国际航运企业竞争力研究
|
摘要
国际航运是一个高风险、高投入、跨国竞争、垄断性强的行业，随着世界经济一体化、海运自由化进程的日益加快，国际航运企业之间的竞争更为激烈。发达海运国家与发展中海运国家都面临着如何更多地争夺或分享全球航贸资源、如何积极适应于不断发展的国际航运市场形势的重大战略问题。处于国际航运市场竞争中的航运企业，为了谋生存求发展，根本出路在于提升其自身竞争力。国际航运企业竞争力，是一国形成国际航运产业竞争力的必然基础，并对该国的国家竞争力产生重要的影响。我国正经历着由航运大国向航运强国转变的关键历史时期，深入研究国际航运企业的竞争力成为了一项重要而迫切的课题，具有重要的理论研究价值和现实指导意义。
论文主要通过规范研究与实证研究相结合、定性描述与定量分析相配合，综合运用竞争力经济学、航运经济学、统计学、数学、管理学等相关领域的学科理论与方法，分别从国际航运企业竞争力的系统机理、竞争力的评价指标与评价方法、竞争力的动态管理等三个方面，构建了一条从理论到实践、从抽象到具体、从静态到动态的研究逻辑体系，以期丰富国际航运企业竞争力的理论研究与决策方法体系。
论文共分七章，其中第1章“绪论”部分，主要介绍了国际航运企业竞争力研究的背景、研究目标、研究方法及研究价值，并明确了整篇论文的研究框架；第2章“文献综述及有待深入研究的问题”，该部分对国内外企业竞争力的理论与评价研究做了回顾，进而再对国内外关于航运企业竞争力的理论与评价研究做了评述，针对研究的现状指出了论文将要展开深入研究的方向；围绕上述两章所勾勒了研究主线，分别展开之后章节的论述。
第3章“国际航运企业竞争力的系统理论研究”，界定了国际航运企业竞争力的内涵，主要分析了其构成机理，提出了企业能力结构边界，针对不同航运市场结构分析了企业竞争力边界的属性(弱式竞争力边界、半强式竞争力边界、强式竞争力边界)，运用系统论的方法分别研究了国际航运企业竞争力系统的混沌结构、耗散结构及自组织结构，构建了企业竞争力的静态与动态模型，将SWOT分析运用于我国国际航运企业竞争力的发展环境，从激励与创新角度指出了企业竞争力的动力机制。
第4章“国际航运企业竞争力的评价研究”，提出了国际航运企业竞争力评价的FIP模式，建立了相应的评价指标体系，并明确了指标的性质及算法，结合客观赋权法(熵权法与加权平方和法)与主观赋权法(模糊综合评价法)，采用了企业竞争力的组合评价方法。
第5章“国际航运企业竞争力的实证研究”，采集了世界运力排名前15位的班轮公司的竞争力指标数据，运用第4章的评价方法，实施企业竞争力的具体评价。
第6章“国际航运企业竞争力的动态管理研究”，建立了国际航运企业竞争力的预测模型，重点论述了国际航运战略联盟的组合竞争力、战略目标及其机理，提出了纵向竞争力与横向竞争力矢量图，阐述了联盟伙伴的选择标准、决策指标体系及决策方法，从企业竞争力的视角提出了国际航运兼并的博弈模型，探讨了基于实物期权的国际航运分阶段投资决策，最后研究了国际航运企业的动态竞争战略。
第7章“总结与展望”，对本文的主要研究工作及成果予以总结，并指出了尚存的不足及今后深化研究的方向。
论文的主要创新之处体现在以下方面：
(1)系统地进行了国际航运企业竞争力的理论研究，构建了国际航运企业竞争力的系统理论研究体系；
(2)提出了国际航运企业竞争力评价的FIP模式，科学地建立了企业竞争力的评价指标体系；
(3)采用组合评价的方式，确定了国际航运企业竞争力的评价方法，并通过实证分析，进行了运用研究；
(4)系统地研究了国际航运企业竞争力的动态管理，丰富了国际航运企业竞争力的战略管理。
International shipping business-line has the attributes of high-risk, huge-investment, transnational-competition and strong-monopoly. With the increasing development of world economy-unify and shipping-liberalization, the competition between international shipping companies becomes more and more severity. Developed and developing shipping countries are both confronted with the situation that is how to dispute or share the world-shipping resources and how to adapt to the changes in international shipping market. The shipping enterprises in the condition of international shipping market competition, it is important to improve self-competitiveness, for making a living and development. International shipping companies' competitiveness is the basic for a country to form international shipping field competitiveness, and create key impact for a country's international competitiveness. Our country is experiencing key historical period from shipping big country to shipping great power, deeply researching international shipping companies competitiveness has become an important and stringent subject, and has important theory research value and realism direction meaning.
The thesis mainly adopts the combination between criterion research and demonstration research, the cooperation between qualitative description and quantitative analysis, comprehensively using theory and method in related fields, such as competitive economics, shipping economics, statistics, maths, management and etc. The thesis establishes a research logical system from theory to practice, from abstract to concrete, from static state to dynamic state, in the aspect of system mechanism of international shipping companies' competitiveness, evaluation index and evaluation method of competitiveness, dynamic state management, in order to enrich the system of international shipping companies' competitiveness thesis research and decision-making method.
The thesis contains seven chapters, chapter 1: Introduction, mainly introduces research background, research target, research method and research value of international shipping companies' competitiveness, meanwhile, determines the research frame; chapter 2: Literature summarization and the problems waiting for deeply research, this part looks back the theory and evaluation of companies' competitiveness at home and abroad, further, comments and describes
the theory and evaluation of shipping companies' competitiveness. Aiming at the research actuality, the thesis points that the direction of research should be deeply outspreading. The above two chapters draw the main outline of research, the following discussion is on the bases of these two.
Chapter 3: Systematic theory research of international shipping companies' competitiveness, provides the definition of international shipping companies' competitiveness, mainly analyzes its mechanism, puts forward companies' capability structure boundary, aiming at different shipping market structure, analyzes the attribute of companies' competitiveness boundary (weakness competitiveness boundary, semi-strength competitiveness boundary, strength competitiveness boundary), using systematic methodology, researches chaos structure, dissipation structure and organizing structure of international shipping companies' competitiveness, establishes static state and dynamic model of companies' competitiveness, puts SWOT analysis into use in the developing condition of our country's international shipping companies' competitiveness, in the perspective of incentive and innovation, points out the drive mechanism of companies competitiveness.
Chapter4: Research on the evaluation of international shipping companies' competitiveness, this section puts forward the FIP model of international shipping companies' competitiveness, establishes corresponding evaluation index system, defines the attributes and calculations of indexes, combines impersonality method and subjective method, and adopts combination evaluation method of companies' competitiveness.
Chapter5: Positive research on international shipping companies' competitiveness, the part collects competitiveness index data of liner ship that ranks the top 15 of international carrier power, adopts the evaluation method established in chapter 4, and implements the concrete evaluation.
Chapter6: Research on dynamic management in competitiveness of international shipping enterprises, the part establishes the competitiveness -forecast model, elaborates the combined competitiveness of shipping-alliance and its strategic objective and mechanism, put forwards vertical and horizontal competitiveness, elaborates the decision method to select alliance partners, provides the game model for international shipping merge, discusses multi-stage investment decision based on real options and dynamic competitive strategies.
Chapter 7: Summarizations and prospects, the part summarizes the main research work and results, and points out the weakness and further research direction.
The main innovation shows the following aspects:
(1) The thesis systematically conducts the theory research of international shipping companies' competitiveness, establishes the systematical theory research system of international shipping companies' competitiveness.
(2) The thesis puts forward the FIP model of international shipping companies' evaluation, scientifically establishes the evaluation index system of companies' competitiveness.
(3) The thesis adopts the evaluation method of international shipping companies' competitiveness, and conducts mobilization research by means of positive analysis.
(4) The thesis systematically researches the dynamic management of international shipping companies' competitiveness, enriches the strategic management of international shipping companies' competitiveness.
