隔离、融合与多元——美国华人教育发展研究
摘要
本论文力求在占有翔实史料的基础上,以历史唯物主义和辩证唯物主义的世界观与方法论为指导,研究19世纪中叶至今150余年美国华人的教育历史,从公立教育与私立教育两个方面透视美国华人所经历的从隔离到融合再到多元化追求的教育历程,深入了解美国华人的教育历史及其成败得失,为处于中西文化融合与冲突中的我国教育事业的改革与发展提供一些有益的借鉴和启示。
1848年至1881年,是美国华人教育的萌生阶段。华人为经济因素所驱使落脚在美国西海岸,凭借从中国移植而来的传统文化观念,形成了以儒家思想为价值体系核心的自成一体的华侨文化。赴美华人即便处身于排华的社会环境下,依然坚守着自己传统的教育价值观,当华人儿童被完全排斥在公共教育之外时,萌芽状态的中文学校承担起普通教育的任务。
1882年至1942年,是美国种族隔离最猖獗的时期。美国把排挤华人作为一项国家政策大力推行,华人饱受了极为不公的待遇。此时期华人公共教育展现的是一幅混杂的图景。当美国华人中的大多数在加州被置于隔离学校时,纽约华人因人数的稀少而幸运地避免于教育歧视,美国南部华人则尴尬地处于接纳与拒绝之间。夏威夷华人由于其特殊的地理位置与社会环境,享有较大的教育空间,因而成为最早跨向成功的美国华人。作为对教育歧视的正面回应,华人社会机构发挥文化教育功用,兴办中文学校,由此带来华人私立教育的繁荣,形成华人接受教育的新途径。由于美国隔离法律的存在,这一时期的华文教育仍带有浓厚的保守孤立的色彩,这是那个时期美国排斥与隔离教育制度的必然结果。
1943年至1978年,是美国华人社会发生大转折的时期。此时期华人逐渐意识到要争取他们的教育平等权,必须走出唐人街、加入到其他美国少数族裔的斗争中去。在公共教育领域,美国华人不仅实现了公共教育一体化的理想,隔离学校已经不复存在,而且他们赢得了在高校里开展亚裔美国人研究与在中小学推广双语教育的权益。新型中文学校纷纷出现以及华人新社团的教育实践活动,推动了华文教育进一步向前发展。华文教育逐渐演变为公共教育的辅助形式,周末中文班得到普遍推广。二战后,很多中国留学生随着身份转变,汇入到华人移民的潮流中。他们这群优异知识青年的加入大幅提升了美国华人整体的教育水平,对华人跃升为美国“模范少数族裔”起了一定的推动作用。华人人口素质的极大提高,经济社会地位的改善,加快了华人与美国主流社会同化的步伐。
1979年至今,华人教育的发展、中美教育交流与合作都进入了一个崭新的发展时期。华人联合其他少数族裔团体,在争取自身权益上、在追求教育公平上取得了富有历史意义的进步。亚裔研究与双语教育计划进一步发展壮大。中文学校的发展形势发生了新转变,普通话中文学校的前景广阔,中国政府重新恢复对海外中文学校的辅助与支持工作。中国大陆移民潮推动美国华文教育的继续发展,助长了华文教育的中兴。中文学校数量急剧地增加,使各种中文学校协会应运而生。华文教育已经逐步融入了美国的教育领域。
美国华人教育的发展取得了丰硕的成果,其历史经验与教训值得后人借鉴。针对其未来发展方向以及华人教育应该走多元化道路还是追求融合这些问题,笔者认为应是在融合的基础上尽力追求多元,尽可能发挥已被华人教育历史证实了的美国多元文化的重要组成部分——中华文化的最大价值,同时提出只要美国仍然存在人种、种族的区分,那么关于怎样去界定和维护教育平等权的问题就会永远存在。美国华人教育要依托中华文化为底蕴、张扬自己的文化属性,同时团结各族群的力量,为将来更好地发展扫清种族歧视的障碍。
In accordance with the methodology and world view of historical and dialectical materialism, with sufficient historical data, this dissertation mainly studies the education history of Chinese Americans from the middle of 19th century up to now, which is more than 150 years. From the two aspects of the public and the private educations, the educational procession that Chinese Americans have experienced from segregation to amalgamation and final to pluralism is seen through. In this way, we have a deeper understanding about Chinese Americans'educational history and the success or failure of it. This dissertation aims at providing beneficial reference and inspiration for the current reformation and development of education in China, which is placed in the multicultural amalgamation and conflicts.
From 1848 to 1881, the education of Chinese Americans was on the stage of inception. Driven by some economic factors, Chinese Americans arrived at the west coast of America. The Chinese traditional culture formed the Chinese culture itself with a core system of value based on Confucian. Even though the Chinese immigrants were staying in the Chinese anti-social environments, they still adhered to their traditional values of education. When Chinese children have been completely excluded from the public education, the growing Chinese language schools assumed the functions of the general education.
From 1882 to 1942, apartheid was the most rampant in the United States. Chinese exclusion act of the United States was vigorously implemented as a national policy, and Chinese Americans suffered a rather unfair treatment. Meanwhile, Public education of Chinese Americans displayed a mixed picture. When the majority of Chinese Americans in California were placed in segregated schools, The Chinese in New York fortunately avoided discrimination in education just because of the small population. In the southern states of the United States, Chinese Americans were embarrassed between refusal and admission. Because of Hawaii's unique geographical location and social environment, greater educational space was given to Chinese Americans, who afterwards became the first successful Chinese Americans. As a positive response to the discrimination in education, the Chinese social institutions played a role in education, set up Chinese language schools, and made the prosperity of the Chinese private education ensue, and formed a new way of Chinese Americans education. With the existence of the exclusion law of the United States, Chinese Americans education was still isolated with a strong conservative color, and it was an inevitable result of exclusion and isolation system at that time.
