绿洲灌区交替灌溉小麦间作玉米的水分利用特征及其影响因素
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摘要
在典型绿洲灌区,甘肃省武威市黄羊镇甘肃农业大学实验点进行了大田试验,研究了不同供水水平下交替灌溉小麦间作玉米与单作小麦、单作玉米的水分利用特征及其影响因素,并对影响间作群体水分利用效率(WUE)的可能机制进行了研究。主要结论如下:
1.交替灌溉小麦间作玉米可显著提高土地利用率、作物产量和WUE。低、中、高灌水水平下,间作的土地当量比分别为1.30、1.35、1.38,土地利用率均高于单作。与单作小麦相比,交替灌溉间作小麦在实际占地面积上的经济产量分别提高了20.79%、28.34%和33.11%;间作玉米产量较单作玉米分别提高了38.30%、41.65%和41.98%,间作作物的增产作用显著。三个灌水水平下,交替灌间作WUE较单作小麦和单作玉米分别高55.97%、63.87%、68.47%和8.29%、12.72%、14.02%,间作与单作小麦处理间差异显著,与单作玉米中、高灌水水平下差异显著。间作对小麦、玉米经济产量的效应极显著,灌水水平对小麦经济产量的效应不显著,对玉米经济产量的效应显著;间作和灌水水平对小麦WUE的效应极显著,对玉米WUE的效应显著,对小麦、玉米经济产量和WUE的互作效应都不显著。间作是提高作物产量和WUE的主要途径。
2.绿洲灌区影响小麦、玉米WUE的主要因子是总叶日积、全生育期降雨量和总灌水量。不同处理的总叶日积、全生育期降雨量、总灌水量、土壤含水量、产量及耗水量与作物的水分利用效率的相关性均不显著,但总叶日积与作物产量呈极显著相关关系(r=0.99388),全生育期降雨量与产量呈显著相关关系(r=0.98159),总灌水量与耗水量呈显著相关关系(r=0.95825),总叶日积和全生育期降水量与耗水量、总灌水量与产量间的相关性均不显著。因此,总叶日积、全生育期降雨量和总灌水量是通过影响作物的产量和耗水量而决定WUE的关键因子。
3.交替灌溉小麦间作玉米提高WUE的主要原因是:通过总叶日积与全生育期降雨量的增加提高了作物的经济产量,但总耗水量并未显著增加;两作物共生期间,小麦带与玉米带间的水分梯度差有利于优化间作小麦的土壤水分环境。间作群体与单作群体相比,间作群体在低、中、高三个灌水水平下总LAI-D较单作小麦分别高54.18%、54.49%、60.04%,较单作玉米分别高2.74%、1.52%、-0.10%,间作与单作小麦处理间差异显著,与单作玉米处理间差异不显著。小麦间作玉米全生育期内的降雨量较单作小麦增加了24.37%,提高了作物产量。交替灌小麦间作玉米在低、中、高灌水水平下的总耗水量较单作群体耗水量的平均值分别增加了5.38%、4.71%、4.19%,间作与单作耗水量差异不显著。此外,间作群体对土壤水分的吸收利用大于单作群体。土壤水分时空分布表现为单作小麦>单作玉米>间作群体,时间上,单作小麦和单作玉米土壤含水量在低、中、高灌水水平下较间作群体分别高3.77%、7.20%、9.62%和2.21%、2.89%、1.17%;空间上,单作小麦和单作玉米土壤含水量低、中、高灌水水平下较间作群体相应灌水水平分别高1.15%、3.43%、6.63%和3.73%、2.45%、1.70%。小麦收获前,间作玉米带三个灌水水平土壤含水量平均值较间作小麦带和交错带分别高17.31%和9.12%,这种水分差异对小麦收获前间作小麦的生长非常有利。
A field experiment was carried out under different irrigation rate at the oasis experimental station of Gansu Agriculture University, in Huangyang Urban,Gansu Province.Water use characteristics and influence factors of alternative irrigatted wheat corn intercropping and sole wheat, sole corn were investigatting, and high possible mechanism of water efficient utilization of intercropping system was discussed.The main results showed as following:
1.Alternative irrigatted wheat corn intercropping could increase the land utilization efficiency,crop yield and WUE.At the irrigation rate of low, medium, high respectively, the LER of intercropping system was 1.30,1.35,1.38, the LER of intercropping was higher than that of sole cropping.In actual site area,the wheat yield of alternative irrigatted wheat corn intercropping was increased by 20.96%,28.34%,33.11% compared to sole wheat, the yield of corn was increased by 38.30%,41.65%,41.98% compared to sole corn, yield increasing effect of intercropping was significant. At three irrigation rate, WUE of alternative irrigatted wheat corn intercropping was increased by 55.97%,63.87%,68.47% and 8.29%,12.72%,14.02% compared to sole wheat and corn,the difference of intercropping and sole wheat was significant, the difference of intercropping and sole corn was significant only at medium,high irrigation rate. The effect of intercropping to wheat and corn economic yield were very significant, the effect of irrigation rate to wheat economic yield was not significant, the effect of irrigation rate to corn economic yield was significant; the effect of intercropping and irrigation rate to wheat WUE were very significant, to corn WUE was significant, the interaction effect of intercropping and irrigation rate to wheat,corn economic yield and WUE are all not significant.Intercropping was the main way which affected yield and WUE of crop.
