高等级公路边坡智能分析及应用研究
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摘要
随着我国西部建设的高速发展，对高等级道路的建设需求也不断地扩大。由于西部地质条件的特殊性和复杂性，常需修筑高填方路堤或是在软土路基上修筑路堤。为此，如何快速而有效地对高填方路堤、软土地基上的路堤边坡稳定性进行分析与评价具有重要的工程实际意义。
本文结合高等级公路边坡的特点，总结归纳出了高陡边坡的常见破坏模式，并对其形成原因进行了剖析。在深入分析国内外常见的边坡稳定性分析方法的基础上，导出了严格满足力和力矩平衡条件，同时对边坡滑动面形状和条间力方向及作用点位置不作任何假定的边坡稳定性通用条分法。鉴于复杂高陡边坡稳定性分析和临界滑动面搜索实际上可归结为求解一个含多峰的高度非线性规划问题，其目标函数往往无法用显示表达，采用传统的数值优化方法很难求解，为此本文提出采用具有自组织、自学习、自适应和全局收敛能力的遗传算法来求解复杂的高陡边坡稳定性分析问题。并针对简单遗传算法存在容易出现早熟、停滞以及搜索效率低的问题，通过采用浮点编码、网格式初始化种群、算术式交叉操作和随机方向变异方式等技术对简单遗传算法进行了全面的改进，并将这些改进技术引入隔离小生境遗传算法中，提出了一种高等级公路高陡边坡稳定性分析和临界滑动面搜索改进隔离小生境遗传算法。
最后探讨了本文提出的改进隔离小生境遗传算法在广西六寨至水任二级公路高填方路堤以及湖南省临湘至长沙高速公路软土地基上路堤边坡稳定性分析中的应用，计算结果表明该法实用可靠，符合工程实际。
With the rapid development of the constructions in western China, the construction of superhighway becomes more and more. For the complexity and
specialty of the geological conditions, many embankments have to be high- filled or be constructed on soft grounds. Thus it is of great importance analyzing the stability of such embankments quickly and efficiently.
Firstly, on the basis of summarizing the characteristics of highway slopes, the common ways of slope failure and the reasons of slopes forming in mountain area were discussed. By deeply analyzing the common ways for slope stability analysis, a new general slice method was presented, which strictly satisfy the balance offeree and moment and needs no presupposition on slip surface, inter-slice force direction and force position. The analysis and critical slip surface searching are in deed a highly nonlinear programming question which has multi convex and object functions of which is hard to be expressed. In this paper, to solve such questions, genetic algorithm (GA) was presented, which has the ability of self study, self organizing and global convergence. For GA's prematurity, stagnation and low searching efficiency, such technology as floating-point coding, net-like initialization, algorithmic crossing and random variation were introduced to improve single GA and these technologies were also introduced into
niche GA. Thus an improved niche GA was formed for the stability analysis and critical slip surface searching of high and steep slopes.
In the end, the methods presented in this paper were applied in stability analyzing of high-filled embankments in Liuzhai-Shuiren highways in Guangxi and the embankments on soft ground in Linxiang-Changsha highways in Hunan. The results show that the results generated by these methods tally with practice.
本文结合高等级公路边坡的特点，总结归纳出了高陡边坡的常见破坏模式，并对其形成原因进行了剖析。在深入分析国内外常见的边坡稳定性分析方法的基础上，导出了严格满足力和力矩平衡条件，同时对边坡滑动面形状和条间力方向及作用点位置不作任何假定的边坡稳定性通用条分法。鉴于复杂高陡边坡稳定性分析和临界滑动面搜索实际上可归结为求解一个含多峰的高度非线性规划问题，其目标函数往往无法用显示表达，采用传统的数值优化方法很难求解，为此本文提出采用具有自组织、自学习、自适应和全局收敛能力的遗传算法来求解复杂的高陡边坡稳定性分析问题。并针对简单遗传算法存在容易出现早熟、停滞以及搜索效率低的问题，通过采用浮点编码、网格式初始化种群、算术式交叉操作和随机方向变异方式等技术对简单遗传算法进行了全面的改进，并将这些改进技术引入隔离小生境遗传算法中，提出了一种高等级公路高陡边坡稳定性分析和临界滑动面搜索改进隔离小生境遗传算法。
最后探讨了本文提出的改进隔离小生境遗传算法在广西六寨至水任二级公路高填方路堤以及湖南省临湘至长沙高速公路软土地基上路堤边坡稳定性分析中的应用，计算结果表明该法实用可靠，符合工程实际。
With the rapid development of the constructions in western China, the construction of superhighway becomes more and more. For the complexity and
specialty of the geological conditions, many embankments have to be high- filled or be constructed on soft grounds. Thus it is of great importance analyzing the stability of such embankments quickly and efficiently.
Firstly, on the basis of summarizing the characteristics of highway slopes, the common ways of slope failure and the reasons of slopes forming in mountain area were discussed. By deeply analyzing the common ways for slope stability analysis, a new general slice method was presented, which strictly satisfy the balance offeree and moment and needs no presupposition on slip surface, inter-slice force direction and force position. The analysis and critical slip surface searching are in deed a highly nonlinear programming question which has multi convex and object functions of which is hard to be expressed. In this paper, to solve such questions, genetic algorithm (GA) was presented, which has the ability of self study, self organizing and global convergence. For GA's prematurity, stagnation and low searching efficiency, such technology as floating-point coding, net-like initialization, algorithmic crossing and random variation were introduced to improve single GA and these technologies were also introduced into
niche GA. Thus an improved niche GA was formed for the stability analysis and critical slip surface searching of high and steep slopes.
