基于营养目标的我国肉类供需分析
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摘要
改革开放以来,随着人均收入水平的提高,我国居民的食物消费需求和膳食结构发生了很大变化。谷类食物消费逐渐减少,肉类食物需求不断增多,然而,随着人口的不断增长,我国耕地、水、环境等资源的压力更为严峻,保障肉类供需平衡难度加大。同时,我国居民营养状况虽然得到很大改善,但是还存在着营养缺乏和营养过剩现象。"十二五"时期是全面建成小康社会的关键时期,是深化改革开放、加快转变经济发展方式的攻坚时期。如何协调肉类生产、消费与居民营养三者之间的关系,是我国经济社会发展的重要任务。在当前肉类生产与消费,消费与营养存在矛盾的前提下,研究基于营养目标的肉类供需问题,创新性地建立营养引导消费,消费指导生产的模式,对合理利用我国资源、保障肉类供需平衡、实现居民营养健康,具有重要的战略意义和现实意义。
     本文在搜集了大量的权威数据基础上,对肉类生产和消费现状开展了深入研究,并通过时序模型对未来10年生产和消费进行推算,并进行肉类供需匹配度分析。提出未来我国肉类生产和消费应进行合理规划,必须从需求出发,以营养健康为目标调整肉类生产。
     为了实现以营养目标调整肉类供需,本文借鉴中国居民膳食指南中肉类摄入推荐标准,通过营养素需求量验证肉类摄入的合理标准,测算按照能量摄入的不同,不同年龄组、不同地区、不同性别的居民肉类消费量。并根据合理的肉类消费结构,对猪、牛、羊、禽分品种肉类消费量进行了测算。在考虑了浪费因素后,对实际肉类消费量与营养目标进行了对比和差距分析。
     通过基于营养目标的肉类食物消费量,本文尝试推算合理的肉类生产量。在参考了国内外众多学者和机构的研究基础上,考虑了统计口径、各环节损耗、浪费等因素,反推肉类产量及出栏量,并采用比例分成法测算全国及各区域肉类供给水平,分析全国及各区域肉类供求状况。进而提出保障我国肉类产品有效供给,要做到总量控制和结构调整。发挥肉类优势区域潜力,切实提高优势地区肉类供给水平。
     本文对营养目标下的肉类供需状况进行比较和效益分析。以中等能量水平下肉类消费的生产资源需求进行估算,并与非营养目标下的肉类生产资源需求进行对比。结果显示,2020年,基于营养目标的肉类需求要比非营养目标的肉类需求每年节约粮食0.81亿吨;节约水源1478亿吨;节约耕地面积850万公顷。基于营养目标的肉类需求还有利于生态和环境保护,每年可减少畜禽排泄物8.07亿吨;减少甲烷排放量226.18万吨,减少氧化亚氮排放量24.29万吨,有效地实现了节约资源及保护生态和环境。
     最后本文提出以营养健康为目标保障肉类供需平衡的政策建议,一要建立营养目标下的食物安全新理念;二要调整居民动物性食物消费结构,保障营养均衡;三要以营养健康为目标调整畜牧业生产和结构;四要加大对畜牧业健康发展的政策支持和投入;五要制定畜牧业与营养等多部门的协同机制;六要加大食物营养与合理膳食的宣传和普及。
The implementation of “Reform and Opening-up” since1978not only puts more moneyinto Chinese people’s pockets, but also changes what they eat, with the most significant shiftsbeing a decrease in grain consumption and gradually increasing demands for meat products. Thisgrowing appetite for meat, however, threatens to strain China’s resource conditions, as an everlarger population fights for a limited amount of arable land, water and environment. Ensuring abalance between supply and demand of meat is difficult. Meanwhile, though nutritionimprovement has been declared a success in China, there remain both under-nutrition andover-nutrition. The12th Five-Year Plan period is a crucial stage for building a moderatelyprosperous society in an all-round way and a time of difficult issues for deepening the reformand opening-up process while accelerating the transformation of the nation's economicdevelopment pattern. How to strike a balance between meat production, meat consumption andpeople’s nutrition has become an important task for China’s economic and social development.Given the conflicts between meat production and consumption, and between consumption andnutrition, to study meat supply and demand for the purpose of achieving nutrition balance, and tobuild a model where nutrition guides consumption and consumption leads production, will be ofstrategical and practical significance to our efforts in optimizing resource utilization, ensuringsupply-demand balance of meat products, and enhancing people’s nutrition and health.
     On the basis of collecting plenty of authoritative data, this paper probes into the currentsituation of meat production and consumption, attempts a forecast of their development in thenext decade by using a time-series model. and predicts the matching degree of meatsupply-demand from2012to2020. Puts forward meat supply and demand should reasonableplan. we need to adjust production according to nutrition-oriented consumption.
     Since our objective is to adjust meat supplies and demands with the goal of nutrition, thispaper uses as reference the meat consumption standards recommended in the Dietary Guidelinesfor Chinese Residents, verifies the standards for appropriate meat consumption according to theamount of required nutrients, and calculates the amounts of meat consumption for people indifferent age groups, different regions and different genders in accordance with differences intheir energy intakes. This paper also calculates the consumption amounts of pork, beef, muttonand poultry according to a rational meat consumption structure. After considering the waste,the actual meat consumption and nutrition target were compared and gap analysis.
     After analyzing the nutrition-oriented meat consumption amounts, this paper tries tocalculate the reasonable outputs of meat products. By borrowing insights from domestic andoverseas studies of similar subjects, and taking into account waste、losses and other elementsoccurring in various stages, this paper calculates the amount of meat outputs and the number ofanimals, extrapolates meat supplies in different regions across China with theproportional-sharing method,and situation of meat supply and demand in different regions,and proposes that to ensure effective supplies of meat products in China, measures should be taken toachieve output control and structure adjustment, unleash the potentials of superiormeat-producing regions and increase these regions’ meat supplies.
     This paper compares meat supply and demand based on nutrition with other scenarios andanalyzes its many benefits. Supposing meat consumption is at a medium-energy level, meatproduction that meets nutrition-oriented demands requires much less resources than that withoutthe guidance of nutrition objectives, promising to annually save up to81million tons of grains,147.8billion tons of water, and8.5million hectares of arable land by2020. In addition,nutrition-oriented meat demands are also conducive to ecological and environmental protection,by annually cutting807million tons of animal excrements,2.2618million tons of methaneemission and242,900tons of nitrous oxide emission.
     This paper ends with six policy suggestions that seek to achieve meat supply-demandbalance while ensuring nutrition and health: firstly, a new concept of food safety should beestablished that corresponds to nutrition goals; secondly, structure of animal food consumptionshould be adjusted while ensuring the balance of nutrition; thirdly, the production and structureof husbandry should be adjusted according to the purpose of nutrition and health; fourthly,policysupport for and input into the husbandry industry should be upgraded to facilitate its healthydevelopment; fifthly, a cross-departmental coordination mechanism should be put in placebetween the husbandry industry and nutrition;finaly,campaigns should be launched to spreadknowledge and enhance awareness of food nutrition and rational diet.
引文
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