巨额财产来源不明罪的缺陷与立法替代
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摘要
本文从巨额财产来源不明罪的缺陷出发，以刑事政策一体化的理念为指导，论述了中国家庭财产申报制度的建立与健全、在刑法中增设拒不申报、不如实申报财产罪取代巨额财产来源不明罪等问题，旨在解决反腐败斗争中的司法实践困难，倡导从源头上治理腐败，为推进中国廉政建设进程、完善反腐败的刑事立法提供理论参考。
巨额财产来源不明罪存在缺陷，它违反了刑法和刑事诉讼法的基本原则，是一个实体与程序上的双重悖论。表现在实体上：巨额财产来源不明罪违背罪刑相适应原则和自首制度；表现在程序上：巨额财产来源不明罪是有罪推定和举证责任倒置，有悖于国际人权公约关于沉默权的规定。
巨额财产来源不明罪无法自善其身，其尴尬源自中国反腐败制度存在缺失，要从根本上解决反腐败斗争中的司法实践困难，有效惩治腐败，就必须加强刑事政策一体化；要使国家工作人员的财产来源由“不明”变“透明”，就必须建立健全中国家庭财产申报制度。笔者赞同增设拒不申报财产罪取代巨额财产来源不明罪的观点。认为巨额财产来源不明罪与家庭财产申报制度并无直接的、内在的、必然的联系。
增设拒不申报、不如实申报财产罪，既是保证家庭财产申报制度顺利实施的需要，亦是实现刑法保护国家利益、社会利益和个人利益的社会保护机能的需要，因而是必要的。增设拒不申报、不如实申报财产罪，能基本消除设立巨额财产来源不明罪的真正原因，能够惩治尚存的巨额财产来源不明现象，没有立法缺陷。因而取代巨额财产来源不明罪是可行的。
本文突破传统的狭窄的刑法学观念，提出了惩治腐败犯罪的刑事政策一体化理念，并探讨了拒不申报、不如实申报财产罪的法条表述、犯罪构成、立法价值等问题，较为完美地兼顾了刑法价值和立法技术，并大大推进了预防腐败犯罪的防线。本文有关家庭财产申报制度的研究在国内较为前沿。因此，本文具有较高的理论和实践价值。
The essay discourses upon two issues: Chinese Family Property Declaration System and setting up the Offense of Refusing to Declare and Disguising Property to substitute Offense of Huge Sum of Unknown Property. The essay sets out from the defect of Offense of Huge Sum of Unknown Property and is guided by the Theory of Integration of Criminal Policies. It aims at resolving the judicial problems of anticorruption and calling for combating corruption from the headstream.
The Offense of Huge Sum of Unknown Property exists defect, it isn't consistent with the criminal and procedural basic principle, and in fact it is a paradox in substantial and procedural code. There are two contradictions: A. the offense itself violates the criminal legal principle and cop-out system substantially, B. it violates principles of presumption innocent and onus probandi, and infringe upon the defendant's right to silence of the International Convention of Human Rights.
The contradictions of Huge Sum of Unknown Property Offense come from the defect of Chinese anticorruption system. The way to resolve is to strengthen the Integration of Criminal Policies. If we want to make national public servants' property transparent we ought to establish and consummate the system. The author suggests that China shall set up Offense of Refusing to Declare Property to substitute Offense of Huge Sum of Unknown Property, and he believes that there is no direct, internal and necessary connection between the Offense of Huge Sum of Unknown Property and Family Property Declaration System.
Setting up the Offense of Refusing to Declare and Disguising Property is necessary because it is a demand to guarantee Family Property Declaration System to put smoothly into practice, also is a functional demand in social protection to realizes penal code protection national interest, social benefits with personal benefits. Setting up the Offense of Refusing to Declare and Disguising Property can be basic to dissolve real reason of establishing Offense of Huge Sum of Unknown Property, can settle the existed phenomenon of huge sum of unknown property, and have no lawmaking defect. As a result, substituting Offense of Huge Sum of Unknown Property is viable.
