回旋管振荡器注波互作用的数值模拟
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摘要
回旋管振荡器是一类基于电子回旋脉塞机理的快波真空电子器件，能在毫米及亚毫米波段产生高功率、高效率电磁辐射。它在毫米波雷达、受控热核聚变等离子体加热和诊断、定向能武器以及材料处理等领域有重大应用前景。国际上很重视它的理论和实验研究。
注波互作用过程一直是回旋管研究领域的重要课题。电磁粒子模拟技术(Particle in Cell Simulation)技术基于时域有限差分方法和有限大小粒子概念，能直接求解有源麦克斯韦方程组和电子相对论运动方程。与大信号理论模拟相比，PIC模拟能更全面地反映互作用物理过程。与实验研究相比，PIC模拟具有耗费人力、物力较少的优点。随着计算机计算能力的快速增长，目前PIC技术已逐步应用到回旋管注波互作用的计算机模拟中。
本论文对被研究的回旋管互作用电路模型，运用线性理论确定初步设计参数，再使用PIC技术进行大量计算机模拟，详细分析腔体几何参数、电子导引中心半径、注电流和外加直流磁场等参量对互作用过程和模式竞争状况的影响，最后总结模拟结果并给出优化设计参数。基于上述思路，本论文对回旋管振荡器注波互作用进行深入研究，得到了三种稳定工作且输出频谱纯度好的Ka波段回旋管振荡器的优化设计结果：基波TE_(01)模单腔管在70kV、1.323T、16A的工作条件下获得44.2％的电子效率及495kW的输出功率；二次谐波TE_(02)模单腔管在50kV、0.695T、6A的工作条件下获得28.8％的电子效率及76.9kW的输出功率；TE_(01)—TE_(04)模式对基波工作复合腔回旋管在70kV、1.262T渐变磁场、17A的工作条件下获得60.2％的电子效率及716kW的输出功率。模拟结果表明，本文给出的Ka波段基波TE_(01)-TE_(04)模式对复合腔回旋管具有高稳定工作电流，高效率和高输出功率的优点，是一种较好的高功率回旋管振荡器设计方案。
The gyrotron, which can be used to generate high power and high efficiency electromagnetic radiation in millimeter and sub-millimeter wavelength range, is a kind of fast-wave vaccum electron device based on electron cyclotron maser instability. Potential applications of the gyrotron include millimeter wave radar, plasma heating and diagnostic of controlled thermonuclear fusion, directed-energy weapons and materials processing. These prospects have motivated widely theoretic and experimental investigations into the physics of gyrotrons.
The study of beam-wave interaction is one of the most important subjects in the gyrotron field. The electromagnetic particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation technology, which bases on the time-domain finite difference (FDTD) algorithm and the concept of finite-size particle, can solve the Maxwell equations and the motion equations of electrons directly. Comparing with the large-signal numerical simulation, the PIC simulation can investigate the interaction process much more thoroughly. In addition, the PIC simulation consumes less human and material resources than the experimental study does. With the improvement of computer performance, the PIC technology has been applied to the computer simulation of the beam-wave interaction in the gyrotron gradually.
