除险加固土石坝的渗流场和应力场耦合分析研究
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摘要
土石坝由土、石料等当地材料填筑而成,其历史最为悠久,在世界坝工建设中是应用广泛和发展最快的一种坝型。目前,全国已经建成的各类水库十余万座,其中相当大部分是土石坝。但是由于在勘测、设计、施工、管理运行中存在的一些问题,导致不少水库和堤坝存在不同程度的隐患,既影响工程的经济效应,也容易引发安全事故,给国家和人民的生命财产构成巨大威胁。
上石坝设计应合理的安排防、排渗措施,有时通过渗流计算来确定坝型和坝的断面尺寸；上石坝运行时,渗流条件很难符合设计时预想的一样,而是不断变化的,因此有必要通过渗流计算来对土石坝的稳定性做分析,甚至设置必要的除险加固措施。
混凝土防渗墙技术在工程上的合理应用,对土石坝防渗效果有着一定的帮助,但混凝土防渗墙在设计和理论研究方面还不是很成熟,在许多的工程实际中,暴露出出许多问题。土石坝填筑及蓄水工况下,防渗墙所受作用力复杂,目前大多数采用的是有限元对防渗墙受力特性进行分析。但是,一般有限元计算出的防渗墙应力和变形与实际存在较大偏差,且所受拉应力较大,而实际测量值与理论计算值有较大出入,这对混凝土防渗墙的受力特性有待深一步的研究。
考虑渗流场和应力场耦合对于土石坝的受力分析有重要意义,将渗流场和应力场分离对土石坝进行分析研究都是存在偏差的,且与实际工程的测量值出入较大,因此,把渗流场和应力场作为一个复合系统,分析研究土石坝渗流场和应力场耦合下的受力作用,是十分有必要的。
本文参考一个除险加固的工程实例,考虑渗流场和应力场间的耦合,对土石坝加固前、后的坝体受力作用进行计算分析。并考虑了防渗墙在水平方向位置变化对土石坝坝体受力产生的影响,在此基础上通过计算对比得出一些结论,希望对类似的除险加固的土石坝的受力特性分析提供一定的参考价值。
The earth-rock dam is combinated by the soil, stone and other local material,it is the oldest dam, dam construction is the most widely used and one of the fastest development of dam types. At present, the national has built hundreds of thousands of reservoirs, most of which are earth-rock dams. But due to some problems in the survey, design, construction, management and operation, a number of reservoirs and dams exist the different degree of hazard, which affect the project economy, but also it is easy to bring the occurrence of safety accidents to the country and people's life and property loss.
With the Design of earth-rock dam,it is important to consider the seepage calculation to determine the leakage loss, and reasonably to arrange anti-seepage drainage measures,and sometimes to determine the dam types and dam section size with the help of seepage calculation; when the earth-rock dam works,seepage conditions are difficult to meet the design consideration, and it always changs,so it is necessary consider of seepage calculation to determine the stability analysis of dams, and even it is necessary to set up reinforcement measures.
It is helpful to the seepage prevention effect with the use of concrete impervious wall reasonably,but it still exist some problems in the design of concrete impervious wall,actually in many engineering, it produces a number of problems. When the earth-rock dam filled and water storage, it is complex to calculate the impervious wall's force,and at present it use finite element to analysis the stress and deformation to the impervious wall.however the finite element calculation exist some actual deviation compared to measured value and have larger tensile stress, so it is necessary to research the situation deeply.
It is important to consider the stress condition involved with seepage field and stress field's in the earth-rock dam,when considering the seepage field and stress field separately it maybe exist some deviation compared to the measured value, so it is necessary to consider the seepage field and stress filed as a system and it is helpful to analysis the reason of these problems.
This paper considers a reinforcement project as the research object, involving the seepage field and stress field's coupling,and analysis the displacement and stress compare the former reinforcement to the later. This paper also analysis the affect to the dam's displacement and stress when the concrete impervious wall moves In the horizontal direction. on the basis of the theory calculation of some parameters, it is helpful to provide a certain reference value to the Practical engineering.