论文主要通过规范研究与实证研究相结合、定性描述与定量分析相配合，综合运用竞争力经济学、航运经济学、统计学、数学、管理学等相关领域的学科理论与方法，分别从国际航运企业竞争力的系统机理、竞争力的评价指标与评价方法、竞争力的动态管理等三个方面，构建了一条从理论到实践、从抽象到具体、从静态到动态的研究逻辑体系，以期丰富国际航运企业竞争力的理论研究与决策方法体系。
论文共分七章，其中第1章“绪论”部分，主要介绍了国际航运企业竞争力研究的背景、研究目标、研究方法及研究价值，并明确了整篇论文的研究框架；第2章“文献综述及有待深入研究的问题”，该部分对国内外企业竞争力的理论与评价研究做了回顾，进而再对国内外关于航运企业竞争力的理论与评价研究做了评述，针对研究的现状指出了论文将要展开深入研究的方向；围绕上述两章所勾勒了研究主线，分别展开之后章节的论述。
第3章“国际航运企业竞争力的系统理论研究”，界定了国际航运企业竞争力的内涵，主要分析了其构成机理，提出了企业能力结构边界，针对不同航运市场结构分析了企业竞争力边界的属性(弱式竞争力边界、半强式竞争力边界、强式竞争力边界)，运用系统论的方法分别研究了国际航运企业竞争力系统的混沌结构、耗散结构及自组织结构，构建了企业竞争力的静态与动态模型，将SWOT分析运用于我国国际航运企业竞争力的发展环境，从激励与创新角度指出了企业竞争力的动力机制。
第4章“国际航运企业竞争力的评价研究”，提出了国际航运企业竞争力评价的FIP模式，建立了相应的评价指标体系，并明确了指标的性质及算法，结合客观赋权法(熵权法与加权平方和法)与主观赋权法(模糊综合评价法)，采用了企业竞争力的组合评价方法。
第5章“国际航运企业竞争力的实证研究”，采集了世界运力排名前15位的班轮公司的竞争力指标数据，运用第4章的评价方法，实施企业竞争力的具体评价。
第6章“国际航运企业竞争力的动态管理研究”，建立了国际航运企业竞争力的预测模型，重点论述了国际航运战略联盟的组合竞争力、战略目标及其机理，提出了纵向竞争力与横向竞争力矢量图，阐述了联盟伙伴的选择标准、决策指标体系及决策方法，从企业竞争力的视角提出了国际航运兼并的博弈模型，探讨了基于实物期权的国际航运分阶段投资决策，最后研究了国际航运企业的动态竞争战略。
第7章“总结与展望”，对本文的主要研究工作及成果予以总结，并指出了尚存的不足及今后深化研究的方向。
论文的主要创新之处体现在以下方面：
(1)系统地进行了国际航运企业竞争力的理论研究，构建了国际航运企业竞争力的系统理论研究体系；
(2)提出了国际航运企业竞争力评价的FIP模式，科学地建立了企业竞争力的评价指标体系；
(3)采用组合评价的方式，确定了国际航运企业竞争力的评价方法，并通过实证分析，进行了运用研究；
(4)系统地研究了国际航运企业竞争力的动态管理，丰富了国际航运企业竞争力的战略管理。
International shipping business-line has the attributes of high-risk, huge-investment, transnational-competition and strong-monopoly. With the increasing development of world economy-unify and shipping-liberalization, the competition between international shipping companies becomes more and more severity. Developed and developing shipping countries are both confronted with the situation that is how to dispute or share the world-shipping resources and how to adapt to the changes in international shipping market. The shipping enterprises in the condition of international shipping market competition, it is important to improve self-competitiveness, for making a living and development. International shipping companies' competitiveness is the basic for a country to form international shipping field competitiveness, and create key impact for a country's international competitiveness. Our country is experiencing key historical period from shipping big country to shipping great power, deeply researching international shipping companies competitiveness has become an important and stringent subject, and has important theory research value and realism direction meaning.
The thesis mainly adopts the combination between criterion research and demonstration research, the cooperation between qualitative description and quantitative analysis, comprehensively using theory and method in related fields, such as competitive economics, shipping economics, statistics, maths, management and etc. The thesis establishes a research logical system from theory to practice, from abstract to concrete, from static state to dynamic state, in the aspect of system mechanism of international shipping companies' competitiveness, evaluation index and evaluation method of competitiveness, dynamic state management, in order to enrich the system of international shipping companies' competitiveness thesis research and decision-making method.
The thesis contains seven chapters, chapter 1: Introduction, mainly introduces research background, research target, research method and research value of international shipping companies' competitiveness, meanwhile, determines the research frame; chapter 2: Literature summarization and the problems waiting for deeply research, this part looks back the theory and evaluation of companies' competitiveness at home and abroad, further, comments and describes
the theory and evaluation of shipping companies' competitiveness. Aiming at the research actuality, the thesis points that the direction of research should be deeply outspreading. The above two chapters draw the main outline of research, the following discussion is on the bases of these two.
Chapter 3: Systematic theory research of international shipping companies' competitiveness, provides the definition of international shipping companies' competitiveness, mainly analyzes its mechanism, puts forward companies' capability structure boundary, aiming at different shipping market structure, analyzes the attribute of companies' competitiveness boundary (weakness competitiveness boundary, semi-strength competitiveness boundary, strength competitiveness boundary), using systematic methodology, researches chaos structure, dissipation structure and organizing structure of international shipping companies' competitiveness, establishes static state and dynamic model of companies' competitiveness, puts SWOT analysis into use in the developing condition of our country's international shipping companies' competitiveness, in the perspective of incentive and innovation, points out the drive mechanism of companies competitiveness.
Chapter4: Research on the evaluation of international shipping companies' competitiveness, this section puts forward the FIP model of international shipping companies' competitiveness, establishes corresponding evaluation index system, defines the attributes and calculations of indexes, combines impersonality method and subjective method, and adopts combination evaluation method of companies' competitiveness.
Chapter5: Positive research on international shipping companies' competitiveness, the part collects competitiveness index data of liner ship that ranks the top 15 of international carrier power, adopts the evaluation method established in chapter 4, and implements the concrete evaluation.
Chapter6: Research on dynamic management in competitiveness of international shipping enterprises, the part establishes the competitiveness -forecast model, elaborates the combined competitiveness of shipping-alliance and its strategic objective and mechanism, put forwards vertical and horizontal competitiveness, elaborates the decision method to select alliance partners, provides the game model for international shipping merge, discusses multi-stage investment decision based on real options and dynamic competitive strategies.
Chapter 7: Summarizations and prospects, the part summarizes the main research work and results, and points out the weakness and further research direction.
The main innovation shows the following aspects:
(1) The thesis systematically conducts the theory research of international shipping companies' competitiveness, establishes the systematical theory research system of international shipping companies' competitiveness.
(2) The thesis puts forward the FIP model of international shipping companies' evaluation, scientifically establishes the evaluation index system of companies' competitiveness.
(3) The thesis adopts the evaluation method of international shipping companies' competitiveness, and conducts mobilization research by means of positive analysis.
(4) The thesis systematically researches the dynamic management of international shipping companies' competitiveness, enriches the strategic management of international shipping companies' competitiveness.