From 1943 to 1978, there was a major turning point in the Chinese Americans community. During this period Chinese Americans gradually became aware of winning their equal right of education. They must go out of Chinatown, joined in other minorities to struggle. In the field of public education, the Chinese Americans not only achieved the integration of public education, that is, the school segregation was no longer in existence, but also won the rights to do the Asian American studies in universities and bilingual education in primary and secondary schools. New types of language schools emerged and the educational practicing activities of the new Chinese organizations promoted the further development of Chinese education. Chinese education also evolved forms of supplementary aids for public education, and the weekend Chinese classes were spread out. After World WarⅡ, many Chinese overseas students, with the change of their status, converged on the trend of Chinese immigrants. They were a group of outstanding young students and they significantly improved the overall educational level of Chinese Americans, and they played a certain role in promoting Chinese to "model minority" in the United States. The great improvement of the quality of the Chinese population, and the improvement of socio-economic status, both speed up the assimilation between Chinese and the mainstream of American society.
Since 1979, both the educational development of Chinese Americans, and exchanges and cooperation of education between China and the United States have stepped into a new period. Chinese have jointed other minority groups in fighting for their human rights and the fair education, in which they made historically significant progress. Asian studies and bilingual education programs have been further developed and expanded. Chinese language schools have taken new changes in the form, and the prospects of the Mandarin Chinese schools are bright. The Chinese government resumed the assistance and support for the overseas Chinese schools. The immigrants from the mainland of China continued to promote the development of Chinese language education in the United States. The number of Chinese language schools dramatically increased, so various associations of Chinese schools came into being. Chinese education has been gradually integrating into the American educational fields.
Chinese Americans have made fruitful achievements in the development of education, its experience and lessons are worth learning from by the posterity. In view of its future development direction of Chinese education, which way should Chinese Americans education go, amalgamation or pluralism? I suggest making an effort to pursue pluralism in the foundation for amalgamation, exerting the biggest value of the Chinese culture possibly that has been already confirmed by the educational history of Chinese Americans, which constitutes important part in the multicultural of the United States. As long as American remains ethnically and racially diverse, the issue of how to define and maintain educational equality will probably always be present. The education of Chinese Americans need to rely on the Chinese culture as a basis and publicize its own culture, and at the same time solidify the power of each ethnicity, making a clean sweep of the obstacle of the racial discrimination for the development of Chinese Americans'education.
1848年至1881年,是美国华人教育的萌生阶段。华人为经济因素所驱使落脚在美国西海岸,凭借从中国移植而来的传统文化观念,形成了以儒家思想为价值体系核心的自成一体的华侨文化。赴美华人即便处身于排华的社会环境下,依然坚守着自己传统的教育价值观,当华人儿童被完全排斥在公共教育之外时,萌芽状态的中文学校承担起普通教育的任务。
1882年至1942年,是美国种族隔离最猖獗的时期。美国把排挤华人作为一项国家政策大力推行,华人饱受了极为不公的待遇。此时期华人公共教育展现的是一幅混杂的图景。当美国华人中的大多数在加州被置于隔离学校时,纽约华人因人数的稀少而幸运地避免于教育歧视,美国南部华人则尴尬地处于接纳与拒绝之间。夏威夷华人由于其特殊的地理位置与社会环境,享有较大的教育空间,因而成为最早跨向成功的美国华人。作为对教育歧视的正面回应,华人社会机构发挥文化教育功用,兴办中文学校,由此带来华人私立教育的繁荣,形成华人接受教育的新途径。由于美国隔离法律的存在,这一时期的华文教育仍带有浓厚的保守孤立的色彩,这是那个时期美国排斥与隔离教育制度的必然结果。
1943年至1978年,是美国华人社会发生大转折的时期。此时期华人逐渐意识到要争取他们的教育平等权,必须走出唐人街、加入到其他美国少数族裔的斗争中去。在公共教育领域,美国华人不仅实现了公共教育一体化的理想,隔离学校已经不复存在,而且他们赢得了在高校里开展亚裔美国人研究与在中小学推广双语教育的权益。新型中文学校纷纷出现以及华人新社团的教育实践活动,推动了华文教育进一步向前发展。华文教育逐渐演变为公共教育的辅助形式,周末中文班得到普遍推广。二战后,很多中国留学生随着身份转变,汇入到华人移民的潮流中。他们这群优异知识青年的加入大幅提升了美国华人整体的教育水平,对华人跃升为美国“模范少数族裔”起了一定的推动作用。华人人口素质的极大提高,经济社会地位的改善,加快了华人与美国主流社会同化的步伐。
1979年至今,华人教育的发展、中美教育交流与合作都进入了一个崭新的发展时期。华人联合其他少数族裔团体,在争取自身权益上、在追求教育公平上取得了富有历史意义的进步。亚裔研究与双语教育计划进一步发展壮大。中文学校的发展形势发生了新转变,普通话中文学校的前景广阔,中国政府重新恢复对海外中文学校的辅助与支持工作。中国大陆移民潮推动美国华文教育的继续发展,助长了华文教育的中兴。中文学校数量急剧地增加,使各种中文学校协会应运而生。华文教育已经逐步融入了美国的教育领域。
美国华人教育的发展取得了丰硕的成果,其历史经验与教训值得后人借鉴。针对其未来发展方向以及华人教育应该走多元化道路还是追求融合这些问题,笔者认为应是在融合的基础上尽力追求多元,尽可能发挥已被华人教育历史证实了的美国多元文化的重要组成部分——中华文化的最大价值,同时提出只要美国仍然存在人种、种族的区分,那么关于怎样去界定和维护教育平等权的问题就会永远存在。美国华人教育要依托中华文化为底蕴、张扬自己的文化属性,同时团结各族群的力量,为将来更好地发展扫清种族歧视的障碍。
In accordance with the methodology and world view of historical and dialectical materialism, with sufficient historical data, this dissertation mainly studies the education history of Chinese Americans from the middle of 19th century up to now, which is more than 150 years. From the two aspects of the public and the private educations, the educational procession that Chinese Americans have experienced from segregation to amalgamation and final to pluralism is seen through. In this way, we have a deeper understanding about Chinese Americans'educational history and the success or failure of it. This dissertation aims at providing beneficial reference and inspiration for the current reformation and development of education in China, which is placed in the multicultural amalgamation and conflicts.
