我国个人信用制度的经济学视角分析
摘要
20世纪30年代,美国已经开始个人信用制度建设,迄今已经发展成为世界上个人信用制度最完善的国家。与发达国家相比我国个人信用制度研究起步较晚,至今我国尚无完善的个人信用制度体系。我国现有的个人信用制度存在严重的问题,制度下各权利主体福利低下,制度供给已经不能满足需求,制度变迁的预期收益大于预期成本,制度变迁势在必行。
通过对发达国家个人信用制度体系的借鉴,分析我国个人信用制度现有安排下的制度需求及制度供给所要达到的目标,明确我国构建个人信用制度就是要实现福利最大化,即利用产权界定等手段促使各权利主体进行交易,以实现资源的重新配置,使各制度主体能够在一系列制度条件约束下进行福利最大化的有效决策。
本文分为五部分,第一部分为引言,分析我国个人信用制度的缺失现状,提出问题;介绍国内外的研究动态,指出本文的研究视角和研究方法。第二部分提供整篇文章的分析框架,包括对“信用”的经济学含义的界定、对个人信用制度的概述、对各制度主体及其相关利益的分析,以及对个人信用制度的经济学理论支持的讲述。第三部分是对国内外个人信用制度发展状况的介绍。包括对发达国家经验的研究,以作为我国建设个人信用制度的借鉴,以及对我国近年来发展状况的说明。第四部分重点介绍了我国个人信用制度的需求问题。我国个人信用制度建设虽然取得了一定的进展,但在效率与福利方面还是存在严重的问题,需要新的制度供给。第五部分在上述分析的基础上提出了完善我国个人信用制度的对策建议。首先,给出我国制度供给所要达到的目标,即一般均衡目标,使制度下各权利主体能够在市场配置资源的基础上,面临一系列制度约束条件做出福利最大化的选择,实现各制度主体的经济利益和谐。然后,针对问题,从效率与福利两个方面入手给出解决问题的对策。最后,给出结论,并提出要加强配套制度建设,为个人信用制度运行提供一个良好的社会环境。
我国目前对个人信用制度的研究更多的是对制度缺失现象的描述,从而引发对制度完善的呼吁,或是对国外制度的纯粹性介绍,而没有从效率与福利两个角度入手更全面、具体的分析个人信用制度构建的实质性问题,以致造成制度出台缺乏可操作性,工作进展十分缓慢。本文从经济学角度出发,通过分析制度主体的效益成本,在一般均衡的制度构建目标指导下,研究我国个人信用制度建设的具体问题。
In the 1930s, the United States has begun building a personal credit system. Now, it has developed into the most perfect personal credit system of the world. Compared with the developed countries, Chinese personal credit system has a late start. China has not yet established a comprehensive personal credit system, and Chinese current personal credit system is plagued with serious efficiency problems. By analyzing the target of Chinese personal credit system and efficiency loss of our current institutional under the existing arrangements, we are now clearly that the efficiency option of Chinese personal credit system is to maximize the welfare, so, people can maximize their benefits in the face of a series of restrictive conditions.
This paper is divided into five parts. The first part is the introduction, which stays the deletion status of the personal credit system, then asks questions; introduces a dynamic research at home and abroad, points out the perspective and research methods of the study. Part II provides the analytical framework entire article, including the economics meanings of the credit and the personal credit system, an overview analysis of the system and its main stakeholders, as well as the support of the economic theory. The third part is about the development of personal credit system in domestic and international. It includes the experience of the developed countries, as well as our personal credit system's development status in recent years. Part IV focuses on China's personal credit system needs. Although, our personal credit system's construction has been made some progress, in terms of efficiency and welfare serious problem which needs to supply the new system. Part V gives the countermeasures of perfecting China's personal credit system. First of all, gives supply objective of the new system, to make the Right Main would maximize their benefits in facing a series of constraints on the basis of market allocation resources. And then gives the suggestion from the aspects of efficiency and welfare. Finally, we should strengthen the supporting systems construction and provide a good social environment for the personal credit system.