引文
[1] (美)劳埃德·雷诺兹著．马宾译．微观经济学——分析和政策．商务印刷馆，1984：1～106
[2] 蒋自强主编．当代西方经济学主流学派．浙江大学出版社，1988：1～89
[3] 杰拉尔德·迈耶，达德利·西尔斯编．发展经济学的先驱．经济科学出版社，1988：1～334
[4] 李显君．国富之源——企业竞争力．企业管理出版社，2002：31
[5] 包昌火等．竞争情报与企业竞争力．华夏出版社，2001：176
[6] (日)藤本隆宏．生产系统的进化论．有斐阁，1997：87
[7] (日)日本企业活力研究所．关于企业活力的调查研究．国家体改委经济管理研究所编印．1998：1～40
[8] 同[4]
[9] 罗国勋．二十一世纪：中国中小企业的发展．社会科学文献出版社，1997：177
[10] 张志强、吴建中．企业竞争力及其评价．管理现代化．1999，1
[11] 范晓屏．关于企业竞争力内涵与构成的探讨．浙江大学学报(社会科学版)．2002，11，第六期：63
[12] 金碚．竞争力经济学．广东经济出版社，2003：20
[13] 徐希燕．企业竞争力的新诠释．经济管理．2003，5
[14] 席酉民．企业集团竞争力与业绩综合评价．机械工业出版社，2004：63～68
[15] 刘树人、张久达、张晓文．中国企业活力定量评价．中国国际广播出版社，1995：1～319
[16] 李必强．大中型企业的活力与经营机制．华中理工大学出版社，1992：1～78
[17] 金碚．企业竞争力测评的理论与方法．中国工业经济．2003，3
[18] 胡大立．应用灰色系统理论评价企业竞争力．科技进步与对策．2003，1
[19] 许广义、赵继伟．基于资源和能力的企业竞争力评价研究．哈尔滨商业大学学报(社会科学版)，2004，1
[20] 熊巍、赵海娟、程红莉．累积Logistic回归在企业竞争力评价中的应用．统计与信息论坛．2004，1
[21] 刘忠敏、回宝祥、杨杨．企业竞争力的AHP-Fuzzy评价及诊断．山东工商学院学报，2005，2
[22] 张桂仙．依靠科技进步提高航运企业的竞争力．技术经济．1997，7
[23] 陈元允．如何提高我国航运竞争力．中国水运．1999，12
[24] 张丽娟．提高航运竞争力的产业政策．中国水运．2003，1
[25] 周新意．基于模糊层次分析法的干散货航运企业竞争力研究．上海海运学院学报．2003，6，Vol．24．No．2
[26] 杨丽梅．论航运企业的竞争策略．世界海运．2003，10
[27] 王晚香、蒋惠园．航运企业的竞争策略．中国水运．2002，12
[28] 李华文．价格竞争在我国航运市场的运用及影响．世界海运．2002，8
[29] 倪海峰．论航运竞争中的进攻和防御策略．水运管理．1995，11
[30] 张仁颐、杨璟．世界航运业的发展与集装箱枢纽港的建设．上海交通大学学报(社会科学版) 1998，1
[31] 孙春凤．对航运可持续发展战略的探讨．水运管理．2001，8
[32] 真虹、洪然．基于系统动力学机制的航运可持续发展研究．中国航海．2001，1
[33] 董娜．集装箱运输的发展及我国航运公司的发展战略．世界海运．2001，6
[34] 吕靖、王浩林．新经济体制下国际航运业发展趋势浅析．世界海运．2001，10
[35] 吕占雄．国有大型航运企业经营战略的若干问题(之一)．世界海运．1999，4
[36] 吕占雄．国有大型航运企业经营战略的若干问题(之二)．世界海运．1999，5
[37] 王荣华．航运企业的CS战略．集装箱化．2000，6
[38] 胡献礼、林国龙．航运战略联盟动因浅析与国有航运企业的对策．水运管理．1998，5
[39] 王彦．班轮公会的衰弱及航运联盟的发展．世界海运．2001，12
[40] 梁慎刚．论国际航运业战略联盟的若干问题．水运管理．2002，2
[41] 李宝民．中国企业应参与国际航运联盟．中国水运．2002，8
[42] 朱国锋、沈立新．航运企业选择战略联盟伙伴的决策方法．中国航海．2003，1
[43] 罗虎．知识经济时代我国大型航运企业业绩评价体系创新研究(上)．水运管理．2003，5
[44] 罗虎．知识经济时代我国大型航运企业业绩评价体系创新研究(下)．水运管理．2003，6
[45] 左刚．航运企业财务指标体系研究．上海海运学院硕士学位论文．2001，12
[46] 万志宏．加入WTO对我国航运业的影响．求实．2002，11
[47] 徐步增、严浩、真虹．加入WTO对中国航运业发展的影响及对策．水运管理．2002，11
[48] 徐漳河．入世后我国航运业面临的形势和任务．港口经济．2002，4
[49] 杨建平．“入世”后的航运业．港口装卸．2001，1
[50] 杨建平．“入世”后的中国航运业．集装箱化．2001，2
[51] 魏家福．加入WTO对我国航运市场影响的研究．世界海运．2001，6
[52] 郑道昌．我国航运企业如何应对WTO的机遇和挑战．浙江海洋学院学报．2000，3
[53] 黄建设．加入WTO对我国航运业的影响及几点思考．集装箱化．2001，9
[54] 严庆新．服务贸易总协定对我国航运业的影响及对策．中国水运．2001，10
[55] 陈军飞．加入WTO对我国航运业的影响及对策分析．经济师．2002，11
[56] 黄继忠．关于加入WTO对我国航运业影响的几点思考．水运管理．2002，1
[57] 王琪、李宜军．航运市场风险及其规避策略浅析．水运管理．2002，4
[58] 曾昭舜．国际航运企业经营中的航运风险．水运管理．1999，5
[59] 沈卫．航运企业跨国经营的风险与防范．国际商务研究．1996年增刊
[60] 张倩．航运企业风险及防范．交通企业管理．2003，10
[61] 余建星、魏家福、孟博、胡云昌．WTO对我国航运市场风险研究．天津大学学报(社会科学版)．2001，9
[62] 中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室．现代汉语词典．商务印书馆，1986：602
[63] [美]科特勒．市场营销管理．第九版(中文版)．上海人民出版社，1999：211～212
[64] 同[12]
[65] 耿志民．中国机构投资者研究．中国人民出版社．2002，11
[66] 冯宗宪、庞飞、吴汉龙．中国航运服务业的开放态势与国际竞争战略．铁道经济研究．2003，6
[67] 中共中央、国务院．关于加强技术创新，发展高科技，实现产业化的决定．光明日报．1999，8，23 第一版
[68] 周三多、陈传明．管理学——原理与方法(第三版)．复旦大学出版社，1999，6：511～512
[69] 林善浪、吴肇光．核心竞争力与未来中国．中国社会科学出版社．2003，9
[70] 财政部统计评价司．企业绩效评价问答．经济科学出版社．1999，7：27
[71] 李玲玲．企业业绩评价——方法与运用．清华大学出版社．2004，3：101～102
[72] 国家经贸委经研中心(王忠明、白津夫等)．大企业定位国际竞争力．中国财政经济出版社．2002，7：76
[73] 盛骤、谢式千、潘承毅．概率论与数理统计(第二版)．高等教育出版社．1989，8：316
[74] 孟洋．班轮公会与航运联盟．中国水运．2002，12
[75] 胡敏华．跨国战略联盟：对现代企业竞争关系一种新的诠释．财贸研究．2003，6
[76] 周三多、陈传明、鲁明泓．管理学——原理与方法．复旦大学出版社．1999，6：274
[77] 朱国锋、沈立新．航运企业选择战略联盟伙伴的决策方法．中国航海．2003，1
[78] 司增绰、王铮．国际上五次企业兼并浪潮的特征及其演变规律分析．学海．2005，1
[79] 1995年至1997年合并的主要船公司．天津航海．1998，2
[80] 吴维库．企业竞争力提升战略．清华大学出版社．2002，7
[81] 周惠中．微观经济学．上海人民出版社．1997，8
[82] 董仪．中国出口集装箱运价指数与进出口贸易的相关关系分析．水运管理．2001，7
[83] 范晓屏．企业竞争力多相测度指标体系的构造．中国工业经济．1997，5
[84] 王伯安．中国石化企业竞争能力综合评价．石油化工科技软课题报告．1997，12
[85] 陈茂奇．江苏省工业企业竞争力分析．江苏省第三次工普开发课题．1996
[86] 韩之俊．国有工业企业与其他所有制企业企业竞争能力差异分析．江苏省第三次工普开发课题．1996
[87] 刘世锦等．企业管理新概念：核心竞争力．中国工业经济．1999，2
[88] 舒宁．企业竞争力研究述略．中国技术科学．1997，3
[89] 聂嘉玉、王玉田．中国海运政策的调整及其对航运业发展的影响分析．水运管理．1998， 8
[90] 张培林、梁小威．我国国际航运经济政策优化分析．中国软科学．1998，6
[91] 李宝民、刘刚．现阶段我国部分远洋航运政策之评估．世界海运．1996，1
[92] 戴启和．改革开放新时期我国重大航运政策沿革与现状．水运管理．1997，2
[93] 孟文莉．中国急需建立现代航运政策体系．水运管理．2002，4
[94] 包鹏程、王晓．我国现行航运政策的比较研究．南通航运职业技术学院学报．2003，9
[95] 洪善祥．21世纪初期中国航运业发展展望．上海造船．2002，1
[96] 刘秉镰、赵金淘．经济全球化与我国国际航运业．中国水运．2003，1
[97] 吴红光．迈向全球化：我国航运业面临的压力与对策．管理现代化．2001，4
[98] 袁锋．论经济全球化下的国际航运业．世界经济与政治论坛．1999，5
[99] 张林红、陈家源．21世纪国际航运市场环境分析．世界海运．2001，1
[100] 蒋旭辉、李六．我国航运企业的信息化建设．中国水运．2004，1
[101] 刘斌．国际海运业合并兼并的动机和方式研究(一)．世界海运．2001，6
[102] 刘斌．国际海运业合并兼并的动机和方式研究(二)．世界海运．2001，8
[103] 刘斌、陈双喜．国际海运业合并兼并的动机和方式研究(三)．世界海运．2001，10
[104] 侯荣华．集装箱航运市场运力供需与运价分析模型．交通运输工程学报．2003，9
[105] 吴猛．航运企业投资港口的方式及带来的港口收益分析．港口经济．2003，1
[106] 张矢宇．论航运公司的船队规划．水运管理．2003，6
[107] 冷岩．综合物流——航运企业发展的新趋势．世界海运．2001，1
[108] 何伟、张金隆．航运企业发展数字化物流的探讨．湖北师范学院学报(自然科学版)．2002，3
[109] 赵丽君、周江华．试探航运企业向综合物流服务的转变．宁波大学学报(人文科学版)．2003，9
[110] 朱燕君．知识经济时代航运企业物流系统分析．武汉科技学院学报．2003，6
[111] 杨家其、郑勋．基于物流服务的航运企业业务流程再造研究．中国航海．2003，3
[112] 盛美娟．关于航运企业发展综合物流服务的思考．经济经纬．2003，1
[113] 彭丽红．企业竞争力——理论与实证研究．经济科学出版社．2000，5
[114] 胡大立．企业竞争力论．经济管理出版社．2001，12
[115] 钱志新．竞争力三元结构——大型企业集团发展论．江苏人民出版社．1999，2
[116] 金碚．中国企业竞争力报告(2003)竞争力的性质和源泉．社会科学文献出版社．2003，11
[117] 郝云宏．中国大型企业国际竞争力研究．中国财政经济出版社．2002，12
[118] 刘小怡．中国企业国际竞争力：“入世”的冲击与对策．武汉大学出版社．2001，1
[119] 韩中和．企业竞争力——理论与案例分析．复旦大学出版社．2000，7
[1] Dolon, JP. Next Generation Manufacture. Chief Executive. 1997, (4): 52-60
[2] Porter Michael E. Competitive Strategy, New York: The Free Press, 1980
[3] Porter Michael E. Competitive Advantage, New York: The Free Press, 1985
[4] Porter, Michael E. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: The Free Press, 1990
[5] Porter, M. E. The Contribution of Industrial Organization to Strategic Management. Academy of Management Review. 1981, (6): 20-86
[6] Wernerfelt, B. A Resource-based View of the Firm Strategic Management Journal. 1984, (5): 80-170
[7] Lippman, S. and Rumlt, R. P. Uncertain Imitability: An Analysis of Interfirm Differences in Efficiency under Competition. Bell of Journal of Economics. 1982, (13) : 38-180
[8] Rumelt, R. P. Toward a Strategic theory of Firm. Competitive Strategic Management. 1984: 60-210