上石坝设计应合理的安排防、排渗措施,有时通过渗流计算来确定坝型和坝的断面尺寸；上石坝运行时,渗流条件很难符合设计时预想的一样,而是不断变化的,因此有必要通过渗流计算来对土石坝的稳定性做分析,甚至设置必要的除险加固措施。
混凝土防渗墙技术在工程上的合理应用,对土石坝防渗效果有着一定的帮助,但混凝土防渗墙在设计和理论研究方面还不是很成熟,在许多的工程实际中,暴露出出许多问题。土石坝填筑及蓄水工况下,防渗墙所受作用力复杂,目前大多数采用的是有限元对防渗墙受力特性进行分析。但是,一般有限元计算出的防渗墙应力和变形与实际存在较大偏差,且所受拉应力较大,而实际测量值与理论计算值有较大出入,这对混凝土防渗墙的受力特性有待深一步的研究。
考虑渗流场和应力场耦合对于土石坝的受力分析有重要意义,将渗流场和应力场分离对土石坝进行分析研究都是存在偏差的,且与实际工程的测量值出入较大,因此,把渗流场和应力场作为一个复合系统,分析研究土石坝渗流场和应力场耦合下的受力作用,是十分有必要的。
本文参考一个除险加固的工程实例,考虑渗流场和应力场间的耦合,对土石坝加固前、后的坝体受力作用进行计算分析。并考虑了防渗墙在水平方向位置变化对土石坝坝体受力产生的影响,在此基础上通过计算对比得出一些结论,希望对类似的除险加固的土石坝的受力特性分析提供一定的参考价值。
The earth-rock dam is combinated by the soil, stone and other local material,it is the oldest dam, dam construction is the most widely used and one of the fastest development of dam types. At present, the national has built hundreds of thousands of reservoirs, most of which are earth-rock dams. But due to some problems in the survey, design, construction, management and operation, a number of reservoirs and dams exist the different degree of hazard, which affect the project economy, but also it is easy to bring the occurrence of safety accidents to the country and people's life and property loss.
With the Design of earth-rock dam,it is important to consider the seepage calculation to determine the leakage loss, and reasonably to arrange anti-seepage drainage measures,and sometimes to determine the dam types and dam section size with the help of seepage calculation; when the earth-rock dam works,seepage conditions are difficult to meet the design consideration, and it always changs,so it is necessary consider of seepage calculation to determine the stability analysis of dams, and even it is necessary to set up reinforcement measures.
It is helpful to the seepage prevention effect with the use of concrete impervious wall reasonably,but it still exist some problems in the design of concrete impervious wall,actually in many engineering, it produces a number of problems. When the earth-rock dam filled and water storage, it is complex to calculate the impervious wall's force,and at present it use finite element to analysis the stress and deformation to the impervious wall.however the finite element calculation exist some actual deviation compared to measured value and have larger tensile stress, so it is necessary to research the situation deeply.
It is important to consider the stress condition involved with seepage field and stress field's in the earth-rock dam,when considering the seepage field and stress field separately it maybe exist some deviation compared to the measured value, so it is necessary to consider the seepage field and stress filed as a system and it is helpful to analysis the reason of these problems.
This paper considers a reinforcement project as the research object, involving the seepage field and stress field's coupling,and analysis the displacement and stress compare the former reinforcement to the later. This paper also analysis the affect to the dam's displacement and stress when the concrete impervious wall moves In the horizontal direction. on the basis of the theory calculation of some parameters, it is helpful to provide a certain reference value to the Practical engineering.
引文
[1]林继庸.水工建筑物[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,1981.
[2]王柏乐.中国当代土石坝工程[M].第一版.北京：中国水利水电出版社,2004.
[3]汝乃华,牛运光.土石坝的事故统计和分析[J].大坝与安全2001(1)
[4]陈庚仪.我国混凝土防渗墙技术慨况和今后的发展趋势[J].水利水电技术,1978(1).
[5]郎小燕.混凝土防渗墙在土石坝工程中的应用与发展[J],水利水电技术[J].2007(8)
[6]郭诚谦.论混凝土防渗墙的应力特性[J].水力发电.1995,7:18-22
[7]李国英.覆盖层上面板坝的应力变形性状及影响因素[J].水利水运科学研究.1997.4:348356.
[8]王刚,张建民,濮家骝.坝基混凝土防渗墙应力位移影响因素分析[J].土木工程学报,2006,39(4)：73-77.
[9]陈剑,卢延浩.结构型式及结构面参数对防渗墙应力变形的影响分析[J].水利水电技术.2003(11).
[10]王媛.多孔介质渗流与应力的耦合计算方法[J].工程勘察,1995(2)
[11]陈庆中,张弥,冯星梅.应力场、渗流场和温度场耦合系统定边值定初值问题的变分原理
[12]罗晓辉.深基坑开挖渗流与应力耦合分析[J].工程勘察,1996(6)
[13]宋惠珍.地下流体场与应力场耦合方程的优先单元法[J].石油勘探与开发,1999(4)
[14]徐则明.基于水-力耦合理论超深隧围岩渗透性预测[J].成都理工学院学报,2001(2)
[15]陈波,李宁,糕瑞花.多孔介质的变形场-渗流场-温度场耦合有限元分析[J].岩石力学工程学报,2001(4).
