔者将分析对于同一个源语文
本，既有归化翻译又有异化翻译的情况。本文主要基于《红楼梦》和《京华烟
云》的不同译本，探究翻译目的在决定翻译策略中所起的重要作用。接着，笔者
以《围城》翻译为例探讨异化一种策略运用于礼貌翻译的情况，寻求影响翻译策
略的其它因素:如译者的语言文化背景，目标语读者的相关情况，源语文本的特
点等。最后，笔者举出了一例不成功的礼貌翻译，突出翻译目的因素的重要性，
并给出了自己的翻译。
结论部分，笔者重申本文提出的观点。在大多数情况中，礼貌用语的翻译
采用归化策略获得等值效果，但是因为服务于不同的翻译目的，翻译方法会有所
不同，异化方法也运用于礼貌的翻译。翻译策略的选择取决于多种因素，其中翻
译目的起着主导性的作用，译者背景、目标读者背景和源语文本特点等各项因素
也共同作用影响着翻译策略的运用。
This thesis is an attempt to examine the similarities and differences of politeness principles between Chinese and English, analyze the application of translation strategies for politeness expressions and find out the factors influencing the adoption of different translation methods with emphasis on the translation purpose.
The introduction begins with a true story in which cross-cultural difference of politeness caused misunderstanding in daily communication and illustrates the necessity to examine the common grounds and divergences of politeness between different cultures and the importance to have an appropriate translation of politeness expressions. Then, the scope of discussion of the paper is also defined.
Chapter One is a review of previous literature concerning both politeness and translation. As far as politeness is concerned, there are quite a few important conceptualizations in western countries which form the core of the vast field of modern politeness research-Lakoff's pragmatic conflict-avoidance strategy of politeness, Leech's maxim-and-principle approach to politeness and Brown & Levinson's face-saving view of politeness. In China, the most recent developments in politeness study are represented by Gu Yueguo, who explicitly connects politeness with social moral norms. In terms of translation, I will discuss Nida's functional equivalence approach, Newmark's functional theory of translation, Bassnett & Lefevere' s cultural approach to translation, Vemeer's Skopos theory and Venuti's Foreignization and Domestication one by one as well as their application to the analysis of politeness translation.
Chapter Two is a comparison and contrast between Chinese and English politeness principles. I first introduce English and Chinese Politeness Principles proposed by Leech and Gu respectively. English politeness principle consists of six maxims: Tact, Generosity, Approbation, Modesty, Agreement and Sympathy (Maxim). Chinese politeness principle is made up of five maxims: Self-denigration and others-respecting, Address, Elegancy, Conforming and Virtue, Words & Behaviour (Maxim). Secondly, I explore the similarities between Chinese and English Politeness Principles both at the macrolevel of pragmatics and at the microlevel of the specific maxims. Thirdly, I examine their differences in four aspects: Self-denigration and Others-respecting (Maxim), Compliments (part of Approbation Maxim), Address (Maxim) and Taboos (part of Tact/Elegancy Maxim), which are the focus of Chapter
Two. In the last part of Chapter Two, I summarize the deep-rooted reasons for these differences in the cultural background.
Chapter Three is a tentative analysis of politeness translation. I first discuss the application of domestication strategy for the translation of politeness expressions. As the use of politeness falls within the pragmatic area, in general, domestication, which is similar to Nida's approach of functional equivalence, is the most common strategy for politeness translation to achieve the pragmatic equivalent effect. I prove it with cases of translation of daily politeness formulae and conversations in short stories and novels such as Six Chapters of a Floating Life. But it is not absolute and the foreignized examples of politeness translation can be found without much difficulty. Hence, secondly, I analyze the application of both domestication and foreignization strategies for the same source language text with examples from the translation of The Dream of the Red Mansion and The Moment in Peiking, to study the role of translation purpose in it. Thirdly, I focus on the application of only foreignization to a po
liteness text mainly with the examples from the translation of The Fortress Besieged and probe into the factors influencing the selection of this strategy. They include the translation purpose, the linguistic and cultural background of the translator, the expectation and cultural background of the target language readers, the nature of the source language text, etc. Last, I analyse an unsuccessful example of pol
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谭清香(2001) “中英礼貌用语对比研究” (未发表的硕士论文)
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许均(2000) 《当代美国翻译理论》武汉：湖北教育出版社
徐余龙(2002) 《对比语言学》，上海：上海外语教育出版社
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庄绎传(1999) 《英汉翻译教程》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社
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矛盾(1922) “‘直译’与‘死译’”，载《翻译论集》，商务印书馆
钱厚生(1996) 《英汉问候语告别语对比研究》，北京：商务印书馆
钱钟书(1998) 《围城》，北京：人民文学出版社
茹志鹃(1993) 《百合花》，北京：中国友谊出版社
沈复(1980) 《浮生六记》，北京：人民文学出版社
束定芳(1990) “试论Geoffrey Leech的语言观和人际交际修辞理论”，载束定芳主编(2001) 《中国语用学研究论文精选》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，pp．512-524．
束定芳、王虹(1993) “言语交际中的扬升抑降与礼貌原则”，载束定芳(2001) 《中国语用学研究论文精选》，上海：上海外语教育出版社．pp．525-538．
谭清香(2001) “中英礼貌用语对比研究” (未发表的硕士论文)
王西成、曾涛(2000) “也谈礼貌原则——兼与顾曰国先生商榷”，《湖南大学学报》，第14卷，2000年第2期，80—84．
许均(2000) 《当代美国翻译理论》武汉：湖北教育出版社
徐余龙(2002) 《对比语言学》，上海：上海外语教育出版社
姚俊(1999) “从礼貌语用看英汉语言文化的价值差异”，《嘉应大学学报》，第17卷，1999年第5期，74-78．
杨佑文、向先兰(2003) “英汉委婉语的跨文化比较”，《黄冈师范学院学报》，第23卷，2003年第2期，58-61．
郁飞(译) (1991)，《瞬息京华》，长沙：湖南文艺出版社
湛容(1986) 《散淡的人》，成都：四川文艺出版社
张振玉(译) (2002) 《京华烟云》，西安：陕西师范大学出版社
张若谷(译) (1998) 《大卫·考坡菲》 (狄更斯著)，上海：上海译文出版社
赵武平(2001)“我不在乎别人的意见”，《红楼梦》英译者霍克思的访谈(网上资料)
周婵(2001) 《英文经典电影脚本汇编》 (上册)，广州：广东经济出版
朱生豪(译) (1947) “罗密欧与朱丽叶”，载《莎士比亚戏剧全集》 (莎士比亚著)，世界书局
庄绎传(1999) 《英汉翻译教程》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社
http://english.xingtai.net/
http://www.Isadc.org/Tannen.html/