[9] Barney, J. B. Firm Resources and Sustainable Competitive Advantage, Journal of Management, 1997, (17): 99-123
[10] Knudsen, C. The Competence View of the Firm. What can Modern Economists Learn from Selznick Sociological Theory of Leadership. International Studies and Longitudinal Studies. 1998, (20): 121-140
[11]Prahalad,C. K. and Hamel,G. The Core Competence of the Corporation, Harvard Business Review, May-June, 1990
[12] Selznick,P. Leader in Administration. A Sociological Interpretation. Berkely: Harper & Row. 1957:20-150
[13] Langlois,R. N. Transaction Cost Economics in Real Time. Industrial and CorporateChange. 1992,(1): 101-120
[14] Teece,D. J. and Pisano,G. the Dynamic Capabilities of Firms: An Introduction. Industrial and Corporate Change. 1994, (3): 56-300
[15] Andrews,K. R. The Concept of Corporate Strategy. Homewood, III :Richard D. Irwin. 1971: 20-100
[16] World Economic Forum (WEF) . The Global Competitiveness Report. 1997,1998
[17] International Institute for Management Development (IMD) . The World Competitiveness Yearbook. 1998
[18] President's Commission on Industrial Competitiveness, Global Competition: The New's Reality Washington, D. C. ,U. S. , Government Printing Office, p26
[19] A . Michael Spence and Heather A . Hazard (1998) ,edit, International Competitiveness. Ballinger Publish Company, U. S. , p30
[20] Feurer, Rainer and Chahar baghi, Kazem. Defining Competitiveness: A Historical Approach. Management Decision. 1994,32 (2): 49-58
[21] Terpstra, Pavid E. Harm: Key to Competitiveness. Management Decision. 1994,32 (9): 10-14
[22] Demirag, Istemi S. Management Control Systems and Performance Evaluation in Japanese Companies. Management Accounting-London (MAC) . 1994,72 (7): 18-20
[23] Hording, Forrest E. Logistic Service Provider Gualtg: Private Measurement, Evaluation and Improvement. Journal of Business Logistics. 1998,19(1): 11-30
[24] Anonymes. Benefits: Make the Incentive Fit the Plan. Personnel Journal. 1995, (4): 1-3
[25] Samson, Danny and Wicker, John. Maximizing the Benefit per Dollar to Customers: A New Organization Focus. International Journal of Production Economics. 1998,54 (2): 215-230
[26] Koretz,Gene. Who's Economy Will Prosper? Business Week. Jul. 27, 1998,7 (27): 20-26
[27] Foss, N. J. The Theory of the Firm. Contractual and Competence Perspectives. Journal of Evolutionary Economics. 1993 (3): 44-120
[28] Klitgaard,Thomas. Evaluating the Price Competitiveness of our Exports. Current Issues in Economics & Finance (CIEF) . 1998,4(7): 18-42
[29] Mcclenahen,John S. Manufacturing's Global Dimensions. Industry Week. 1998,247 (7): 40-42
[30] Rex,Tom R. Report Card Grades for Arizona are Average. AZB Arizona Business (ABB), 1998,45 (3): 20-45
[31] Peter Lorange. Strategic Re-thinking in Shipping Companies. Maritime Policy and Management, 2001,Vol.28, No.1, 23-32
[32] Pbotis M. Panayides. Strategic Management in Shipping [M]. Seaview, 56 Issue Winter, 2001
[33] Tsung-Yu, Gin-Shuh Liang. Application of a Fuzzy Multi-criteria Decision-making Model for Shipping Company Performance Evaluation. Maritime Policy and Management, 2001, Vol. 28, No. 4/ October 1
[34] Harilaos N. Psaraftis. Impact of Ship Automation Technologies on the Competitiveness of European Shipping. Nt1. Tech. U of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytexneiou St. , 15773 Zografou, Greece
[35] Eleftherios D. Katarelos. Strategic Choices for Small Bulk Shipping Companies in the Post ISM Code Period.
[36] Eric FitzGerald. Stability v Competitiveness. Transasia 99 Conference, Hong Kong, 25-27 August 1999
[37] European Bank. Shipping Operations Policy. Documents of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 31 October, 2001
[38] Photis M. Panayides. Competitive Strategies and Organizational Performance in Ship Management. Maritime Policy and Management, 2003,Vol.30, No.2, 123-140
[39] Barney, J . Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage . Journal of Management. 1991,(17): 99-120
[40] Peteraf, Margaret A. The Cornerstones of Competitive Advantage: A Resource-based View. Strategic Management Journal. 1993,(14): 179-191
[41] Penrose, Edith Tilton. The Theory of the Growth of the Firm [M]. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York
[42] Oliver, Christine. Sustainable Competitive Advantage: Combining Institutional and Resource-based View. Strategic Management Journal. 1997, (18): 9, 697-713
[43] Hartigh, Erik Den; Langerak, Fred. Managing Increasing Return. European Management Journal. 2001, (19): 4: 370-378
[44] Robert S. Kaplan; David P. Norton. The Balanced Scorecard: "Translating Study into Action." [M]. HBS Press, Boston, 1997
[45] Anne Murphy; Gerard Kok. Managing Differences [R]. EFOM Conference, 7th, April 2000
[46]Merton R. C. Application of Option—Pricing Theory, American Economic Reviews. June 1998
[47] Lander D. M. Modeling and Valuing Real Options: An Influence Diagram Approach, Ph. D. Dissertation, 1997
[48] Courtrey H, Kirkland J, Viguecie P. Strategy under Uncertainty. Harvard Business Review, 1997,115:65-67
[49] Cranovetter. Neither Market nor Hierarchy: Network forms of organization. Research in Organization Behavior, 1990,28(12): 34-39
[50] Porter, M . E . and Van der Linde, C, Toward a New Conception of the Environment-Competitiveness relationship . Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1995,9,97-118
[51] Roy, M. -J. and Vezina, R., Environmental Performance as a Basis for Competitive Strategy: Opportunities and Threats. Corporate Environmental Strategy, 2001,8,339-347
[52] Gatignon, H. and Robertson,T. S., The Impact of Risk and Competition on Choice of Innovations. Marketing Letters, 1993,4,191 -204