From 1848 to 1881, the education of Chinese Americans was on the stage of inception. Driven by some economic factors, Chinese Americans arrived at the west coast of America. The Chinese traditional culture formed the Chinese culture itself with a core system of value based on Confucian. Even though the Chinese immigrants were staying in the Chinese anti-social environments, they still adhered to their traditional values of education. When Chinese children have been completely excluded from the public education, the growing Chinese language schools assumed the functions of the general education.
From 1882 to 1942, apartheid was the most rampant in the United States. Chinese exclusion act of the United States was vigorously implemented as a national policy, and Chinese Americans suffered a rather unfair treatment. Meanwhile, Public education of Chinese Americans displayed a mixed picture. When the majority of Chinese Americans in California were placed in segregated schools, The Chinese in New York fortunately avoided discrimination in education just because of the small population. In the southern states of the United States, Chinese Americans were embarrassed between refusal and admission. Because of Hawaii's unique geographical location and social environment, greater educational space was given to Chinese Americans, who afterwards became the first successful Chinese Americans. As a positive response to the discrimination in education, the Chinese social institutions played a role in education, set up Chinese language schools, and made the prosperity of the Chinese private education ensue, and formed a new way of Chinese Americans education. With the existence of the exclusion law of the United States, Chinese Americans education was still isolated with a strong conservative color, and it was an inevitable result of exclusion and isolation system at that time.
From 1943 to 1978, there was a major turning point in the Chinese Americans community. During this period Chinese Americans gradually became aware of winning their equal right of education. They must go out of Chinatown, joined in other minorities to struggle. In the field of public education, the Chinese Americans not only achieved the integration of public education, that is, the school segregation was no longer in existence, but also won the rights to do the Asian American studies in universities and bilingual education in primary and secondary schools. New types of language schools emerged and the educational practicing activities of the new Chinese organizations promoted the further development of Chinese education. Chinese education also evolved forms of supplementary aids for public education, and the weekend Chinese classes were spread out. After World WarⅡ, many Chinese overseas students, with the change of their status, converged on the trend of Chinese immigrants. They were a group of outstanding young students and they significantly improved the overall educational level of Chinese Americans, and they played a certain role in promoting Chinese to "model minority" in the United States. The great improvement of the quality of the Chinese population, and the improvement of socio-economic status, both speed up the assimilation between Chinese and the mainstream of American society.
Since 1979, both the educational development of Chinese Americans, and exchanges and cooperation of education between China and the United States have stepped into a new period. Chinese have jointed other minority groups in fighting for their human rights and the fair education, in which they made historically significant progress. Asian studies and bilingual education programs have been further developed and expanded. Chinese language schools have taken new changes in the form, and the prospects of the Mandarin Chinese schools are bright. The Chinese government resumed the assistance and support for the overseas Chinese schools. The immigrants from the mainland of China continued to promote the development of Chinese language education in the United States. The number of Chinese language schools dramatically increased, so various associations of Chinese schools came into being. Chinese education has been gradually integrating into the American educational fields.
Chinese Americans have made fruitful achievements in the development of education, its experience and lessons are worth learning from by the posterity. In view of its future development direction of Chinese education, which way should Chinese Americans education go, amalgamation or pluralism? I suggest making an effort to pursue pluralism in the foundation for amalgamation, exerting the biggest value of the Chinese culture possibly that has been already confirmed by the educational history of Chinese Americans, which constitutes important part in the multicultural of the United States. As long as American remains ethnically and racially diverse, the issue of how to define and maintain educational equality will probably always be present. The education of Chinese Americans need to rely on the Chinese culture as a basis and publicize its own culture, and at the same time solidify the power of each ethnicity, making a clean sweep of the obstacle of the racial discrimination for the development of Chinese Americans'education.
引文
① U.S. Census Bureau, "2002 U.S., Population Censuses",http://factfinder.census.gov.
①[美]宋李瑞芳著：《美国华人的历史和现状》,朱永涛译,商务印书馆,1984年版,第19页。
②[美]宋李瑞芳著：《美国华人的历史和现状》,朱永涛译,商务印书馆,1984年版,第39页。
① San Francisco Evening Bulletin,2/24/1858.
② A Committee of the Senate of California, Chinese Immigration:the Social, Moral and Political Effect of Chinese Immigration,(Sacramento:State Printing Office,1877), p.7 and p.15.
①李小兵等著：《美国华人：从历史到现实》,四川人民出版社,2003年3月第一版,第127页。
② U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population,1970.
③ U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population,1980.
④李小兵等著：《美国华人：从历史到现实》,四川人民出版社,2003年3月第一版,第116页。
⑤ The China Press,1/18/1994, World Journal,1/23/1994.
①邓小平著：《邓小平文选》第三卷,人民出版社,1993年版,第358页。
① William L. Tung,The Chinese in American 1820-1973, A Chronology & Fact Book (Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications Inc.,1974), p.7.
②刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)版,第2页。
③刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)版,第3页。
①吴琦幸著：《淘金路上》,上海古籍出版社,2003年1月第一版,第30页。
①李小兵等著：《美国华人：从历史到现实》,四川人民出版社,2003年3月第一版,第47页。
②刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)版,第11页。
③李小兵等著：《美国华人：从历史到现实》,四川人民出版社,2003年3月第一版,第60页。
④关春如著：《美国华侨概况》,台北正中书局,1988年版,第23页。
① Daily Alta California,5/12/1852.