[16]皱建新.考虑应力场耦合作用的均质土堤渗流理论分析及模型试验研究：[硕士学位论文][D].湖南大学,2001.
[17]杨志锡,叶为民,杨林德.各向异性饱和土体的渗流耦合分析和数值模拟[J].岩石力学于工程学报,2002(10).
[18]平扬,白世伟,徐燕平.基深基坑工程渗流-应力耦合分析数值模拟研究[J].岩土力学,2003(3)：37-41.
[19]李培超,孔祥言,卢德唐.饱和多孔介质流固耦合渗流的数学模型[J].水动力学研究与进展A辑,2003(4)：23-26.
[20]李景涌编著.有限元法[M].北京市：北京邮电大学出版社,1999.
[21]过镇海.混凝土的强度和本构关系-原理与应用[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2004.
[22]过镇海.钢筋混凝土原理[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1999.
[23]Ottosen,N.S.Constitutive Model for short-tima Loading of Concrete[J]. Journal of Engineering Mechanics,1979,105(1):127-141.
[24]Darwin.D,Pecknold D.A.Nonlinear Biaxial Stress-Strain Law for Concrete[J].Journal of Engineering mechanics,1977,103(2):229-241.
[25]江见鲸.钢筋混凝土结构非线性有限元分析[M].西安：陕西科学技术出版社,1994.
[26]张盛东.混凝土损伤本构关系的研究[D].哈尔滨：哈尔滨建筑大学,1997.
[27]余天庆,钱济成.损伤力学及其应用[M].北京: 国防工业出版社,1993.
[28]李杰,吴建营.混凝土弹塑性损伤本构模型研究[J].土木工程学报,2005.38(9)：14-20.
[29]柴振岭,王全凤,施养杭.混凝土力学的研究现状与发展[J].工业建筑,2005,35:641-644.
[30]沈珠江,理论士力学,北京：中国水利水电出版社,2000,1-30.
[31]陈慧远.摩擦接触单元及其分析方法[J].水利学报,1985(4).
[32]刘学增,丁文其.接触元初始刚度系数对软土深基坑变形的影响分析[J].岩石力学于工程学报,2001,20(1).
[33]郑颖人.沈珠江,龚晓南.广义塑性力学—岩土塑性力学原理[M].北京：建筑工业出版社,2002.
[34]陆丽.深覆盖层地基土石坝渗流场与应力场合的耦合分析[D].西安: 西安理工大学, 2007.
[35]吴持恭,水力学(第三版).北京: 高等教育出版社[M],2003.
[36]毛昶熙.渗流计算分析与控制[M].北京：水利电力出版社,1993.
[37]仵彦卿,柴军瑞.裂隙网络岩体三维渗流场与应力场耦合分析[J].西安理工大学学报,2000.
[38]Noorishad J.A finite element method for coupled stress and flow analysis in fractured rock mass.int.J Rock mech.Min.set.geomesh.Abstr.1982
[39]John Krahn.SEEPAGE modeling with seep/w[M].Canada:GEO-SLOPE International Ltd,2004:311-316.
[40]John Krahn.stress and Deformation Modeling with sigma/w[M].Canada:GEO-SLOPE International Ltd,2004:369-373.
[41]江西省上饶市水利勘测设计院.北搓垅水库除险加固初步设计报告[R].2009.
[42]江西省水利厅.《江西省水库大坝安全评价病险水库除险加固工程初步设计技术规定》
[43]周金阳.混凝土防渗墙加固的土石坝有限元分析研究.南昌大学硕十论文,2010,12.
[44]SL 174-96.水利水电工程混凝土防渗墙施工规范[s].北京：中国水利水电出版社,1996.
[45]DL/T5129-2001.碾压式土石坝施工规范[S].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2001.
[46]SL/T191-2008.水工混凝土结构设计规范[S].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2008.
[2]王柏乐.中国当代土石坝工程[M].第一版.北京：中国水利水电出版社,2004.
[3]汝乃华,牛运光.土石坝的事故统计和分析[J].大坝与安全2001(1)
[4]陈庚仪.我国混凝土防渗墙技术慨况和今后的发展趋势[J].水利水电技术,1978(1).
[5]郎小燕.混凝土防渗墙在土石坝工程中的应用与发展[J],水利水电技术[J].2007(8)
[6]郭诚谦.论混凝土防渗墙的应力特性[J].水力发电.1995,7:18-22
[7]李国英.覆盖层上面板坝的应力变形性状及影响因素[J].水利水运科学研究.1997.4:348356.
[8]王刚,张建民,濮家骝.坝基混凝土防渗墙应力位移影响因素分析[J].土木工程学报,2006,39(4)：73-77.