[53] Yamin, S., Gunasekaran, A. and Mavondo, F. T, Relationship between Generic Strategies, Competitive Advantage and Organizational Performance: an Empirical Analysis. Technovation, 1999,19,507-518
[54] Day, G. and Wensley. R., Assessing Advantage: A Framework for Diagnosing Competitive Strategy. Journal of Marketing, 1988,52,1-20
[55] Slater, S. F. and Narver, J. C, Does Competitive Environment Moderate the Market Orientation-Performance Relationship? Journal of Marketing, 1994,58,46-55
[56] Chakravarthy, B. S., Measuring Strategic Performance. Strategic Management Journal, 1986, 7,437-458
[57] Doyle, P. and Wong, V., Marketing and Competitive Performance: an Empirical Study, European Journal of Marketing, 1998,32,514-535
[58] Karnani, A., Generic Competitive Strategies-an Analytical Approach. Strategic Management Journal, 1984,5,367-380
[59] O'Farell, P. N., Hitchens, D. M. and Moffat, L. A. R., The Competitive Advantage of Business Service Firms: a Matched Pairs Analysis of the Relationship between Generic Strategy and Performance. The Service Industries Journal, 1993, 13,40-64
[60] Amit, R. Cost Leadership Strategy and Experience Curves. Strategic Management Journal, 1986,7,281-292
[61] Barney, J. B. Types of Competition and the Theory of Strategy: toward and Integrative Framework, Academy of Management Review, 1986,11,791-800
[62] Barney, J . & E . Zajac . Competitive Organizational Behavior: toward an organizationally-based theory of Competitive Advantage, Strategic Management Journal, 1994,15 (Winter Special Issue), 5-9
[63] Barney, J., and Hansen, M., Trustworthiness as a Source of Competitive Advantages, Strategic Management Journal, 1994,15 (Winter Special Issue), 175-190
[64] Barney, J. B. Organizational Culture: Can it be a Source of Sustained Competitive Advantage? Academy of Management Review, 1986,11
[65] Lippman, S. and Rumelt,R. P.. Uncertain Imitability: an Analysis of Interfirm Difference in Efficiency under Competition. Bell Journal of Economics, 1982,13
[66] Bartmss A. and Cerny K., Building Competitive Advantage through a Global Network of Capabilities, IEEE Engineering Management Review, 1996,Vol.24, No.2, 29-42
[67] Bettis, R. A. and Hilt M. A. The New Competitive Landscape, Strategic Management Journal, 1995,16,7-19
[68] Birkinshaw, J., Morrison, A. & Hulland, J. Structural and Competitive Determinants of a Global Integration Strategy. Strategic Management Journal, 1995,16,637-655
[69] Caves, R. E. & Porter, M. E. From Entry Barriers to Mobility Barriers: Conjectural Decisions and Contrived Deterrence to New Competition. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1977,91,241-262
[70] Caves, R. E., Economic Analysis and the Quest for Competitive Advantage. American Economic Review, 1984, Vol.74, May, 127-132
[71] Christine Oliver. Sustainable Competitive Advantage: Combining Institutional and Resource-based Views. Strategic Management Journal, 1997,18
[72] Collis, D. J.. A Resource-based Analysis of Global Competition: the Case of the Bearings Industry. Strategic Management Journal, 1991,12,49-68
[73] Dierickx, I. and K.. Cool Asset Stock Accumulation and Sustainability of Competitive Advantage. Management Science, 1991, Vol.35
[74] Dollar, David. Competitiveness, Convergence, and International Specialization. The MIT Press, London, England, 1993
[75] Geroski, P. A.. Minding the Competition: From Mapping to Mastery. Strategic Management Journal, 1994,15 (Winter Special Issue)
[76] Margaret A. Peteraf. The Cornerstones of Competitive Advantage: A Resource-based View. Strategic Management Journal, 1993,10
[77] Montgomery C. A. &M. E., Porter. Seeking and Securing Competitive Advantage. HBS Press, 1991
[78] Prahalad. C. K.. Competing for the Future. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard Business School Press, 1994
[79] Porter, Michael E.. The Structure within Industries and Competitive Performance. Review of Economics and Statistics, 1979,Vol.61, May, pp.214-228
[80] Scott, B. R., and Lodge, George C, U. S. Competitiveness in the World Economy. Harvard Business School Press, 1984
[81] Sea-Jin Chang and HarBir Singh. Corporate and Industry Efforts on Business Unit Competitive Position. Strategic Management Journal, 2001,21
[82] Spender, J.-C. Competitive Advantage from Tacit Knowledge? Unpacking the Concept and its Strategic Implications. Proceedings of the Academy of Management, 1993
[83] Thomas, Philip R., & Martine, Kenne. Competitiveness through Total Cycle Time: An Overview for CEOs. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1990
[84] Violina P. Rindova and Charles J. Fombrun. Constructing Competitive Advantage: The Role of Firm-Constituent Interaction. Strategic Management Journal, 1999,20
[85] Weigelt, K. and C. Camerer. Reputation and Corporate Strategy: a Review of Recent Theory and Applications. Strategic Management Journal, 1998,Vol.9 (5)
[86] Williams, J.. How Sustainable is your Competitive Advantage? California Management Review, 1992,Vol.34: 3, 29-51
[87] Caves, R. E. Game Theory, Industrial Organization, and Business Strategy. Journal of Economics of Business, 1994,1: 11-14
[88] Hall, R. A Framework Linking Intangible Resources and Competencies to Sustainable Competitive Advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 1993,14:607-618
[89] Hamel, G. and Heene, A. Competence-based Competition, New York: John Wiley, 1994
[90]Hamel, G. and Prahalad, C. K. Strategy as Stretch and Leverage, Harvard Business Review, 1993,69: 75-84
[91] Heiner, R. A. The Origin of Predictable Behavior, American Economic Review, 1983,73: 560-595
[92] Helleloid, C. A Resource-based Theory of the Multinational Enterprise, paper presented for EIBA Annual Meeting, Reading, December 1992
[93] Kirzner I. M. Competition and Enterprises, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973