2.In Oasis area,the main influencing factors of wheat,corn WUE were LAI-D, whole growth stage rainfull and total irrigation amount.The correlation between LAI-D, rainfull of whole growth stage, total water consumption, soil moisture, yield, water consumption and WUE were not significant, but the correlation between LAI-D and yield was very significant(r=0.99388), the correlation between whole growth stage rainfull and yield was significant(r=0.98159), the correlation between total irrigation amount and water consumption was also significant(r=0.95825), the correlation between LAI-D, rainfull of whole growth stage and water consumption were not significant, the correlation between total irrigation amount and yield was not significant, too. Thus, LAI-D,whole growth stage rainfull and total irrigation amount were the key factors to determine WUE of crop, which affect WUE by affecting yield and water consumption.
3. The main causes which increased WUE of alternative irrigatted wheat corn intercropping were: The economic yield increased with the improvement of LAI-D, whole growth stage rainfull,but water consumption was not increased significantly; in whole co-growth stage, the difference of soil moisture gradient between wheat and corn band was beneficial to optimize soil moisture environment of intercropping wheat band.At the irrigation rate of low,medium,high respectively,LAI-D of intercropping was increased by 54.18%, 54.49%, 60.04% compared to sole wheat,by 2.74%,1.52%,-0.10% compared to sole corn, the difference between intercropping and sole wheat was significant, but was not significant with sole corn.Whole growth stage rainfull of wheat corn intercropping was increased by 24.37% compared to sole wheat,which increased the yield of crop.Water consumption of alternative irrigatted wheat corn intercropping was increased by 5.38%,4.71%,4.19% compared to the average of sole cropping systems. At the irrigation rate of low, medium, high respectively, the difference between intercropping and sole cropping systems was not significant. In addition, absorption and utilization of soil moisture of intercropping system was higher than that of sole systems. The temporal and spatial distribution of soil moisture was sole wheat>sole corn>intercropping system, at the irrigation rate of low, medium, high respectively,in whole growth stage, soil moisture of sole wheat and corn were increased by 3.77%,7.20%,9.62% and 2.21%,2.89%,1.17% compared to intercropping system; as for spatial distribution, it was increased by 1.15%,3.43%,6.63% and 3.73%,2.45%,1.70% compared to intercropping system.Before wheat harvesting, soil moisture average of corn band was increased by 17.31% and 9.12% compared to intercropping wheat band and intercropping interlaced zone, this soil moisture gradient was good for the growth of intercropping wheat before wheat harvesting.
1.交替灌溉小麦间作玉米可显著提高土地利用率、作物产量和WUE。低、中、高灌水水平下,间作的土地当量比分别为1.30、1.35、1.38,土地利用率均高于单作。与单作小麦相比,交替灌溉间作小麦在实际占地面积上的经济产量分别提高了20.79%、28.34%和33.11%;间作玉米产量较单作玉米分别提高了38.30%、41.65%和41.98%,间作作物的增产作用显著。三个灌水水平下,交替灌间作WUE较单作小麦和单作玉米分别高55.97%、63.87%、68.47%和8.29%、12.72%、14.02%,间作与单作小麦处理间差异显著,与单作玉米中、高灌水水平下差异显著。间作对小麦、玉米经济产量的效应极显著,灌水水平对小麦经济产量的效应不显著,对玉米经济产量的效应显著;间作和灌水水平对小麦WUE的效应极显著,对玉米WUE的效应显著,对小麦、玉米经济产量和WUE的互作效应都不显著。间作是提高作物产量和WUE的主要途径。
2.绿洲灌区影响小麦、玉米WUE的主要因子是总叶日积、全生育期降雨量和总灌水量。不同处理的总叶日积、全生育期降雨量、总灌水量、土壤含水量、产量及耗水量与作物的水分利用效率的相关性均不显著,但总叶日积与作物产量呈极显著相关关系(r=0.99388),全生育期降雨量与产量呈显著相关关系(r=0.98159),总灌水量与耗水量呈显著相关关系(r=0.95825),总叶日积和全生育期降水量与耗水量、总灌水量与产量间的相关性均不显著。因此,总叶日积、全生育期降雨量和总灌水量是通过影响作物的产量和耗水量而决定WUE的关键因子。
3.交替灌溉小麦间作玉米提高WUE的主要原因是:通过总叶日积与全生育期降雨量的增加提高了作物的经济产量,但总耗水量并未显著增加;两作物共生期间,小麦带与玉米带间的水分梯度差有利于优化间作小麦的土壤水分环境。间作群体与单作群体相比,间作群体在低、中、高三个灌水水平下总LAI-D较单作小麦分别高54.18%、54.49%、60.04%,较单作玉米分别高2.74%、1.52%、-0.10%,间作与单作小麦处理间差异显著,与单作玉米处理间差异不显著。小麦间作玉米全生育期内的降雨量较单作小麦增加了24.37%,提高了作物产量。交替灌小麦间作玉米在低、中、高灌水水平下的总耗水量较单作群体耗水量的平均值分别增加了5.38%、4.71%、4.19%,间作与单作耗水量差异不显著。此外,间作群体对土壤水分的吸收利用大于单作群体。土壤水分时空分布表现为单作小麦>单作玉米>间作群体,时间上,单作小麦和单作玉米土壤含水量在低、中、高灌水水平下较间作群体分别高3.77%、7.20%、9.62%和2.21%、2.89%、1.17%;空间上,单作小麦和单作玉米土壤含水量低、中、高灌水水平下较间作群体相应灌水水平分别高1.15%、3.43%、6.63%和3.73%、2.45%、1.70%。小麦收获前,间作玉米带三个灌水水平土壤含水量平均值较间作小麦带和交错带分别高17.31%和9.12%,这种水分差异对小麦收获前间作小麦的生长非常有利。
A field experiment was carried out under different irrigation rate at the oasis experimental station of Gansu Agriculture University, in Huangyang Urban,Gansu Province.Water use characteristics and influence factors of alternative irrigatted wheat corn intercropping and sole wheat, sole corn were investigatting, and high possible mechanism of water efficient utilization of intercropping system was discussed.The main results showed as following:
1.Alternative irrigatted wheat corn intercropping could increase the land utilization efficiency,crop yield and WUE.At the irrigation rate of low, medium, high respectively, the LER of intercropping system was 1.30,1.35,1.38, the LER of intercropping was higher than that of sole cropping.In actual site area,the wheat yield of alternative irrigatted wheat corn intercropping was increased by 20.96%,28.34%,33.11% compared to sole wheat, the yield of corn was increased by 38.30%,41.65%,41.98% compared to sole corn, yield increasing effect of intercropping was significant. At three irrigation rate, WUE of alternative irrigatted wheat corn intercropping was increased by 55.97%,63.87%,68.47% and 8.29%,12.72%,14.02% compared to sole wheat and corn,the difference of intercropping and sole wheat was significant, the difference of intercropping and sole corn was significant only at medium,high irrigation rate. The effect of intercropping to wheat and corn economic yield were very significant, the effect of irrigation rate to wheat economic yield was not significant, the effect of irrigation rate to corn economic yield was significant; the effect of intercropping and irrigation rate to wheat WUE were very significant, to corn WUE was significant, the interaction effect of intercropping and irrigation rate to wheat,corn economic yield and WUE are all not significant.Intercropping was the main way which affected yield and WUE of crop.
2.In Oasis area,the main influencing factors of wheat,corn WUE were LAI-D, whole growth stage rainfull and total irrigation amount.The correlation between LAI-D, rainfull of whole growth stage, total water consumption, soil moisture, yield, water consumption and WUE were not significant, but the correlation between LAI-D and yield was very significant(r=0.99388), the correlation between whole growth stage rainfull and yield was significant(r=0.98159), the correlation between total irrigation amount and water consumption was also significant(r=0.95825), the correlation between LAI-D, rainfull of whole growth stage and water consumption were not significant, the correlation between total irrigation amount and yield was not significant, too. Thus, LAI-D,whole growth stage rainfull and total irrigation amount were the key factors to determine WUE of crop, which affect WUE by affecting yield and water consumption.
3. The main causes which increased WUE of alternative irrigatted wheat corn intercropping were: The economic yield increased with the improvement of LAI-D, whole growth stage rainfull,but water consumption was not increased significantly; in whole co-growth stage, the difference of soil moisture gradient between wheat and corn band was beneficial to optimize soil moisture environment of intercropping wheat band.At the irrigation rate of low,medium,high respectively,LAI-D of intercropping was increased by 54.18%, 54.49%, 60.04% compared to sole wheat,by 2.74%,1.52%,-0.10% compared to sole corn, the difference between intercropping and sole wheat was significant, but was not significant with sole corn.Whole growth stage rainfull of wheat corn intercropping was increased by 24.37% compared to sole wheat,which increased the yield of crop.Water consumption of alternative irrigatted wheat corn intercropping was increased by 5.38%,4.71%,4.19% compared to the average of sole cropping systems. At the irrigation rate of low, medium, high respectively, the difference between intercropping and sole cropping systems was not significant. In addition, absorption and utilization of soil moisture of intercropping system was higher than that of sole systems. The temporal and spatial distribution of soil moisture was sole wheat>sole corn>intercropping system, at the irrigation rate of low, medium, high respectively,in whole growth stage, soil moisture of sole wheat and corn were increased by 3.77%,7.20%,9.62% and 2.21%,2.89%,1.17% compared to intercropping system; as for spatial distribution, it was increased by 1.15%,3.43%,6.63% and 3.73%,2.45%,1.70% compared to intercropping system.Before wheat harvesting, soil moisture average of corn band was increased by 17.31% and 9.12% compared to intercropping wheat band and intercropping interlaced zone, this soil moisture gradient was good for the growth of intercropping wheat before wheat harvesting.
引文
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