② Victor Low, The Unimpressible Race:A Century of Educational Struggle by the Chinese in San Francisco, (San Francisco:East/West Publishing Company.Inc.1982), p.2.
③ Daily Alta California,5/21/1853.
④ John Swett, Report of Superintendent,1864-1865, Sacramento, California, p.215.
①[美]陈依范著：《美国华人发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1989年版,第59页。
② Andrew J. Moulder. Report of State Superintendent of Public Instruction,1858,1859, Sacramento California, p.259.
③ California Statutes,1863, p.210; 1864, p.213.
④ John Swett, Report of Superintendent,1864-1865, Sacramento, California, p.286.
① California Statutes,1863-1866, Section 58, p.398.
② Mary R.Coolidge, Chinese Immigration, (NewYork:Henry Holt and Company,1909), p.78.
③ Mary R.Coolidge, Chinese Immigration, (NewYork:Henry Holt and Company,1909), p.435.
④ Mary R.Coolidge, Chinese Immigration, (NewYork:Henry Holt and Company,1909), p.436.
① Mary R.Coolidge, Chinese Immigration, (NewYork:Henry Holt and Company,1909), p.436.
② Francis Yung Chang, The Anti-Chinese Movement in California Urbana,(University of Illinois Press,1939),p.50.
③ Victor Low, The Unimpressible Race:A Century of Educational Struggle by the Chinese in San Francisco,(San Francisco:East/West Publishing Company.Inc.1982), pp.53-54.
④ Victor Low, The Unimpressible Race:A Century of Educational Struggle by the Chinese in San Francisco, (San Francisco:East/West Publishing Company.Inc.1982), p.58.
①刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)版,第29页。
① Victor Low, The Unimpressible Race:A Century of Educational Struggle by the Chinese in San Francisco, (San Francisco:East/West Publishing Company.Inc.1982), p.62.
① Daily Alta California,8/22/1877.
② Henry N.Bolander, Fifth Biennial Report of Superintendent of Instruction of State of California for School Years 1872 and1873, (T. A. Springer State Printer, Sacramento, California,1873), p.17.
③[美]麦礼谦著：《从华侨到华人—20世纪美国华人社会发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1992年版,第132页。
①同上第133页。
② Victor Low, The Unimpressible Race:A Century of Educational Struggle by the Chinese in San Francisco, (San Francisco:East/West Publishing Company.Inc.1982), pp.59-73.
③ Victor Low, The Unimpressible Race:A Century of Educational Struggle by the Chinese in San Francisco, (San Francisco:East/West Publishing Company.Inc.1982), p.118.
④ Victor Low, The Unimpressible Race:A Century of Educational Struggle by the Chinese in San Francisco,(San Francisco:East/West Publishing Company.Inc.1982),p.121.
⑤ Victor Low, The Unimpressible Race:A Century of Educational Struggle by the Chinese in San Francisco, (San Francisco:East/West Publishing Company.Inc.1982), pp.114-115.
① Philip A.Lum. "The Creation and Demise of San Francisco Chinatown Freedom Schools," American Journal 5 (1978), p.59.
② Victor Low, The Unimpressible Race:A Century of Educational Struggle by the Chinese in San Francisco, (San Francisco:East/West Publishing Company.Inc.1982), pp.96-98.
③ California Statutes 1885, Chapter CXVLL, Section 1662, p.100.
④ California Law, Education Code,1945. Division Ⅳ, Chapter Ⅰ, Article Ⅰ, Sections 8002,8003, and 8004, pp.92-94.
⑤ California Statues and Amendments to the codes,1947,Sections 8003 and 8004, p.1792.
① Min S.Yee, "Busing Comes to Chinatown," in Chinese-Americans:School and Community Problems. (Chicago: Integrated Education Associates.1972), pp.69-74.
②刘伯骥著：《美国华侨史》,台北黎明文化事业公司,1976年版,第365页。
①[美]陈依范著：《美国华人发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1989年版,第338页。
② U.S. Immigration Commission, Abstract of the Statistical Review of Immigration to the U.S.,1820-1910, (Washington:1911), pp.8-9.
③ Robert A. Woods, ed., American in Process, (Cambridge:Riverside Press,1902),pp.292-294.
④ U.S. Immigration Commission, Abstract of the report on the Children of Immigration in the Schools,(Washington: 1911), pp.16-17.
⑤ U.S. Bureau of the Census, Abstract of the Thirteenth Census, (Washington:1910), p.623.
⑥ Selma Cantor Berrol, The New York Public School:Being History of Free Education in the City of New York, (New York:Macmillan,1905), p.26.
① Literary Digest, September 28,1901,p.365.
② William Henry Maxwell, "On a Certain Arrogance in Educational Theorists, " Educational Review (February), 1914, pp.175-176.
③ Julia I.Hsuan Chen, The Chinese Community in New York A Study in their Cultural Adjustment 1920-1940, (Dissertation, Washington, D.C.:American University,1941), p.82.
① Julia I.Hsuan Chen, The Chinese Community in New York: A Study in their Cultural Adjustment 1920-1940, (Dissertation, Washington, D.C.:American University,1941), pp.82-83.
② Julia I.Hsuan Chen, The Chinese Community in New York: A Study in their Cultural Adjustment 1920-1940, (Dissertation, Washington, D.C.:American University,1941), p.83.
③ James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White, (Cambridge, Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971), p.25.
① James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White, (Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971), pp.1—2, pp.32—57.
② China Institute in America, Chinese in America:Stereotyped Past, Changing Present,(New York:Vantage Press, 1983), p.45,p.171.