In the end, the methods presented in this paper were applied in stability analyzing of high-filled embankments in Liuzhai-Shuiren highways in Guangxi and the embankments on soft ground in Linxiang-Changsha highways in Hunan. The results show that the results generated by these methods tally with practice.
引文
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[2] 曾宪明，黄久松．土钉支护设计与施工手册．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2000
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[5] 李晋峰．深汕高速公路K44高边坡顺层滑塌病害工程的整治．广东公路交通，1999，59(3)：49-52
[6] 赵长海．预应力锚固技术．北京：中国水利水电出版社，2001
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[39] Chowdhury R N, Xu D W. Slope system reliability with general surface. Soils and Foundations. 1994, 34(3): 99-105.
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[2] 曾宪明，黄久松．土钉支护设计与施工手册．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2000
[3] 蒋忠信，陈光曦．中国山区道路灾害防治．重庆：重庆大学出版社，1996
[4] 林吉，李其泉．福泉高速公路路堑边坡病害与处理．华东公路，2000，124(3)：67-69
[5] 李晋峰．深汕高速公路K44高边坡顺层滑塌病害工程的整治．广东公路交通，1999，59(3)：49-52
[6] 赵长海．预应力锚固技术．北京：中国水利水电出版社，2001
[7] 张克恭，刘松玉．土力学．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2001
[8] Henkel,D.J, The role of waves in causing submarine Iandslides, Geotechnique, 1970,20:75-80
[9] Terzaghi,K.Theoretical soil mechnanics. Wiley, New York,1943
[10] Terzaghi,K, and Peck,R.B. Soil meehnanies in engineering practice(2nd Edn.) John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1967
[11] Jumikis, A. R. Soil mechnanies, D. van Nostrand, & Co. Inc.,Princetown, New Jersey. 1962
[12] Lambe,T. W. and Whitman, R. V. Soil mechnanics, Wiley and Sons,New York, 1969
[13] Hoek,E.Recent Rock slope stability Research of the Royal School of mines, London. Proc.,2nd International Conference on Ttability in open pit Mining, Vancouver, 1971, Society of Mining Engineers, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers,New York, 1972,23-46
[14] R．L．舒斯特和R．J．克利泽克编，铁道部科学研究院西北研究所译．滑坡的分析与防治．北京：中国铁道出版社，1987
[15] P. B．阿特韦尔，I．W．法默著，成都地质学院工程地质教研室译．工程地质学原理，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1982
[16] 钱家欢，殷宗泽．土工原理与计算(第二版)．北京：中国水利水电出版社，1996．
[17] Bishop A W. The use of the slip circle in the stability analysis of slopes. Geotechnique, 1955, 5(1): 7-17.
[18] Morgenstern N, Price V E. The analysis of the stability of general slip surfaces. Geotechnique, 1965, 15(1): 79-93.
[19] Spencer E. A method of analysis of the stability of embankments assuming parallel inter-slice forces. Geotechnique, 1967, 17(1): 11-26.
[20] Spencer E. Trust line criterion in embankment stability analysis. Geotechnique, 1973, 23(1): 85-100.
[21] Janbu N. Slope stability computation. In: Hirschfeld, Poulos S J. Embankment-dam engineering, Casagrande Volume, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1973, 47-86.
[22] Sarma S K. Stability analysis of embankments and slopes. Geotechnique, 1973, 23(3): 423-433.
[23] Chen Z-Y. Morgenstern N R. Extensions to generalized method of slices for stability analysis. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 1983, 20: 104～119.
[24] Li K S. White W. Rapid evaluation of the critical slip surface in slope stability problems. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 1987, 11: 449-473.
[25] Srbulov M M. Limit equilibrium method with local factors of safety for slope stability. Can. geotech. J. 1987, 124(4): 652-656.
[26] Meikctsu Enoki; et al. Generalized slice method for slope stability analysis. Soils and Foundations. 1990, 130(2): 1-13.
[27] Espinoza R D, et al. Unified formulation for analysis of slopes with general slip surface. Geotech. Eng. 1994, 120(7): 1185-1204.
[28] Chen W F. Limit analysis and soil plasticity. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, New York, 1975.
[29] 潘家铮．建筑物的抗滑稳定和滑坡分析．北京：水利出版社，1980．
[30] 陈祖煜．潘家铮最大最小原理的证明．清华大学学报，1998，(1)：6-13．
[31] 孙君实．条分法的提法及其数值计算的最优化方法．水力发电学报，1983，(1)：11-18．
[32] 孙君实．条分法的数值分析．岩土工程学报，1984，6(2)：1-12．
[33] Zhang X I, Chen W F. stability analysis of slopes with general nonlinear failure criterion. Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 1987, 11: 33-50.
[34] Collins I F, et al. Slope stability analysis for materials with a non-linear failure envelope. Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 1988 12(5): 533-550.
[35] 蔡中民．非线性Mohr-Coulomb体边坡的极限荷载．固体力学学报，1995，16(3)：
254-258．
[36] 祝玉学．边坡可靠性分析．北京：冶金工业出版社，1993．
[37] Ycuceman M S, et al. Three-dimentional stability analysis of slopes. Structure Safety, 1990, 19(1): 1-20.
[38] A-Grivas D, Asaoka A. Slope safety prediction under static and seismic loads. J. Geotech. Engrg. Div. ASCE, 1982, 108(GT5): 610-616.
[39] Chowdhury R N, Xu D W. Slope system reliability with general surface. Soils and Foundations. 1994, 34(3): 99-105.
[40] 祝玉学．露天矿边坡设计的可靠性分析方法．水文地质工程地质，1980,(5)：42-46．
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