通过对发达国家个人信用制度体系的借鉴,分析我国个人信用制度现有安排下的制度需求及制度供给所要达到的目标,明确我国构建个人信用制度就是要实现福利最大化,即利用产权界定等手段促使各权利主体进行交易,以实现资源的重新配置,使各制度主体能够在一系列制度条件约束下进行福利最大化的有效决策。
本文分为五部分,第一部分为引言,分析我国个人信用制度的缺失现状,提出问题;介绍国内外的研究动态,指出本文的研究视角和研究方法。第二部分提供整篇文章的分析框架,包括对“信用”的经济学含义的界定、对个人信用制度的概述、对各制度主体及其相关利益的分析,以及对个人信用制度的经济学理论支持的讲述。第三部分是对国内外个人信用制度发展状况的介绍。包括对发达国家经验的研究,以作为我国建设个人信用制度的借鉴,以及对我国近年来发展状况的说明。第四部分重点介绍了我国个人信用制度的需求问题。我国个人信用制度建设虽然取得了一定的进展,但在效率与福利方面还是存在严重的问题,需要新的制度供给。第五部分在上述分析的基础上提出了完善我国个人信用制度的对策建议。首先,给出我国制度供给所要达到的目标,即一般均衡目标,使制度下各权利主体能够在市场配置资源的基础上,面临一系列制度约束条件做出福利最大化的选择,实现各制度主体的经济利益和谐。然后,针对问题,从效率与福利两个方面入手给出解决问题的对策。最后,给出结论,并提出要加强配套制度建设,为个人信用制度运行提供一个良好的社会环境。
我国目前对个人信用制度的研究更多的是对制度缺失现象的描述,从而引发对制度完善的呼吁,或是对国外制度的纯粹性介绍,而没有从效率与福利两个角度入手更全面、具体的分析个人信用制度构建的实质性问题,以致造成制度出台缺乏可操作性,工作进展十分缓慢。本文从经济学角度出发,通过分析制度主体的效益成本,在一般均衡的制度构建目标指导下,研究我国个人信用制度建设的具体问题。
In the 1930s, the United States has begun building a personal credit system. Now, it has developed into the most perfect personal credit system of the world. Compared with the developed countries, Chinese personal credit system has a late start. China has not yet established a comprehensive personal credit system, and Chinese current personal credit system is plagued with serious efficiency problems. By analyzing the target of Chinese personal credit system and efficiency loss of our current institutional under the existing arrangements, we are now clearly that the efficiency option of Chinese personal credit system is to maximize the welfare, so, people can maximize their benefits in the face of a series of restrictive conditions.
This paper is divided into five parts. The first part is the introduction, which stays the deletion status of the personal credit system, then asks questions; introduces a dynamic research at home and abroad, points out the perspective and research methods of the study. Part II provides the analytical framework entire article, including the economics meanings of the credit and the personal credit system, an overview analysis of the system and its main stakeholders, as well as the support of the economic theory. The third part is about the development of personal credit system in domestic and international. It includes the experience of the developed countries, as well as our personal credit system's development status in recent years. Part IV focuses on China's personal credit system needs. Although, our personal credit system's construction has been made some progress, in terms of efficiency and welfare serious problem which needs to supply the new system. Part V gives the countermeasures of perfecting China's personal credit system. First of all, gives supply objective of the new system, to make the Right Main would maximize their benefits in facing a series of constraints on the basis of market allocation resources. And then gives the suggestion from the aspects of efficiency and welfare. Finally, we should strengthen the supporting systems construction and provide a good social environment for the personal credit system.
引文
[1]张维迎.法律制度的信誉基础[J].经济研究,2002(1):4.
[1]刘向丽.建立我国信用征信法律制度的若干问题探讨[D],浙江:江西财经大学,2006.