③ James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White, (Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971),p.65.
① James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White,(Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971),p.65.
② Robert Seto Quan, Lotus among the Magnolias:the Mississippi Chinese, (Jackson:University Pressof Mississippi,1982), pp.45-46.
③ James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White,(Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971),pp.66-67.
① James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White, (Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971),pp.67-68.
② James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White,(Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971),p.68.
③ James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White,(Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971),p.74.
① James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White,(Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971),p.99, pp.114—115.
② Robert Seto Quan, Lotus among the Magnolias:the Mississippi Chinese,(Jackson:University Pressof Mississippi,1982),pp.47-49.
③ James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White, (Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971), pp.76—77.
④ James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White, (Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971), p.78.
① James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White, (Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971), p.77.
① James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White,(Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971),pp.83—84.
② James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White, (Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971),p.84.
③ James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White, (Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971), p.85.
① James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White, (Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971), p.93, p.99.
② James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White, (Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971), p.111.
① James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White, (Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971),pp.123—124.
② James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White,(Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971), pp.178-184.
①[美]陈依范著：《美国华人发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1989年版,第347页。
①[美]陈依范著：《美国华人发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1989年版,第349页。
② William Bun Chin Chang, Asian-Americans:School and Community Problems, (Integrated Education Associates,1997), p.38.
①[美]麦礼谦著：《从华侨到华人—20世纪美国华人社会发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1992年版,第138页。
②[美]陈依范著：《美国华人发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1989年版,第350页。
①刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)版,第26页。
②刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)版,第27页。
①刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)版,第31页。
②刘伯骥著：《美国华侨逸史》,台北黎明文化事业公司,1984年版,第393页。
①刘伯骥著：《美国华侨逸史》,台北黎明文化事业公司,1984年版,第400页。
①[美]麦礼谦：《传承中华传统：在美国和夏威夷的中文学校》,肖炜衡译,《华侨华人历史研究》,1999年第4期。
②《第二次中国教育年鉴》,第十一编、第一章,商务印书馆,1948年版,第2-3页。
③刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)版,第32页。
①刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)版,、第35页。
②刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)版,第34页。
③[美]麦礼谦著：《从华侨到华人—20世纪美国华人社会发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1992年版,第57页。
①[美]麦礼谦：《传承中华传统：在美国和夏威夷的中文学校》,肖炜衡译,《华侨华人历史研究》,1999年第4期。
②刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)版,第36页。
①刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)版,第59页。
①刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)版,第42页。
①刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)版,第49页。
②刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)版,第50页。
① William Hoy, The Chinese Six Companies, (San Francisco:Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association,1942), pp.20-29.
①朱杰勤主编：《美国华侨史》,广东高等教育出版社,1989年6月第一版,第463页。
② Julia I. Hsuan Chen, "The Chinese Community in New York A Study of Their Cultural Adjustment 1920-1940," (Dissertation, Washington, D.C.:American University,1941), p.34, pp.41-42.
③ The Chinese Public School Bulletin, New York,1936.
④ Julia I. Hsuan Chen, "The Chinese Community in New York A Study of Their Cultural Adjustment 1920-1940, " (Dissertation, Washington, D.C.:American University,1941), p.42.
①朱杰勤主编：《美国华侨史》,广东高等教育出版社,1989年6月第一版,第463页。
①中国社会科学院近代史研究所中华民国史研究室编：《胡适的日记》(上册),中华书局,1985年版,第116页。
①孙越生主编：《美国中国学手册》(增补本),中国社会科学出版社,1993年版,第591页。
① China Institute Bulletin 1 (1926), p.2.
① Chih Meng,Chinese American Understanding:A Sixty-Year Search, (New YorkrChina Institute in American,1981),p.149.
① Chih Meng.Chinese American Understanding:A Sixty-Year Search, (New York:China Institute in American,1981), p.157.
② Chih Meng, Chinese American Understanding:A Sixty-Year Search, (New York:China Institute in American,1981), p.158.
③ Chih Meng.Chinese American Understanding:A Sixty-Year Search, (New York:China Institute in American,1981), pp.157-159.
① China Institute Bulletin, November (1949), p.6; Autumn (1951), p.3.
② The China Tribune,10/20/1955,10/21/1958,6/26/1959.
③ China Institute Bulletin, January (1946), p.9; May (1948), pp.21-22.
④ China Institute Bulletin, Summer (1952), p.1.
① Chih Meng,Chinese American Understanding:A Sixty-Year Search, (New York:China Institute in American,1981), p.168, p.170.
② China Institute Bulletin, June (1938), p.145.
① China Institute Bulletin, July (1949), p.17.
①容闳著：《西学东渐记》,湖南人民出版社,1981年版,第23页。
①容闳著：《西学东渐记》,湖南人民出版社,1981年版,第26页。
② Chih Meng, Chinese American Understanding:A Sixty-Year Search, (New York:China Institute in America,1981), p.202.
① Tsinghua University and China Institute, A Survey of China Student in American Universtities and Colleges in the Past One Hundred Years, (New York:China Institute,1954), pp.26-27.
① China Institute Bulletin, July (1937), p.4.
① China Institute Bulletin, May (1945), p.1.
② China Institute Bulletin June (1946), p.93, October (1946), pp.3-4.
③ Committee on Friendly Relations Among Foreign Students, The Unofficial Ambassadors, (New York:1954).
① Committee on Educational Interchange Policy, Chinese Students in the U.S.,1948-55, pp.1-2.
② Committee on Educational Interchange Policy, Chinese Students in the U.S.,1948-55, p.24.
③ China Institute Bulletin, December (1940), p.26.
① China Institute Bulletin, December (1941), p.3.