[94] Mitchell, G. R. New Approaches for the Strategy Management of Technology, Technology in Society, 1985, 7: 227-239
[95] Mintzberg H. The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning, New York: Prentice-Hall, 1994
[96] Shapiro, C. The Theory of Business Strategy, RAND Journal of Economics, 1989, 20: 125-137
[97] Emily Boyle, Managing Organization Network: Defining the Core, Management Decision. 1993, Vol. 31, No. 7
[98] Christine Harland. Supply Chain Operational Performance Roles, Integrated Manufacturing System, 1997, Vol.8, No.2
[99] Philip W. Balsmeier and Wendell J. Voision, Supply Chain Management, Industrial Management, 1996, Vol.38, No.5, September/October
[100] Edward Frazelle. Supply Chain Strategy. McGraw - Hill, 2002
[101] Raja G. Kasilingam. Logistics and Transportation, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 1998.6
[102] Muller, G. International Freight Transportation, 2nd edition, ENO Foundation for Transportation, 1989
[103] Reddy, V. R. And Kasilingam, R. G. International Transportation Considering Transfer Costs. Proceedings of the 1995 Global Trends Conference of the Academy of Business Administration, Aruba, 1995
[104] Barney, J., Wright, P., On Becoming a Strategic Partner: The Role of Human Resources in Gaining a Competitive Advantage, Human Resource Management, 1998,Vol.37,1: 31-46
[105] Barney, J., Strategic Factor Markets: Expectations, Luck, and Business Strategy, Management Science, 1998b, 32,10:1231-1241
[106] Buffa, E. S., Meeting the Competitive Challenge, Homewood, IL: Irwin, 1984
[107] Carayannis, E., Investigation and Validation of Technological Learning versus Market Performance, Technovation, 2000,20,389-400
[108] Hamel G., Doz, Y. L., and Prahalad, C. K., Collaborate with your Competitors and Win, Harvard Business Review, January-February, 1989,133-139
[109] Sahal, D., Patterns of Technological Innovation, Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., Advanced Book Program/World Science Division, 1981
[110] Rosenberg, N. Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics, London: Cambridge University Press, 1982
[111] Von Hippel, E., The Sources of Innovation, New York: Oxford University Press, 1987
[112] Aaker, D. A. Strategic Market Management. 4th edition, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996
[113]Boyatzis, R. E.. The Competence Manager. New York: Wiley, 1982
[2] 蒋自强主编．当代西方经济学主流学派．浙江大学出版社，1988：1～89
[3] 杰拉尔德·迈耶，达德利·西尔斯编．发展经济学的先驱．经济科学出版社，1988：1～334
[4] 李显君．国富之源——企业竞争力．企业管理出版社，2002：31
[5] 包昌火等．竞争情报与企业竞争力．华夏出版社，2001：176
[6] (日)藤本隆宏．生产系统的进化论．有斐阁，1997：87
[7] (日)日本企业活力研究所．关于企业活力的调查研究．国家体改委经济管理研究所编印．1998：1～40
[8] 同[4]
[9] 罗国勋．二十一世纪：中国中小企业的发展．社会科学文献出版社，1997：177
[10] 张志强、吴建中．企业竞争力及其评价．管理现代化．1999，1
[11] 范晓屏．关于企业竞争力内涵与构成的探讨．浙江大学学报(社会科学版)．2002，11，第六期：63
[12] 金碚．竞争力经济学．广东经济出版社，2003：20
[13] 徐希燕．企业竞争力的新诠释．经济管理．2003，5
[14] 席酉民．企业集团竞争力与业绩综合评价．机械工业出版社，2004：63～68
[15] 刘树人、张久达、张晓文．中国企业活力定量评价．中国国际广播出版社，1995：1～319
[16] 李必强．大中型企业的活力与经营机制．华中理工大学出版社，1992：1～78
[17] 金碚．企业竞争力测评的理论与方法．中国工业经济．2003，3
[18] 胡大立．应用灰色系统理论评价企业竞争力．科技进步与对策．2003，1
[19] 许广义、赵继伟．基于资源和能力的企业竞争力评价研究．哈尔滨商业大学学报(社会科学版)，2004，1
[20] 熊巍、赵海娟、程红莉．累积Logistic回归在企业竞争力评价中的应用．统计与信息论坛．2004，1
[21] 刘忠敏、回宝祥、杨杨．企业竞争力的AHP-Fuzzy评价及诊断．山东工商学院学报，2005，2
[22] 张桂仙．依靠科技进步提高航运企业的竞争力．技术经济．1997，7
[23] 陈元允．如何提高我国航运竞争力．中国水运．1999，12
[24] 张丽娟．提高航运竞争力的产业政策．中国水运．2003，1
[25] 周新意．基于模糊层次分析法的干散货航运企业竞争力研究．上海海运学院学报．2003，6，Vol．24．No．2
[26] 杨丽梅．论航运企业的竞争策略．世界海运．2003，10
[27] 王晚香、蒋惠园．航运企业的竞争策略．中国水运．2002，12
[28] 李华文．价格竞争在我国航运市场的运用及影响．世界海运．2002，8
[29] 倪海峰．论航运竞争中的进攻和防御策略．水运管理．1995，11
[30] 张仁颐、杨璟．世界航运业的发展与集装箱枢纽港的建设．上海交通大学学报(社会科学版) 1998，1
[31] 孙春凤．对航运可持续发展战略的探讨．水运管理．2001，8
[32] 真虹、洪然．基于系统动力学机制的航运可持续发展研究．中国航海．2001，1
[33] 董娜．集装箱运输的发展及我国航运公司的发展战略．世界海运．2001，6
[34] 吕靖、王浩林．新经济体制下国际航运业发展趋势浅析．世界海运．2001，10
[35] 吕占雄．国有大型航运企业经营战略的若干问题(之一)．世界海运．1999，4
[36] 吕占雄．国有大型航运企业经营战略的若干问题(之二)．世界海运．1999，5
[37] 王荣华．航运企业的CS战略．集装箱化．2000，6
[38] 胡献礼、林国龙．航运战略联盟动因浅析与国有航运企业的对策．水运管理．1998，5
[39] 王彦．班轮公会的衰弱及航运联盟的发展．世界海运．2001，12
[40] 梁慎刚．论国际航运业战略联盟的若干问题．水运管理．2002，2
[41] 李宝民．中国企业应参与国际航运联盟．中国水运．2002，8
[42] 朱国锋、沈立新．航运企业选择战略联盟伙伴的决策方法．中国航海．2003，1
[43] 罗虎．知识经济时代我国大型航运企业业绩评价体系创新研究(上)．水运管理．2003，5
[44] 罗虎．知识经济时代我国大型航运企业业绩评价体系创新研究(下)．水运管理．2003，6
[45] 左刚．航运企业财务指标体系研究．上海海运学院硕士学位论文．2001，12
[46] 万志宏．加入WTO对我国航运业的影响．求实．2002，11
[47] 徐步增、严浩、真虹．加入WTO对中国航运业发展的影响及对策．水运管理．2002，11
[48] 徐漳河．入世后我国航运业面临的形势和任务．港口经济．2002，4
[49] 杨建平．“入世”后的航运业．港口装卸．2001，1
[50] 杨建平．“入世”后的中国航运业．集装箱化．2001，2
[51] 魏家福．加入WTO对我国航运市场影响的研究．世界海运．2001，6
[52] 郑道昌．我国航运企业如何应对WTO的机遇和挑战．浙江海洋学院学报．2000，3
[53] 黄建设．加入WTO对我国航运业的影响及几点思考．集装箱化．2001，9
[54] 严庆新．服务贸易总协定对我国航运业的影响及对策．中国水运．2001，10
[55] 陈军飞．加入WTO对我国航运业的影响及对策分析．经济师．2002，11
[56] 黄继忠．关于加入WTO对我国航运业影响的几点思考．水运管理．2002，1
[57] 王琪、李宜军．航运市场风险及其规避策略浅析．水运管理．2002，4
[58] 曾昭舜．国际航运企业经营中的航运风险．水运管理．1999，5
[59] 沈卫．航运企业跨国经营的风险与防范．国际商务研究．1996年增刊
[60] 张倩．航运企业风险及防范．交通企业管理．2003，10
[61] 余建星、魏家福、孟博、胡云昌．WTO对我国航运市场风险研究．天津大学学报(社会科学版)．2001，9
[62] 中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室．现代汉语词典．商务印书馆，1986：602
[63] [美]科特勒．市场营销管理．第九版(中文版)．上海人民出版社，1999：211～212
[64] 同[12]
[65] 耿志民．中国机构投资者研究．中国人民出版社．2002，11
[66] 冯宗宪、庞飞、吴汉龙．中国航运服务业的开放态势与国际竞争战略．铁道经济研究．2003，6
[67] 中共中央、国务院．关于加强技术创新，发展高科技，实现产业化的决定．光明日报．1999，8，23 第一版
[68] 周三多、陈传明．管理学——原理与方法(第三版)．复旦大学出版社，1999，6：511～512
[69] 林善浪、吴肇光．核心竞争力与未来中国．中国社会科学出版社．2003，9
[70] 财政部统计评价司．企业绩效评价问答．经济科学出版社．1999，7：27
[71] 李玲玲．企业业绩评价——方法与运用．清华大学出版社．2004，3：101～102
[72] 国家经贸委经研中心(王忠明、白津夫等)．大企业定位国际竞争力．中国财政经济出版社．2002，7：76
[73] 盛骤、谢式千、潘承毅．概率论与数理统计(第二版)．高等教育出版社．1989，8：316
[74] 孟洋．班轮公会与航运联盟．中国水运．2002，12
[75] 胡敏华．跨国战略联盟：对现代企业竞争关系一种新的诠释．财贸研究．2003，6
[76] 周三多、陈传明、鲁明泓．管理学——原理与方法．复旦大学出版社．1999，6：274
[77] 朱国锋、沈立新．航运企业选择战略联盟伙伴的决策方法．中国航海．2003，1
[78] 司增绰、王铮．国际上五次企业兼并浪潮的特征及其演变规律分析．学海．2005，1
[79] 1995年至1997年合并的主要船公司．天津航海．1998，2
[80] 吴维库．企业竞争力提升战略．清华大学出版社．2002，7
[81] 周惠中．微观经济学．上海人民出版社．1997，8
[82] 董仪．中国出口集装箱运价指数与进出口贸易的相关关系分析．水运管理．2001，7
[83] 范晓屏．企业竞争力多相测度指标体系的构造．中国工业经济．1997，5
[84] 王伯安．中国石化企业竞争能力综合评价．石油化工科技软课题报告．1997，12