[1]罗枭.我国个人信用制度研究[D].浙江:江西财经大学,2003.
[2]王琼,冯宗宪.我国个人信用制度的发展现状及建议[J].消费经济,2005,21(6).
[1]张维迎.信息、信任与法律[M],上海:三联书店出版社:21
[2]在现实经济生活中,我们只能取交易成本的值足够小。
[1]大卫·傅利曼著,徐源丰译.经济学与法律的对话[M].台北:先觉出版社,2002.
[2]黄祖辉、蒋文华、郭红东、宝贡敏译,A.爱伦·斯密德著.财产、权力和公共选择——对法和经济学的进一步思考[M],上海:上海人民出版社,2006.
[3]柯武刚、史漫飞,韩朝华译.制度经济学——社会秩序与公共政策[M],北京:商务印书馆,2000.
[4]黄勇民,杜金岷.信用制度的多角度理论解释及其政策启示[J].岭南学刊,2006,(3).
[5]康莉莹.信用制度研究理论综述与重构[J].现代商贸工业,2007,19(10).
[6]刘向丽.建立我国信用征信法律制度的若干问题探讨[D].浙江:江西财经大学,2006.
[7]林钧跃.美国信用立法管理的相关法律体系[J].经济法劳动法,2007.
[8]罗伯特·D.考特、托马斯·S.尤伦.法和经济学[M].上海:上海财经出版社,2002.
[9]石丹林.现代经济中建立个人信用制度的探讨[J].中国经济评论,3(5),2003.
[10]王晖、白金辉、吴任昊译,[美]艾里克·拉斯缪森著.博弈与信息——博弈论概论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2003.
[11]贺卫、伍山林.制度经济学[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2003-8.
[12]安德鲁·肖特著,陆铭、陈钊译.社会制度的经济理论[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社,2003.
[13]叶建亮,金祥荣.信用与私有产权的起源:一个新视角[DB/OL],http://www.unirule.org.cn/xiazai/2007032211.doc
[14]张五常.卖橘者言[M].成都:四川人民出版社,1984.
[15]Demsetz H,1989,Economic Analysis of Property Right,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[16]Demsetz H.1967,"Toward a Theory of Property Right",American Economic Review,Vol.57,347-59.
[17]王克.个人信用制度在中国的发展[D].北京:首都经贸大学,2005.
[18]张维迎.法律制度的信誉基础[J].经济研究,2002,(1).
[19]吴汉东.论信用权[J].法学,2001,(1).
[20]Lewicki,Roy J.& Bunker,Barbara B.,1995,"Developing and Maintaining Trust in Work Relationships," in Kramer & Tyler(eds) 1995.
[21]Eggertsson,Thrainn,1990,Economic Behavior and Institutions,制度经济学(中译本),吴经邦等译,北京:商务印书馆1996年出版.
[22]韦森.信用和法律的经济学分析与中国社会的法治化道路——评张维迎教授的《信息、信任与法律》.中国书评[C],第一辑.桂林市:桂林市广西师范大学出版社,2005.
[23]Guido M(o|¨)llering著[德],周治伟译.信任的本性:从乔治·西美尔到一个“期望、解释和悬置”的理论[EB/OL].中国社会学网www.sociology.cass.cn
[24]龙西安.个人信用制度导论——产权与信息视角的分析.西安:西安交通大学,2003.
[25]庇古.福利经济学[M].北京:商务印书馆,2006.
[26]许莉,张刚.个人信用制度的问题与对策:上海资信个案[J].经济师,2003,(2).
[27]郭红玉.信用概念的制度分析[J].金融理论与实践,2002,(3).
[28]王灯.试论我国个人信用制度的法律构建[D].上海:华东政法大学,2003.
[29]单豪杰,沈坤荣.制度与增长:文献综述及中国的经验[EB/OL].http://www.unirule.org.cn/xiazai/200711/6.pdf.
[1]刘向丽.建立我国信用征信法律制度的若干问题探讨[D],浙江:江西财经大学,2006.