①[美]麦礼谦著：《从华侨到华人—20世纪美国华人社会发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1992年版,第137页。
②[美]麦礼谦著：《从华侨到华人—20世纪美国华人社会发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1992年版,第162页。
③[美]麦礼谦著：《从华侨到华人—20世纪美国华人社会发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1992年版,第130页。
①[美]陈依范著：《美国华人发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1989年版,第272页。
①[美]麦礼谦著：《从华侨到华人—20世纪美国华人社会发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1992年版,第481页。
① Chia-ling Kuo, Social and Political Change in New York's Chinatown, (New York:Praeger Publishers,1977), pp.64-74.
① Chia-ling Kuo, Social and Political Change in New York's Chinatown, (New York:Praeger Publishers,1977), p.64.
② Joint Committee on the Master Plan for Higher Education, California Legislature, Asian Americans and public Higher Education tn California,(Sacramento, California:The ComMittee,1973), pp.77-80.
① Francesco Cordasco ed., Bilingual Education in New York City:a Compendium of Reports, (New York Arno Press,1978), p.5.
① U.S.Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Annual Report of the Commissionel of Education:Fiscal Year 1974, (Washington. D.C.:1975), p.10. p.51.
② California State Department of Educatmn, Limited-English Speaking and Non-English Speaking Students in California:A Report, (Sacramento:California Slate Department of Education,1975).
③ The United Journal/Lien Ho Jih Pao,12/22/1986.
④ H. L. Fleischman and P. J. Hopsibck, Descriptive Study of Services to Limited English Proficient Students, (Arlington,VA:Development Associates,1993), http:/www.nebe.edu/
① The Lau V. Nichols Supreme Court Decision of 1974:Testimony of Edward H. Steinman Before the Committee on Ways and Means of the California State Assembly,December 10.1974. ED 116457, p.4.
① Supreme Court of the United States, "Supreme Court of the United States, Lau et al v. Nichols et al. ",No.72-6520, ED090796,1974, p.3 and p.5.
② US. Commission on Civil Rights, Civil Rights Issues Facing Asian Americans in the 1990s,(February) 1992. pp.82-83.
③ Ruddie A. Irizarry, et al., Seward Park High School Chinese Bilingual-Bicultural Program,ESEA Title Ⅶ Final Evaluation Report 1979-1980, (Brooklyn, NY:NY Office of Educalional Evaluation, NewYork City Board of Education. 1980), ED 202934, pp.2-3.
① Ruddie A. Irizarry, et al.,Seward Park High School Chinese Bilingual-Bicultural Program,ESEA Title VII Final Evaluation Report 1979-1980, (Brooklyn, NY:NY Office of Educalional Evaluation, NewYork City Board of Education. 1980), ED 202934, pp.3-4.
② Ruddie A. Irizarry, et al.,Seward Park High School Chinese Bilingual-Bicultural Program,ESEA Title VII Final Evaluation Report 1979-1980, (Brooklyn, NY:NY Office of Educalional Evaluation, NewYork City Board of Education. 1980), ED 202934, p.15, p.17.
① Ruddie A. Irizarry, et al.,Seward Park High School Chinese Bilingual-Bicultural Program.ESEA Title VII Final Evaluation Report 1979-1980, (Brooklyn, NY:NY Office of Educalional Evaluation, NewYork City Board of Education. 1980), ED 202934, pp.37-38.
①刘伯骥著：《美国华侨史续编》,台北黎明文化事业公司,1981年版,第360页。
②[美]麦礼谦著：《从华侨到华人—20世纪美国华人社会发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1992年版,第53页。
③[美]麦礼谦：《传承中华传统：在美国和夏威夷的中文学校》,肖炜衡译,《华侨华人历史研究》,1999年第4期。
①W A.Melntyre,"Chinatown Offers Us a Lesson,"New York Times,10/6/1957.
②刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957年)版,第52页。
③刘伯骥著：《美国华侨史续编》,台北黎明文化事业公司,1981年版,第334页。
① Mely Giok-lan Tan, The Chinese in the United Stores:Social Mobilitv and Assimilation, (Taiwan:The Orient Cultural Service,1973), pp.199-203.
②[美]麦礼谦：《传承中华传统：在美国和夏威夷的中文学校》,肖炜衡译,《华侨华人历史研究》,1999年第4期。
① The United Journal/Lien Ho Jih Pao,12/3/1986.
② Lorita Yuen-Fan Wong, Education of Chinese Children in Britain and the USA, (Clevedon,England:Mulitilingual Matters Ltd,1992),p.116.
③ Best Chinese School, Flushing, New York, Introduction to the New York Best Chinese School,1975-1984.
④ The China Tribune/Hua Mei Jih Pao,1/30/1960.
⑤ The China Tribune/Hua Mei Jih Pao,3/16/1961.
①The United Journal/Lien Ho Jih Pao,1/7/1986,1/31/1987,5/25/1987.
①http//www.2gus.net/home/h/hwang/my chsch.htm
①黄招志：《文化薪传在加州》,《海华》,1989年第2期。
②[美]麦礼谦：《传承中华传统：在美国和夏威夷的中文学校》,肖炜衡译,《华侨华人历史研究》,1999年第4期。
③[美]麦礼谦：《传承中华传统：在美国和夏威夷的中文学校》,肖炜衡译,《华侨华人历史研究》,1999年第4期。
④肖炜蒲：《当代美国华文教育浅析》,《八桂侨史》,1999年第3期。
① Lornita Yuen-Fan Wong, Education of Chinese Children in Britain and the USA, (Clevedon, England:Mulitilingual Matters Ltd,1992), p.126.
① Betty Lee Sung, A Survey of Chinese American:Manpower and Employment, (New York:Praeger Publishers, Inc., 1976), pp.132-133.
② Hsiang-shui Chen Chinatown No More, (Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1992),pp.149-150.
① Hsiang-shui Chen Chinatown No More, (Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1992), p.151.
② United Journal/Lien Ho Jih Pao.5/15/1985,5/22/1985.