[9]陈剑,卢延浩.结构型式及结构面参数对防渗墙应力变形的影响分析[J].水利水电技术.2003(11).
[10]王媛.多孔介质渗流与应力的耦合计算方法[J].工程勘察,1995(2)
[11]陈庆中,张弥,冯星梅.应力场、渗流场和温度场耦合系统定边值定初值问题的变分原理
[12]罗晓辉.深基坑开挖渗流与应力耦合分析[J].工程勘察,1996(6)
[13]宋惠珍.地下流体场与应力场耦合方程的优先单元法[J].石油勘探与开发,1999(4)
[14]徐则明.基于水-力耦合理论超深隧围岩渗透性预测[J].成都理工学院学报,2001(2)
[15]陈波,李宁,糕瑞花.多孔介质的变形场-渗流场-温度场耦合有限元分析[J].岩石力学工程学报,2001(4).
[16]皱建新.考虑应力场耦合作用的均质土堤渗流理论分析及模型试验研究：[硕士学位论文][D].湖南大学,2001.
[17]杨志锡,叶为民,杨林德.各向异性饱和土体的渗流耦合分析和数值模拟[J].岩石力学于工程学报,2002(10).
[18]平扬,白世伟,徐燕平.基深基坑工程渗流-应力耦合分析数值模拟研究[J].岩土力学,2003(3)：37-41.
[19]李培超,孔祥言,卢德唐.饱和多孔介质流固耦合渗流的数学模型[J].水动力学研究与进展A辑,2003(4)：23-26.
[20]李景涌编著.有限元法[M].北京市：北京邮电大学出版社,1999.
[21]过镇海.混凝土的强度和本构关系-原理与应用[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2004.
[22]过镇海.钢筋混凝土原理[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1999.
[23]Ottosen,N.S.Constitutive Model for short-tima Loading of Concrete[J]. Journal of Engineering Mechanics,1979,105(1):127-141.
[24]Darwin.D,Pecknold D.A.Nonlinear Biaxial Stress-Strain Law for Concrete[J].Journal of Engineering mechanics,1977,103(2):229-241.
[25]江见鲸.钢筋混凝土结构非线性有限元分析[M].西安：陕西科学技术出版社,1994.
[26]张盛东.混凝土损伤本构关系的研究[D].哈尔滨：哈尔滨建筑大学,1997.
[27]余天庆,钱济成.损伤力学及其应用[M].北京: 国防工业出版社,1993.
[28]李杰,吴建营.混凝土弹塑性损伤本构模型研究[J].土木工程学报,2005.38(9)：14-20.
[29]柴振岭,王全凤,施养杭.混凝土力学的研究现状与发展[J].工业建筑,2005,35:641-644.
[30]沈珠江,理论士力学,北京：中国水利水电出版社,2000,1-30.
[31]陈慧远.摩擦接触单元及其分析方法[J].水利学报,1985(4).
[32]刘学增,丁文其.接触元初始刚度系数对软土深基坑变形的影响分析[J].岩石力学于工程学报,2001,20(1).
[33]郑颖人.沈珠江,龚晓南.广义塑性力学—岩土塑性力学原理[M].北京：建筑工业出版社,2002.
[34]陆丽.深覆盖层地基土石坝渗流场与应力场合的耦合分析[D].西安: 西安理工大学, 2007.
[35]吴持恭,水力学(第三版).北京: 高等教育出版社[M],2003.
[36]毛昶熙.渗流计算分析与控制[M].北京：水利电力出版社,1993.
[37]仵彦卿,柴军瑞.裂隙网络岩体三维渗流场与应力场耦合分析[J].西安理工大学学报,2000.
[38]Noorishad J.A finite element method for coupled stress and flow analysis in fractured rock mass.int.J Rock mech.Min.set.geomesh.Abstr.1982
[39]John Krahn.SEEPAGE modeling with seep/w[M].Canada:GEO-SLOPE International Ltd,2004:311-316.
[40]John Krahn.stress and Deformation Modeling with sigma/w[M].Canada:GEO-SLOPE International Ltd,2004:369-373.
[41]江西省上饶市水利勘测设计院.北搓垅水库除险加固初步设计报告[R].2009.
[42]江西省水利厅.《江西省水库大坝安全评价病险水库除险加固工程初步设计技术规定》
[43]周金阳.混凝土防渗墙加固的土石坝有限元分析研究.南昌大学硕十论文,2010,12.
[44]SL 174-96.水利水电工程混凝土防渗墙施工规范[s].北京：中国水利水电出版社,1996.
[45]DL/T5129-2001.碾压式土石坝施工规范[S].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2001.
[46]SL/T191-2008.水工混凝土结构设计规范[S].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2008.