[85] 陈茂奇．江苏省工业企业竞争力分析．江苏省第三次工普开发课题．1996
[86] 韩之俊．国有工业企业与其他所有制企业企业竞争能力差异分析．江苏省第三次工普开发课题．1996
[87] 刘世锦等．企业管理新概念：核心竞争力．中国工业经济．1999，2
[88] 舒宁．企业竞争力研究述略．中国技术科学．1997，3
[89] 聂嘉玉、王玉田．中国海运政策的调整及其对航运业发展的影响分析．水运管理．1998， 8
[90] 张培林、梁小威．我国国际航运经济政策优化分析．中国软科学．1998，6
[91] 李宝民、刘刚．现阶段我国部分远洋航运政策之评估．世界海运．1996，1
[92] 戴启和．改革开放新时期我国重大航运政策沿革与现状．水运管理．1997，2
[93] 孟文莉．中国急需建立现代航运政策体系．水运管理．2002，4
[94] 包鹏程、王晓．我国现行航运政策的比较研究．南通航运职业技术学院学报．2003，9
[95] 洪善祥．21世纪初期中国航运业发展展望．上海造船．2002，1
[96] 刘秉镰、赵金淘．经济全球化与我国国际航运业．中国水运．2003，1
[97] 吴红光．迈向全球化：我国航运业面临的压力与对策．管理现代化．2001，4
[98] 袁锋．论经济全球化下的国际航运业．世界经济与政治论坛．1999，5
[99] 张林红、陈家源．21世纪国际航运市场环境分析．世界海运．2001，1
[100] 蒋旭辉、李六．我国航运企业的信息化建设．中国水运．2004，1
[101] 刘斌．国际海运业合并兼并的动机和方式研究(一)．世界海运．2001，6
[102] 刘斌．国际海运业合并兼并的动机和方式研究(二)．世界海运．2001，8
[103] 刘斌、陈双喜．国际海运业合并兼并的动机和方式研究(三)．世界海运．2001，10
[104] 侯荣华．集装箱航运市场运力供需与运价分析模型．交通运输工程学报．2003，9
[105] 吴猛．航运企业投资港口的方式及带来的港口收益分析．港口经济．2003，1
[106] 张矢宇．论航运公司的船队规划．水运管理．2003，6
[107] 冷岩．综合物流——航运企业发展的新趋势．世界海运．2001，1
[108] 何伟、张金隆．航运企业发展数字化物流的探讨．湖北师范学院学报(自然科学版)．2002，3
[109] 赵丽君、周江华．试探航运企业向综合物流服务的转变．宁波大学学报(人文科学版)．2003，9
[110] 朱燕君．知识经济时代航运企业物流系统分析．武汉科技学院学报．2003，6
[111] 杨家其、郑勋．基于物流服务的航运企业业务流程再造研究．中国航海．2003，3
[112] 盛美娟．关于航运企业发展综合物流服务的思考．经济经纬．2003，1
[113] 彭丽红．企业竞争力——理论与实证研究．经济科学出版社．2000，5
[114] 胡大立．企业竞争力论．经济管理出版社．2001，12
[115] 钱志新．竞争力三元结构——大型企业集团发展论．江苏人民出版社．1999，2
[116] 金碚．中国企业竞争力报告(2003)竞争力的性质和源泉．社会科学文献出版社．2003，11
[117] 郝云宏．中国大型企业国际竞争力研究．中国财政经济出版社．2002，12
[118] 刘小怡．中国企业国际竞争力：“入世”的冲击与对策．武汉大学出版社．2001，1
[119] 韩中和．企业竞争力——理论与案例分析．复旦大学出版社．2000，7
[1] Dolon, JP. Next Generation Manufacture. Chief Executive. 1997, (4): 52-60
[2] Porter Michael E. Competitive Strategy, New York: The Free Press, 1980
[3] Porter Michael E. Competitive Advantage, New York: The Free Press, 1985
[4] Porter, Michael E. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: The Free Press, 1990
[5] Porter, M. E. The Contribution of Industrial Organization to Strategic Management. Academy of Management Review. 1981, (6): 20-86
[6] Wernerfelt, B. A Resource-based View of the Firm Strategic Management Journal. 1984, (5): 80-170
[7] Lippman, S. and Rumlt, R. P. Uncertain Imitability: An Analysis of Interfirm Differences in Efficiency under Competition. Bell of Journal of Economics. 1982, (13) : 38-180
[8] Rumelt, R. P. Toward a Strategic theory of Firm. Competitive Strategic Management. 1984: 60-210
[9] Barney, J. B. Firm Resources and Sustainable Competitive Advantage, Journal of Management, 1997, (17): 99-123
[10] Knudsen, C. The Competence View of the Firm. What can Modern Economists Learn from Selznick Sociological Theory of Leadership. International Studies and Longitudinal Studies. 1998, (20): 121-140
[11]Prahalad,C. K. and Hamel,G. The Core Competence of the Corporation, Harvard Business Review, May-June, 1990
[12] Selznick,P. Leader in Administration. A Sociological Interpretation. Berkely: Harper & Row. 1957:20-150
[13] Langlois,R. N. Transaction Cost Economics in Real Time. Industrial and CorporateChange. 1992,(1): 101-120
[14] Teece,D. J. and Pisano,G. the Dynamic Capabilities of Firms: An Introduction. Industrial and Corporate Change. 1994, (3): 56-300
[15] Andrews,K. R. The Concept of Corporate Strategy. Homewood, III :Richard D. Irwin. 1971: 20-100
[16] World Economic Forum (WEF) . The Global Competitiveness Report. 1997,1998
[17] International Institute for Management Development (IMD) . The World Competitiveness Yearbook. 1998
[18] President's Commission on Industrial Competitiveness, Global Competition: The New's Reality Washington, D. C. ,U. S. , Government Printing Office, p26
[19] A . Michael Spence and Heather A . Hazard (1998) ,edit, International Competitiveness. Ballinger Publish Company, U. S. , p30
[20] Feurer, Rainer and Chahar baghi, Kazem. Defining Competitiveness: A Historical Approach. Management Decision. 1994,32 (2): 49-58
[21] Terpstra, Pavid E. Harm: Key to Competitiveness. Management Decision. 1994,32 (9): 10-14
[22] Demirag, Istemi S. Management Control Systems and Performance Evaluation in Japanese Companies. Management Accounting-London (MAC) . 1994,72 (7): 18-20
[23] Hording, Forrest E. Logistic Service Provider Gualtg: Private Measurement, Evaluation and Improvement. Journal of Business Logistics. 1998,19(1): 11-30
[24] Anonymes. Benefits: Make the Incentive Fit the Plan. Personnel Journal. 1995, (4): 1-3
[25] Samson, Danny and Wicker, John. Maximizing the Benefit per Dollar to Customers: A New Organization Focus. International Journal of Production Economics. 1998,54 (2): 215-230
[26] Koretz,Gene. Who's Economy Will Prosper? Business Week. Jul. 27, 1998,7 (27): 20-26
[27] Foss, N. J. The Theory of the Firm. Contractual and Competence Perspectives. Journal of Evolutionary Economics. 1993 (3): 44-120
[28] Klitgaard,Thomas. Evaluating the Price Competitiveness of our Exports. Current Issues in Economics & Finance (CIEF) . 1998,4(7): 18-42
[29] Mcclenahen,John S. Manufacturing's Global Dimensions. Industry Week. 1998,247 (7): 40-42
[30] Rex,Tom R. Report Card Grades for Arizona are Average. AZB Arizona Business (ABB), 1998,45 (3): 20-45
[31] Peter Lorange. Strategic Re-thinking in Shipping Companies. Maritime Policy and Management, 2001,Vol.28, No.1, 23-32
[32] Pbotis M. Panayides. Strategic Management in Shipping [M]. Seaview, 56 Issue Winter, 2001
[33] Tsung-Yu, Gin-Shuh Liang. Application of a Fuzzy Multi-criteria Decision-making Model for Shipping Company Performance Evaluation. Maritime Policy and Management, 2001, Vol. 28, No. 4/ October 1
[34] Harilaos N. Psaraftis. Impact of Ship Automation Technologies on the Competitiveness of European Shipping. Nt1. Tech. U of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytexneiou St. , 15773 Zografou, Greece
[35] Eleftherios D. Katarelos. Strategic Choices for Small Bulk Shipping Companies in the Post ISM Code Period.