③ Ta Kung Pao,11/25/1986.
①[美]麦礼谦著：《从华侨到华人—20世纪美国华人社会发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1992年版,第476页。
②[美]麦礼谦著：《从华侨到华人—20世纪美国华人社会发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1992年版,第477页。
① Y.C.Wang, Chinese Intellectuals and the West:1872-1949,(Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,1966), p.178.
②山东省政协文史资料委员会编：《留学生活》,山东人民出版社,1992年10月版,第165页。
③王奇生著：《中国留学生的历史轨迹》,湖北教育出版社,1992年9月版,第34页。
①黄润龙著：《海外移民与美籍华人》,南京师范大学出版社,2003年11月第一版,第64页。
②李予阳：《怎样吸引30万留学生归国》,《经济日报》,2000年7月25日。
①[美]宋李瑞芳著：《美籍华人的人力及就业概况》,纽约普雷格出版社,1976年版,第46页。
① "Success Story of One Minority Group in the U.S." U.S. News and World Report 12/2611966, pp.73-78.
② N. Weyl, The Creative Elitein America,(Washington, D.C.:Public Affairs Press,1966); N. Weyl, "Some Comparative Performance Indexes of American Ethnic Minorities, " Mankind Quarterly (9)1969, pp.106-119.
① "Success Story of One Minority in the U.S.", U.S. News and world Report December 6,1966, p.73.
② William Ryan., Blaming the Victim, (NewYork:VintageBooks,1976),p.23.
① Mely Giok-lan Tan., The Chinese in the United States, (Taipei:The Orient Cultural,Service,1973), p.119.
② U.S. Census of Population,1960.Decennial Census,1960. Mely Giok-lan Tan, The Chinese in the United States, (Taipei:The Orient Cultural,Service,1973), p.120.
① U.S. Census of Population,1960.Decennial Census,1960. Mely Giok-lan Tan, The Chinese in the United States, (Taipei:The Orient Cultural.Service,1973), p.124.
② Chinatown Study Group, Chinatown Report,1969,(New York:Author,1970), p.19.
③ Chinatown Study Group, Chinatown Report,1969, (New York:Author,.1970), p.50.
④ California Department of Industrial Relations, Division of Fair Employment Practices Californians of Japanese, Chinese and Filipino Ancestry, (San Francisco:Author,1965), p.11, p.25.
⑤ U.S. Census of Population,1970.
⑥ U.S. Census of Population,1980.
①杨弘：《浅析美国移民限制松动时期的移民政策与亚洲移民(1943-1965)》,《美国研究》,1999年第3期。
②梁茂信著：《美国移民政策研究》,长春东北师范大学出版社,1996年版,第167-168页,第299页。
①戴超武：《美国1965年移民法对亚洲移民和亚裔集团的影响》,《美国研究》,1997年第1期,第121页。
②戴超武：《美国1965年移民法对亚洲移民和亚裔集团的影响》,《美国研究》,1997年第1期,第122页。
① MinZhou, Chinatown:The Socioeconomic Potential of 'an Urban Enclave, (Philadelphia:Temple University Press, 1992), p.44.
② Calvin Lee, Chinatown, U.S.A. (New York:Doubleday & Company, Inc.,1965), p.127.
①[美]令狐萍著：《金山谣—美国华裔妇女史》,北京中国社会科学出版社,1999年版,第104页。
②The United Journal/Lien Ho J.h Pao,12/9/1986.
①The United Journal/Lien Ho Jib Pao,4/6/1987.
②[美]令狐萍著：《金山谣—美国华裔妇女史》,北京中国社会科学出版社,1999年版,第107页。
①戴超武：《美国1965年移民法对亚洲移民和亚裔集团的影响》,《美国研究》,1997年第1期。
① Peter Nien-chu Kiang, "The New Wave:Developing Asian American Studies on the Coast," (Washington State University Press.1988), p.43.
① Russell Endo and William Wei. "On the Development of Asian American Studies programs," in Reflections on Shattered Windows, p.6, p.8.
① http://www.aasp.cornell.edu/aaas/
② Lisa Tolin, "Nationwide, schools face conflict over ethnic studies," Columbia University Spectator October 2,1996; Evelyn Hu-DeHart, "The Undermining of Ethnic Studies," The Chronicle of Higher Education,10/20/1995.
①http://www.aasp.cornell.edu/aaas/
① Russell Endo and William Wei. "On the Development of Asian American Studies programs," in Reflections on Shattered Windows, pp.7-8.
① Lornita Yuen-Fan Wong, Education of Chinese Children in Britain and the USA, (Clevedon, England:Multilingual Matters Ltd.,1992), p.135.
② U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Annual Report of theCommissioner of Education:1974/1975, (Washington, D.C.:Office of Education.1975), p.51.
① Mci Zhi Chen, "Initiative:to Discontinue Bilingual Education," Sing Tao Daily,7/18/1997; "Tongue Twister," The New Republic,6/22/1998.
① The China Press/Qiao Bao,8/6/1996.7/24/1996.
② People's Daily, Overseas Edition,10/20/1999.
① People's Daily, Overseas Edition,5/5/1998.
② People's Daily, Overseas Edition,8/13/1999.