The essay breaks through the traditional narrow penal code, and put forward the idea of the Integration of Criminal Polices in punishing the offence of corruption, and discusses the method, crime composing and lawmaking value of the Offense of Refusing to Declare and Disguising Property, looks after both the penal code value and
the lawmaking technique, and pushes defense line of the prevention of corruption crimes forward. The research on Family Property Declaration System of the essay is comparatively advanced in China. So the essay is of comparatively high theoretical and practical value.
巨额财产来源不明罪存在缺陷，它违反了刑法和刑事诉讼法的基本原则，是一个实体与程序上的双重悖论。表现在实体上：巨额财产来源不明罪违背罪刑相适应原则和自首制度；表现在程序上：巨额财产来源不明罪是有罪推定和举证责任倒置，有悖于国际人权公约关于沉默权的规定。
巨额财产来源不明罪无法自善其身，其尴尬源自中国反腐败制度存在缺失，要从根本上解决反腐败斗争中的司法实践困难，有效惩治腐败，就必须加强刑事政策一体化；要使国家工作人员的财产来源由“不明”变“透明”，就必须建立健全中国家庭财产申报制度。笔者赞同增设拒不申报财产罪取代巨额财产来源不明罪的观点。认为巨额财产来源不明罪与家庭财产申报制度并无直接的、内在的、必然的联系。
增设拒不申报、不如实申报财产罪，既是保证家庭财产申报制度顺利实施的需要，亦是实现刑法保护国家利益、社会利益和个人利益的社会保护机能的需要，因而是必要的。增设拒不申报、不如实申报财产罪，能基本消除设立巨额财产来源不明罪的真正原因，能够惩治尚存的巨额财产来源不明现象，没有立法缺陷。因而取代巨额财产来源不明罪是可行的。
本文突破传统的狭窄的刑法学观念，提出了惩治腐败犯罪的刑事政策一体化理念，并探讨了拒不申报、不如实申报财产罪的法条表述、犯罪构成、立法价值等问题，较为完美地兼顾了刑法价值和立法技术，并大大推进了预防腐败犯罪的防线。本文有关家庭财产申报制度的研究在国内较为前沿。因此，本文具有较高的理论和实践价值。
The essay discourses upon two issues: Chinese Family Property Declaration System and setting up the Offense of Refusing to Declare and Disguising Property to substitute Offense of Huge Sum of Unknown Property. The essay sets out from the defect of Offense of Huge Sum of Unknown Property and is guided by the Theory of Integration of Criminal Policies. It aims at resolving the judicial problems of anticorruption and calling for combating corruption from the headstream.
The Offense of Huge Sum of Unknown Property exists defect, it isn't consistent with the criminal and procedural basic principle, and in fact it is a paradox in substantial and procedural code. There are two contradictions: A. the offense itself violates the criminal legal principle and cop-out system substantially, B. it violates principles of presumption innocent and onus probandi, and infringe upon the defendant's right to silence of the International Convention of Human Rights.
The contradictions of Huge Sum of Unknown Property Offense come from the defect of Chinese anticorruption system. The way to resolve is to strengthen the Integration of Criminal Policies. If we want to make national public servants' property transparent we ought to establish and consummate the system. The author suggests that China shall set up Offense of Refusing to Declare Property to substitute Offense of Huge Sum of Unknown Property, and he believes that there is no direct, internal and necessary connection between the Offense of Huge Sum of Unknown Property and Family Property Declaration System.
Setting up the Offense of Refusing to Declare and Disguising Property is necessary because it is a demand to guarantee Family Property Declaration System to put smoothly into practice, also is a functional demand in social protection to realizes penal code protection national interest, social benefits with personal benefits. Setting up the Offense of Refusing to Declare and Disguising Property can be basic to dissolve real reason of establishing Offense of Huge Sum of Unknown Property, can settle the existed phenomenon of huge sum of unknown property, and have no lawmaking defect. As a result, substituting Offense of Huge Sum of Unknown Property is viable.