[1]罗枭.我国个人信用制度研究[D].浙江:江西财经大学,2003.
[2]王琼,冯宗宪.我国个人信用制度的发展现状及建议[J].消费经济,2005,21(6).
[1]张维迎.信息、信任与法律[M],上海:三联书店出版社:21
[2]在现实经济生活中,我们只能取交易成本的值足够小。
[1]大卫·傅利曼著,徐源丰译.经济学与法律的对话[M].台北:先觉出版社,2002.
[2]黄祖辉、蒋文华、郭红东、宝贡敏译,A.爱伦·斯密德著.财产、权力和公共选择——对法和经济学的进一步思考[M],上海:上海人民出版社,2006.
[3]柯武刚、史漫飞,韩朝华译.制度经济学——社会秩序与公共政策[M],北京:商务印书馆,2000.
[4]黄勇民,杜金岷.信用制度的多角度理论解释及其政策启示[J].岭南学刊,2006,(3).
[5]康莉莹.信用制度研究理论综述与重构[J].现代商贸工业,2007,19(10).
[6]刘向丽.建立我国信用征信法律制度的若干问题探讨[D].浙江:江西财经大学,2006.
[7]林钧跃.美国信用立法管理的相关法律体系[J].经济法劳动法,2007.
[8]罗伯特·D.考特、托马斯·S.尤伦.法和经济学[M].上海:上海财经出版社,2002.
[9]石丹林.现代经济中建立个人信用制度的探讨[J].中国经济评论,3(5),2003.
[10]王晖、白金辉、吴任昊译,[美]艾里克·拉斯缪森著.博弈与信息——博弈论概论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2003.
[11]贺卫、伍山林.制度经济学[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2003-8.
[12]安德鲁·肖特著,陆铭、陈钊译.社会制度的经济理论[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社,2003.
[13]叶建亮,金祥荣.信用与私有产权的起源:一个新视角[DB/OL],http://www.unirule.org.cn/xiazai/2007032211.doc
[14]张五常.卖橘者言[M].成都:四川人民出版社,1984.
[15]Demsetz H,1989,Economic Analysis of Property Right,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[16]Demsetz H.1967,"Toward a Theory of Property Right",American Economic Review,Vol.57,347-59.
[17]王克.个人信用制度在中国的发展[D].北京:首都经贸大学,2005.
[18]张维迎.法律制度的信誉基础[J].经济研究,2002,(1).
[19]吴汉东.论信用权[J].法学,2001,(1).
[20]Lewicki,Roy J.& Bunker,Barbara B.,1995,"Developing and Maintaining Trust in Work Relationships," in Kramer & Tyler(eds) 1995.
[21]Eggertsson,Thrainn,1990,Economic Behavior and Institutions,制度经济学(中译本),吴经邦等译,北京:商务印书馆1996年出版.
[22]韦森.信用和法律的经济学分析与中国社会的法治化道路——评张维迎教授的《信息、信任与法律》.中国书评[C],第一辑.桂林市:桂林市广西师范大学出版社,2005.
[23]Guido M(o|¨)llering著[德],周治伟译.信任的本性:从乔治·西美尔到一个“期望、解释和悬置”的理论[EB/OL].中国社会学网www.sociology.cass.cn
[24]龙西安.个人信用制度导论——产权与信息视角的分析.西安:西安交通大学,2003.
[25]庇古.福利经济学[M].北京:商务印书馆,2006.
[26]许莉,张刚.个人信用制度的问题与对策:上海资信个案[J].经济师,2003,(2).
[27]郭红玉.信用概念的制度分析[J].金融理论与实践,2002,(3).
[28]王灯.试论我国个人信用制度的法律构建[D].上海:华东政法大学,2003.
[29]单豪杰,沈坤荣.制度与增长:文献综述及中国的经验[EB/OL].http://www.unirule.org.cn/xiazai/200711/6.pdf.