[36] Eric FitzGerald. Stability v Competitiveness. Transasia 99 Conference, Hong Kong, 25-27 August 1999
[37] European Bank. Shipping Operations Policy. Documents of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 31 October, 2001
[38] Photis M. Panayides. Competitive Strategies and Organizational Performance in Ship Management. Maritime Policy and Management, 2003,Vol.30, No.2, 123-140
[39] Barney, J . Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage . Journal of Management. 1991,(17): 99-120
[40] Peteraf, Margaret A. The Cornerstones of Competitive Advantage: A Resource-based View. Strategic Management Journal. 1993,(14): 179-191
[41] Penrose, Edith Tilton. The Theory of the Growth of the Firm [M]. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York
[42] Oliver, Christine. Sustainable Competitive Advantage: Combining Institutional and Resource-based View. Strategic Management Journal. 1997, (18): 9, 697-713
[43] Hartigh, Erik Den; Langerak, Fred. Managing Increasing Return. European Management Journal. 2001, (19): 4: 370-378
[44] Robert S. Kaplan; David P. Norton. The Balanced Scorecard: "Translating Study into Action." [M]. HBS Press, Boston, 1997
[45] Anne Murphy; Gerard Kok. Managing Differences [R]. EFOM Conference, 7th, April 2000
[46]Merton R. C. Application of Option—Pricing Theory, American Economic Reviews. June 1998
[47] Lander D. M. Modeling and Valuing Real Options: An Influence Diagram Approach, Ph. D. Dissertation, 1997
[48] Courtrey H, Kirkland J, Viguecie P. Strategy under Uncertainty. Harvard Business Review, 1997,115:65-67
[49] Cranovetter. Neither Market nor Hierarchy: Network forms of organization. Research in Organization Behavior, 1990,28(12): 34-39
[50] Porter, M . E . and Van der Linde, C, Toward a New Conception of the Environment-Competitiveness relationship . Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1995,9,97-118
[51] Roy, M. -J. and Vezina, R., Environmental Performance as a Basis for Competitive Strategy: Opportunities and Threats. Corporate Environmental Strategy, 2001,8,339-347
[52] Gatignon, H. and Robertson,T. S., The Impact of Risk and Competition on Choice of Innovations. Marketing Letters, 1993,4,191 -204
[53] Yamin, S., Gunasekaran, A. and Mavondo, F. T, Relationship between Generic Strategies, Competitive Advantage and Organizational Performance: an Empirical Analysis. Technovation, 1999,19,507-518
[54] Day, G. and Wensley. R., Assessing Advantage: A Framework for Diagnosing Competitive Strategy. Journal of Marketing, 1988,52,1-20
[55] Slater, S. F. and Narver, J. C, Does Competitive Environment Moderate the Market Orientation-Performance Relationship? Journal of Marketing, 1994,58,46-55
[56] Chakravarthy, B. S., Measuring Strategic Performance. Strategic Management Journal, 1986, 7,437-458
[57] Doyle, P. and Wong, V., Marketing and Competitive Performance: an Empirical Study, European Journal of Marketing, 1998,32,514-535
[58] Karnani, A., Generic Competitive Strategies-an Analytical Approach. Strategic Management Journal, 1984,5,367-380
[59] O'Farell, P. N., Hitchens, D. M. and Moffat, L. A. R., The Competitive Advantage of Business Service Firms: a Matched Pairs Analysis of the Relationship between Generic Strategy and Performance. The Service Industries Journal, 1993, 13,40-64
[60] Amit, R. Cost Leadership Strategy and Experience Curves. Strategic Management Journal, 1986,7,281-292
[61] Barney, J. B. Types of Competition and the Theory of Strategy: toward and Integrative Framework, Academy of Management Review, 1986,11,791-800
[62] Barney, J . & E . Zajac . Competitive Organizational Behavior: toward an organizationally-based theory of Competitive Advantage, Strategic Management Journal, 1994,15 (Winter Special Issue), 5-9
[63] Barney, J., and Hansen, M., Trustworthiness as a Source of Competitive Advantages, Strategic Management Journal, 1994,15 (Winter Special Issue), 175-190
[64] Barney, J. B. Organizational Culture: Can it be a Source of Sustained Competitive Advantage? Academy of Management Review, 1986,11
[65] Lippman, S. and Rumelt,R. P.. Uncertain Imitability: an Analysis of Interfirm Difference in Efficiency under Competition. Bell Journal of Economics, 1982,13
[66] Bartmss A. and Cerny K., Building Competitive Advantage through a Global Network of Capabilities, IEEE Engineering Management Review, 1996,Vol.24, No.2, 29-42
[67] Bettis, R. A. and Hilt M. A. The New Competitive Landscape, Strategic Management Journal, 1995,16,7-19
[68] Birkinshaw, J., Morrison, A. & Hulland, J. Structural and Competitive Determinants of a Global Integration Strategy. Strategic Management Journal, 1995,16,637-655
[69] Caves, R. E. & Porter, M. E. From Entry Barriers to Mobility Barriers: Conjectural Decisions and Contrived Deterrence to New Competition. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1977,91,241-262
[70] Caves, R. E., Economic Analysis and the Quest for Competitive Advantage. American Economic Review, 1984, Vol.74, May, 127-132
[71] Christine Oliver. Sustainable Competitive Advantage: Combining Institutional and Resource-based Views. Strategic Management Journal, 1997,18
[72] Collis, D. J.. A Resource-based Analysis of Global Competition: the Case of the Bearings Industry. Strategic Management Journal, 1991,12,49-68
[73] Dierickx, I. and K.. Cool Asset Stock Accumulation and Sustainability of Competitive Advantage. Management Science, 1991, Vol.35
[74] Dollar, David. Competitiveness, Convergence, and International Specialization. The MIT Press, London, England, 1993
[75] Geroski, P. A.. Minding the Competition: From Mapping to Mastery. Strategic Management Journal, 1994,15 (Winter Special Issue)
[76] Margaret A. Peteraf. The Cornerstones of Competitive Advantage: A Resource-based View. Strategic Management Journal, 1993,10
[77] Montgomery C. A. &M. E., Porter. Seeking and Securing Competitive Advantage. HBS Press, 1991
[78] Prahalad. C. K.. Competing for the Future. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard Business School Press, 1994
[79] Porter, Michael E.. The Structure within Industries and Competitive Performance. Review of Economics and Statistics, 1979,Vol.61, May, pp.214-228
[80] Scott, B. R., and Lodge, George C, U. S. Competitiveness in the World Economy. Harvard Business School Press, 1984
[81] Sea-Jin Chang and HarBir Singh. Corporate and Industry Efforts on Business Unit Competitive Position. Strategic Management Journal, 2001,21
[82] Spender, J.-C. Competitive Advantage from Tacit Knowledge? Unpacking the Concept and its Strategic Implications. Proceedings of the Academy of Management, 1993
[83] Thomas, Philip R., & Martine, Kenne. Competitiveness through Total Cycle Time: An Overview for CEOs. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1990
[84] Violina P. Rindova and Charles J. Fombrun. Constructing Competitive Advantage: The Role of Firm-Constituent Interaction. Strategic Management Journal, 1999,20
[85] Weigelt, K. and C. Camerer. Reputation and Corporate Strategy: a Review of Recent Theory and Applications. Strategic Management Journal, 1998,Vol.9 (5)
[86] Williams, J.. How Sustainable is your Competitive Advantage? California Management Review, 1992,Vol.34: 3, 29-51
[87] Caves, R. E. Game Theory, Industrial Organization, and Business Strategy. Journal of Economics of Business, 1994,1: 11-14
[88] Hall, R. A Framework Linking Intangible Resources and Competencies to Sustainable Competitive Advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 1993,14:607-618
[89] Hamel, G. and Heene, A. Competence-based Competition, New York: John Wiley, 1994
[90]Hamel, G. and Prahalad, C. K. Strategy as Stretch and Leverage, Harvard Business Review, 1993,69: 75-84
[91] Heiner, R. A. The Origin of Predictable Behavior, American Economic Review, 1983,73: 560-595
[92] Helleloid, C. A Resource-based Theory of the Multinational Enterprise, paper presented for EIBA Annual Meeting, Reading, December 1992
[93] Kirzner I. M. Competition and Enterprises, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973
[94] Mitchell, G. R. New Approaches for the Strategy Management of Technology, Technology in Society, 1985, 7: 227-239
[95] Mintzberg H. The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning, New York: Prentice-Hall, 1994
[96] Shapiro, C. The Theory of Business Strategy, RAND Journal of Economics, 1989, 20: 125-137
[97] Emily Boyle, Managing Organization Network: Defining the Core, Management Decision. 1993, Vol. 31, No. 7
[98] Christine Harland. Supply Chain Operational Performance Roles, Integrated Manufacturing System, 1997, Vol.8, No.2
[99] Philip W. Balsmeier and Wendell J. Voision, Supply Chain Management, Industrial Management, 1996, Vol.38, No.5, September/October
[100] Edward Frazelle. Supply Chain Strategy. McGraw - Hill, 2002
[101] Raja G. Kasilingam. Logistics and Transportation, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 1998.6
[102] Muller, G. International Freight Transportation, 2nd edition, ENO Foundation for Transportation, 1989
[103] Reddy, V. R. And Kasilingam, R. G. International Transportation Considering Transfer Costs. Proceedings of the 1995 Global Trends Conference of the Academy of Business Administration, Aruba, 1995
[104] Barney, J., Wright, P., On Becoming a Strategic Partner: The Role of Human Resources in Gaining a Competitive Advantage, Human Resource Management, 1998,Vol.37,1: 31-46
[105] Barney, J., Strategic Factor Markets: Expectations, Luck, and Business Strategy, Management Science, 1998b, 32,10:1231-1241
[106] Buffa, E. S., Meeting the Competitive Challenge, Homewood, IL: Irwin, 1984
[107] Carayannis, E., Investigation and Validation of Technological Learning versus Market Performance, Technovation, 2000,20,389-400
[108] Hamel G., Doz, Y. L., and Prahalad, C. K., Collaborate with your Competitors and Win, Harvard Business Review, January-February, 1989,133-139
[109] Sahal, D., Patterns of Technological Innovation, Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., Advanced Book Program/World Science Division, 1981
[110] Rosenberg, N. Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics, London: Cambridge University Press, 1982
[111] Von Hippel, E., The Sources of Innovation, New York: Oxford University Press, 1987
[112] Aaker, D. A. Strategic Market Management. 4th edition, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996
[113]Boyatzis, R. E.. The Competence Manager. New York: Wiley, 1982