The essay breaks through the traditional narrow penal code, and put forward the idea of the Integration of Criminal Polices in punishing the offence of corruption, and discusses the method, crime composing and lawmaking value of the Offense of Refusing to Declare and Disguising Property, looks after both the penal code value and
the lawmaking technique, and pushes defense line of the prevention of corruption crimes forward. The research on Family Property Declaration System of the essay is comparatively advanced in China. So the essay is of comparatively high theoretical and practical value.
引文
[1] Bursa and Gardner. The Codification of Criminal Law. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 1990,10(2): 109-132.
[2] 金莲．浅议巨额财产来源不明罪之刑罚不当．云南高等专科学校学报，2002．(1)：59-60
[3] 孟庆华．巨额财产来源不明罪研究新动向．北京：北京大学出版社，2002
[4] 王昌学．职务犯罪论．北京：中国政法大学出版社，1995，221-223
[5] 张智辉．刑事责任通论．北京：警官教育出版社，1995，120-126
[6] Lyman, Michael and Gray w. Potter. Organized Crime. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1997
[7] 刘生荣，但伟．腐败七罪刑法精要．北京：中国方正出版社，2001
[8] Reid Sue Litus, Crime and Criminology. Florida: Florida State University, 2003, 313-316
[9] Jonathan Herring. Criminal Law. Washington DC: Palgrave Publishers Ltd, 2002
[10] 余松龄．中国刑事证据法学．北京：中国人民公安大学出版社，1999，101-151
[11] Ansh Worth. The Criminal Process. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999
[12] 程荣斌．刑事诉讼法．北京：中国人民大学出版社，1999，10-16
[13] John H. Langbein. The Origins of Adversary Criminal Trial. Oxford: Oxford University press, 2003
[14] 陆明德．论巨额财产来源不明罪对我国刑事诉讼理论的发展．法学天地，1990，(1)
[15] 刘佑生．职务犯罪研究综述．北京：法律出版社，1996，134-138
[16] 储怀植．刑事一体化与关系刑法论．北京：北京大学出版社，1997，292-293
[17] 刘生荣．贪污贿赂罪．北京：中国人民公安大学出版社，1999，252-255
[18] 晏旭宇．对巨额财产来源不明罪之管见．江西法学，1991，(1)
[19] 吴志良，郑兰．论巨额财产来源不明罪．郑州大学学报，1998，(5)
[20] 林三田．刑罚学．台北：台湾商务印书馆，1985，125-127
[21] 邹日强，王丽红．关于巨额财产来源不明罪的探讨．宁波大学学报人文社科版，2001，(1)
[22] 马长生，邱兴隆．刑罚热点问题研究．长沙：湖南人民出版社，2003，60-75
[23] 曾立斌，胡楚周．应提高巨额财产来源不明罪的法定刑．湖南公安高等专科学校学报，2001，(6)：72-73
[24] 贾平．论巨额财产来源不明罪．中央政法干部管理学院学报，2000，(5)
[25] 李朝晖，郑兰．巨额财产来源不明罪的适用与完善．河南社会科学，2001，(3)：25-26
[26] 卢梭．社会契约论．何兆武．北京：商务印书馆，1962，63-64
[27] 何秉松．刑事政策学．北京：群众出版社，2002
[28] 菲利．犯罪社会学．郭建安．北京：中国人民公安大学出版社，1990，90-100
[29] 卢建平．论行政刑法的性质．浙江大学学报社会科学版，1993，(9)：103-104