In this thesis, a general design process of the gyrotron oscillator is presented as follows. Firstly, the linear theories of gyrotron are used to determine the preliminary parameters of the design for studied gyrotron interaction circuits. Then, the PIC
注波互作用过程一直是回旋管研究领域的重要课题。电磁粒子模拟技术(Particle in Cell Simulation)技术基于时域有限差分方法和有限大小粒子概念，能直接求解有源麦克斯韦方程组和电子相对论运动方程。与大信号理论模拟相比，PIC模拟能更全面地反映互作用物理过程。与实验研究相比，PIC模拟具有耗费人力、物力较少的优点。随着计算机计算能力的快速增长，目前PIC技术已逐步应用到回旋管注波互作用的计算机模拟中。
本论文对被研究的回旋管互作用电路模型，运用线性理论确定初步设计参数，再使用PIC技术进行大量计算机模拟，详细分析腔体几何参数、电子导引中心半径、注电流和外加直流磁场等参量对互作用过程和模式竞争状况的影响，最后总结模拟结果并给出优化设计参数。基于上述思路，本论文对回旋管振荡器注波互作用进行深入研究，得到了三种稳定工作且输出频谱纯度好的Ka波段回旋管振荡器的优化设计结果：基波TE_(01)模单腔管在70kV、1.323T、16A的工作条件下获得44.2％的电子效率及495kW的输出功率；二次谐波TE_(02)模单腔管在50kV、0.695T、6A的工作条件下获得28.8％的电子效率及76.9kW的输出功率；TE_(01)—TE_(04)模式对基波工作复合腔回旋管在70kV、1.262T渐变磁场、17A的工作条件下获得60.2％的电子效率及716kW的输出功率。模拟结果表明，本文给出的Ka波段基波TE_(01)-TE_(04)模式对复合腔回旋管具有高稳定工作电流，高效率和高输出功率的优点，是一种较好的高功率回旋管振荡器设计方案。
The gyrotron, which can be used to generate high power and high efficiency electromagnetic radiation in millimeter and sub-millimeter wavelength range, is a kind of fast-wave vaccum electron device based on electron cyclotron maser instability. Potential applications of the gyrotron include millimeter wave radar, plasma heating and diagnostic of controlled thermonuclear fusion, directed-energy weapons and materials processing. These prospects have motivated widely theoretic and experimental investigations into the physics of gyrotrons.
The study of beam-wave interaction is one of the most important subjects in the gyrotron field. The electromagnetic particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation technology, which bases on the time-domain finite difference (FDTD) algorithm and the concept of finite-size particle, can solve the Maxwell equations and the motion equations of electrons directly. Comparing with the large-signal numerical simulation, the PIC simulation can investigate the interaction process much more thoroughly. In addition, the PIC simulation consumes less human and material resources than the experimental study does. With the improvement of computer performance, the PIC technology has been applied to the computer simulation of the beam-wave interaction in the gyrotron gradually.
In this thesis, a general design process of the gyrotron oscillator is presented as follows. Firstly, the linear theories of gyrotron are used to determine the preliminary parameters of the design for studied gyrotron interaction circuits. Then, the PIC
引文
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[11] 罗积润，袁广江，粟亦农等。无机材料毫米波处理的初步研究。稀有金属材料与工程，2002，31(增刊1)：518-522
[12] Jirun Luo, Guangjiang Yuan, Yinong Su, Shixi Zhao, Hanxing Liu et al. Millimeter Wave Processing of Materials in IECAS. Proceedings of 27th IEEE International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves, 2002, San Diego, California, USA
[13] Guangjiang Yuan, Yinong Su, Jirun Luo, XiaoxiaWang, Yansheng Zhang, Lei Zheng, Wei Guo, Min Zhu, Ersheng Wu. Sintering of Pure Barium Titanate Ceramics by 34. SGHz Millimeter Wave Radiation, Proceedings of 28th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Otsu, Japan, 2003: 321-322
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[1] A. V. Gaponov, Interaction Between Rectilinear Electron Beams and Electromagnetic Waves in Transmission Lines, Izv. VUZov. Radiofiz, 1959, 2: 836-837
[2] 刘刚 新型复合开放腔回旋管注波互作用计算 硕士论文 中科院电子所 1988
[3] 罗积润，徐承和，张世昌，洪文洁，耦合双腔回旋管的束波互作用分析，电子科学学刊，1987，9(6)，507-517
[4] M. V. Kartikeyan, et al., Design of a 42-GHz 200-kW Gyrotron Operating at the Second Harmonic, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON Plasmas Sciences, 2004, 52: 686-692
[5] Melissa K. Hornstein, et al., Second Harmonic Operation at 460 GHz and Broadband Continuous Frequency Tuningof a Gyrotron Oscillator, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES, 2005, 52: 798-807
[1] A. V. Gaponov, Interaction Between Rectilinear Electron Beams and Electromagnetic Waves in Transmission Lines, Izv VUZov. Radiofiz, 1959, 2: 836-837
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[6] V. G. Pavel' ev and S. E. Tsimring, Inventors Certificate 661664, Byull. Izobret., 17 240, 1979
[7] Hezong Guo, D. S. Wu, G.. Liu, et al, Special Complex Open-Cavity and Low-Magnetic-Field High-Power Gyrotron, IEEE Transaction on Plasma Science 1990, 18:326-332
[8] Y. Carmel, K. R. Chu, R. Read, et al., Realization of a highly stable and efficient gyrotron for controlled fusion research, 1983, Phys. Rev Lett., 50:112-115
[9] S. A. Malygin, Powerful gyrotron operating at the third harmonic, Radiotekhnika I Elektronika, 1986, 31: 334-336,.