[30] Dininio, Phyllis. USAID Handbook for Fighting Corruption. Washington DC: USAID Center for Democracy and Governance (Technical Publication.Series), 1998
[31] 陈兴良．刑法哲学．北京：中国政法大学出版社，1997
[32] Finn, Paul. Abuse of Official Trust: Conflict of Interest and Related Matters. Canberra: Australian National University, 1993
[33] 王利民，杨立新，姚辉．人格权法．北京：法律出版社，1997，150-151
[34] Carney, Gerard. Conflict of Interest: Minster and Public Officials. Berlin: Transprency International(TI), 1999, 132-265
[35] 洛克．政府论．瞿菊农，叶启芳．北京：商务印书馆，1962，60-62
[36] 谭世贵．廉政学．北京：法律出版社，1995，261-265
[37] 蒋硕亮．关于建立国家公务员财产申报制度的几点思考．华中理工大学学报社科版，2000，(1)
[38] 骆策敏，江启疆．论财产申报制度的完善，学术研究，1998，(1)
[39] 宋文斌，欧阳惠方．国家公职人员财产申报制度初探．中国刑事法杂志，1995，(4)
[40] 孔祥仁．亮出你的家底——美国财产申报制度一瞥．正气，2001，(5)
[41] 孙谦．国家工作人员职务犯罪研究．北京：法律出版社，1998，152—154
[42] 陈正云，钱舫．国家工作人员职务犯罪的定罪与量刑．北京：人民法院出版社，2000，(5)：240-256
[43] 刘沫茹．论巨额财产来源不明罪．黑龙江省政法管理干部学院学报，2002，(2)
[44] 王明高．中国新世纪惩治腐败对策研究．长沙：湖南人民出版社，2002
[45] 赵秉志．刑法改革问题研究．北京：中国法制出版社，1996，690-698
[46] Tanzi, Vito.. Corruption, Governmental Activities and Markets. Washington DC: International Monetary Fund (IMF Working Paper), 1994
[47] 任志宽．行政法律责任概论．北京：人民出版社，1990，138-145
[48] 陈兴良．当代中国刑法新视界．北京：中国政法大学出版社，1999
[49] Moran, J. Corruption and NIC Development: A Case study of South Korea. Crime Law and Social Change, 1998, (29): 161-207
[50] 木村龟二．刑法学词典．顾肖荣，郑树周．上海：上海翻译公司出版社，1993，9-10
[51] Moody-Stuart, George. Grand Corruption: How Bribes Damage Developing Countries. Oxford: World View Publications, 1997
[52] 王作富．刑法．北京：中国人民大学出版社，1999，40-48
[53] 赵国强．刑事立法导论．北京：中国政法大学出版社，1993，210-219
[2] 金莲．浅议巨额财产来源不明罪之刑罚不当．云南高等专科学校学报，2002．(1)：59-60
[3] 孟庆华．巨额财产来源不明罪研究新动向．北京：北京大学出版社，2002
[4] 王昌学．职务犯罪论．北京：中国政法大学出版社，1995，221-223
[5] 张智辉．刑事责任通论．北京：警官教育出版社，1995，120-126
[6] Lyman, Michael and Gray w. Potter. Organized Crime. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1997
[7] 刘生荣，但伟．腐败七罪刑法精要．北京：中国方正出版社，2001
[8] Reid Sue Litus, Crime and Criminology. Florida: Florida State University, 2003, 313-316
[9] Jonathan Herring. Criminal Law. Washington DC: Palgrave Publishers Ltd, 2002
[10] 余松龄．中国刑事证据法学．北京：中国人民公安大学出版社，1999，101-151
[11] Ansh Worth. The Criminal Process. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999
[12] 程荣斌．刑事诉讼法．北京：中国人民大学出版社，1999，10-16
[13] John H. Langbein. The Origins of Adversary Criminal Trial. Oxford: Oxford University press, 2003
[14] 陆明德．论巨额财产来源不明罪对我国刑事诉讼理论的发展．法学天地，1990，(1)
[15] 刘佑生．职务犯罪研究综述．北京：法律出版社，1996，134-138
[16] 储怀植．刑事一体化与关系刑法论．北京：北京大学出版社，1997，292-293
[17] 刘生荣．贪污贿赂罪．北京：中国人民公安大学出版社，1999，252-255
[18] 晏旭宇．对巨额财产来源不明罪之管见．江西法学，1991，(1)
[19] 吴志良，郑兰．论巨额财产来源不明罪．郑州大学学报，1998，(5)
[20] 林三田．刑罚学．台北：台湾商务印书馆，1985，125-127
[21] 邹日强，王丽红．关于巨额财产来源不明罪的探讨．宁波大学学报人文社科版，2001，(1)
[22] 马长生，邱兴隆．刑罚热点问题研究．长沙：湖南人民出版社，2003，60-75
[23] 曾立斌，胡楚周．应提高巨额财产来源不明罪的法定刑．湖南公安高等专科学校学报，2001，(6)：72-73
[24] 贾平．论巨额财产来源不明罪．中央政法干部管理学院学报，2000，(5)
[25] 李朝晖，郑兰．巨额财产来源不明罪的适用与完善．河南社会科学，2001，(3)：25-26
[26] 卢梭．社会契约论．何兆武．北京：商务印书馆，1962，63-64
[27] 何秉松．刑事政策学．北京：群众出版社，2002
[28] 菲利．犯罪社会学．郭建安．北京：中国人民公安大学出版社，1990，90-100
[29] 卢建平．论行政刑法的性质．浙江大学学报社会科学版，1993，(9)：103-104
[30] Dininio, Phyllis. USAID Handbook for Fighting Corruption. Washington DC: USAID Center for Democracy and Governance (Technical Publication.Series), 1998
[31] 陈兴良．刑法哲学．北京：中国政法大学出版社，1997
[32] Finn, Paul. Abuse of Official Trust: Conflict of Interest and Related Matters. Canberra: Australian National University, 1993
[33] 王利民，杨立新，姚辉．人格权法．北京：法律出版社，1997，150-151
[34] Carney, Gerard. Conflict of Interest: Minster and Public Officials. Berlin: Transprency International(TI), 1999, 132-265
[35] 洛克．政府论．瞿菊农，叶启芳．北京：商务印书馆，1962，60-62
[36] 谭世贵．廉政学．北京：法律出版社，1995，261-265
[37] 蒋硕亮．关于建立国家公务员财产申报制度的几点思考．华中理工大学学报社科版，2000，(1)
[38] 骆策敏，江启疆．论财产申报制度的完善，学术研究，1998，(1)
[39] 宋文斌，欧阳惠方．国家公职人员财产申报制度初探．中国刑事法杂志，1995，(4)
[40] 孔祥仁．亮出你的家底——美国财产申报制度一瞥．正气，2001，(5)
[41] 孙谦．国家工作人员职务犯罪研究．北京：法律出版社，1998，152—154
[42] 陈正云，钱舫．国家工作人员职务犯罪的定罪与量刑．北京：人民法院出版社，2000，(5)：240-256
[43] 刘沫茹．论巨额财产来源不明罪．黑龙江省政法管理干部学院学报，2002，(2)
[44] 王明高．中国新世纪惩治腐败对策研究．长沙：湖南人民出版社，2002
[45] 赵秉志．刑法改革问题研究．北京：中国法制出版社，1996，690-698
[46] Tanzi, Vito.. Corruption, Governmental Activities and Markets. Washington DC: International Monetary Fund (IMF Working Paper), 1994
[47] 任志宽．行政法律责任概论．北京：人民出版社，1990，138-145
[48] 陈兴良．当代中国刑法新视界．北京：中国政法大学出版社，1999
[49] Moran, J. Corruption and NIC Development: A Case study of South Korea. Crime Law and Social Change, 1998, (29): 161-207
[50] 木村龟二．刑法学词典．顾肖荣，郑树周．上海：上海翻译公司出版社，1993，9-10
[51] Moody-Stuart, George. Grand Corruption: How Bribes Damage Developing Countries. Oxford: World View Publications, 1997
[52] 王作富．刑法．北京：中国人民大学出版社，1999，40-48
[53] 赵国强．刑事立法导论．北京：中国政法大学出版社，1993，210-219