[10] Yong Huang, Hongfu Li, Shiwen Yang, and Shenggang Liu, Study of a 35-GHz Third-Harmonic Low-Voltage Complex Cavity Gyrotron, IEEE Transactions on plasma science 1999, 27: 368-373
[11] D. R. Whaley, M. Q. Tran, T. M. Tran, T. M. Antonsen Jr, Mode Competition and Startup in Cylindrical Cavity Gyrotrons Using High-Order Opereting Modes, IEEE Transaction on Plasma Science, 1994, 22: (850-860)
[12] A. W. Fliflet, R. C. Lee, M. E. Read, Self-consistent field model for the complex cavity gyrotron, Int. J. Electronics, 1988, 65(3): 273-283.
[13] M. V. Kartikeyan, E. Borie, M. K. Thumm, Gyrotrons, Berlin, Springer, 2004 1439-2674
[2] D. B. McDermott, R. C. Statzman, A. J. Balkcum, N. C. Luhmann, Jr., 94-GHz 25-kW CW Low-Voltage Harmonic Gyrotron, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE, 1998,26: 402-408,
[3] R. O. Twiss, Radiation Transfer and the Possibility of Negative Absorption in Radio Astronomy, Hust. J. Phys. 1958, 11:567-579
[4] A. V. Gaponov, Interaction Between Rectilinear Electron Beams and Electromagnetic Waves in Transmission Lines, Izv. VUZov. Radiofiz, 1959, 2: 836-837
[5] J. L. Hirshfield, J. M Wachtel, Electron Cyclotron Maser, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1964, 12:533-536
[6] 廖复疆，吴固基，《真空电子技术》，北京，国防工业出版社，1999，P．117-119
[7] Victor L. Granatstein, Gregory S. Nusinovich, Monica Blank, et al, High Power Microwave Sources Technologic, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2001
[8] Gregory S. Nusinovich, Introduction to the Physics of Gyrotrons, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 2004
[9] Victor L. Granatstein, Baruch Levush, B. G. Danly, R. K. Parker, A Quarter Century of Gyrotron Research and Development, IEEE TEANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE 1997, 25: 1322-1335
[10] 袁广江，粟亦农，罗积润，王晓霞，张燕生，郑雷，郭伟，朱敏，吴尔生，毫米波烧结对纯钛酸钡陶瓷介电性能的影响，硅酸盐学报，2004，32(9)：1134-1139
[11] 罗积润，袁广江，粟亦农等。无机材料毫米波处理的初步研究。稀有金属材料与工程，2002，31(增刊1)：518-522
[12] Jirun Luo, Guangjiang Yuan, Yinong Su, Shixi Zhao, Hanxing Liu et al. Millimeter Wave Processing of Materials in IECAS. Proceedings of 27th IEEE International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves, 2002, San Diego, California, USA
[13] Guangjiang Yuan, Yinong Su, Jirun Luo, XiaoxiaWang, Yansheng Zhang, Lei Zheng, Wei Guo, Min Zhu, Ersheng Wu. Sintering of Pure Barium Titanate Ceramics by 34. SGHz Millimeter Wave Radiation, Proceedings of 28th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Otsu, Japan, 2003: 321-322
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