①《美国联邦教育部设基金资助中文学校发展》,《中国新闻网》,2002年5月28日。
②肖炜蒲：《当代美国华文教育浅析》,《八桂侨史》,1999年第3期。
③梁培炽：《美国华文教育发展的新理念》,《暨南学报》,1998年第10期。
①http://hes.umd.edu/
②http://www.hxcs.org/
③[美]麦礼谦：《传承中华传统：在美国和夏威夷的中文学校》,肖炜衡译,《华侨华人历史研究》,1999年第4期。
①吴大调：《美东中文学校协会：满怀热心,强烈使命,保存中华文化遗产》,《世界周刊》,1993年7期。
②[美]麦礼谦：《传承中华传统：在美国和夏威夷的中文学校》,肖炜衡译,《华侨华人历史研究》,1999年第4期。
①[美]麦礼谦：《传承中华传统：在美国和夏威夷的中文学校》,肖炜衡译,《华侨华人历史研究》,1999年第4期。
②丁曙：《迈向主流外语教学的中文学校》,《全美中文学校联合总会成立二周年回顾》,《世界周刊》,1996年。
①肖炜衡：《当代美国华文教育浅析》,《八桂侨史》,1999年第3期。
①郑良根：《全美华文学校协会全力支持“AP中文考试提议”》,www.google.com
①肖炜衡：《当代美国华文教育浅析》,《八桂侨史》,1999年第3期。
①刘伯骥著：《美国华侨史》,台北黎明文化事业公司,1976年版,第357页。
① The China Tribune,7/2/1956,9/22/1958,6/20/1960,7/1/1961.
② The United Journal,6/24/1986,12/13/1986,6/26/1987,6/27/1987.
①梁培炽：《美国华文教育发展的新理念》,《暨南学报》,1998年10期。
② Agreement Reached on Education Exchange Between the United States and the People's Repubiic of China, (Washington, D.C.:National Science Foundation, October 23,1978).
①黄润龙著：《海外移民与美籍华人》,南京师范大学出版社,2003年11月第一版,第65页。
② Leo A. Orleans, Chinese Students in America,(Washington, D.C.:National Academy Press,1988), p.88.
③ Mary Ellen Adams, Alfred C. Julian, and Krista Van Laan, eds., Open Doors:1983/84, Report on International Educational Exchange, (New York:Institute of International Education,1984), p.18.
④ Institute of International Education, Open Doors various years; U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 1994, p.403, table 384.
⑤ China's Scholars Abroad/Shen chou hsueh jen,9 (1995), p.12.
①黄润龙著：《海外移民与美籍华人》,南京师范大学出版社,2003年11月第一版,第78页。
② James R.Flyrm, Asian Americans:Achievements Beyond IQ, (Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence ErlhaumAssociates, Publishers,1991), p.127.
③ Chinese Advisory Commitlee on Cultural Relations in America, Directory of Chinese Members of American College
and University Faculties,1955-1956, (New York:Author,1956),Chiao-yu yu wen-hua, Taipei,3/31/1961, p.73.
④ Jayjia Hsia, Asian Americans in Higher Education and at Work, (Hillsdale,N.J.:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers,1988), p.160.
①黄润龙著：《海外移民与美籍华人》,南京师范大学出版社,2003年11月第一版,第82页。
② Wilma Fairbank, America's Cultural Experiment in China,1942-1949, (Washington, D.C.:U.S Department of State,1976), p.125.
③黄润龙著：《海外移民与美籍华人》,南京师范大学出版社,2003年11月第一版,第101页。
①陈鸣旭：《我国人才外流现象的反思与对策我国人才外流现象的反思与对策》。www.google.com
②黄润龙著：《海外移民与美籍华人》,南京师范大学出版社,2003年11月第一版,第92页。
③ Hsiang-shui Chen, Chinatown No More, (Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1992), pp.129-130.
① Shu-Yuan Chang, "China or Taiwan:The Political Crisis of theChinese Intellectual," Amerasta Journal 2 (1973), pp.47-81.
② James R. Flynn, Asian Americans. Achievements Beyond IQ,(Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers,1991), p.13.
① U.S. Census of Population,1983, Tablel23 and 160.
② Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce, We the Americans:Asians, (1993), table 1,p.4.
① Jayjia Hsia, Asian Americans in Higher Education and at Work,(Hillsdale, N.J.:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers,1988), pp.25-30, pp.65-66.
① The College Board, College Bound Seniors:New York:The College Board,1990.
② S. S. Peng,"High School Dropouts:Descriptive information from High School and Beyond," NCES Bulletin (NCES 83-221B), Washington, D.C,:U.S. Department of Education,1983.
③ National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 1983-84,(Washington, D.C.:National Center for Education Statistics,1984), table 61, p.74.
④ National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 1983-84,(Washington, D.C.:National Center for Education Statistics,1984), table 61, p.74.
① U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Findings from the Condition of Education 1996:Minorities in Higher Education,(Washington, D.C.:Author.1996, NCES97-372), p.2.
② National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 1983-84, table 61, p.73.
③ U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics,1991,p.290.
④ U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Educational Attainment of 1980 High School Sophomores by 1992,(Washington, D.C.:Author,1995), p.31.
① U.S. National Center for Education Statistics,High School and Beyond,1980:A Longitudinal Survey of Students in the United States, (National Opinion Research Center,Ann Harbor:Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research,1980).
② U.S.Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Education Longitudinal,Study of 1988:A Profile of the American Eighth Grader, (Washington, D.C.:U.S. Government Printing Office,1990), p.66 and p.71.
③ Advanced Placement Program,1986, Advanced Placement Program National Summary Reports, (New York: College Entrance Examinations Board,1986).
④ Advanced Placement Program,1986, Advanced Placement Program National Summary Reports, (New York: College Entrance Examinations Board,1986).
① L. Ramist and S. Arbeiter, Profile, College-bound Seniors,1985,(New York:College Entrance Examination Board, 1986).
② Jayjia Hsia, Asian Americans in Higher Education and at Work, (Hillsdale, N.J.:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers,1988), p.79.
① Jayjia Hsia, Asian Americans in Higher Education and at Work,(Hillsdale, N.J.:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers,1988), pp.79-80.
②http://www.sarft.com/bbs/
③ Jayjia Hsia, Asian Americans in Higher Education and at Work,(Hillsdale, N.J.:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers,1988), pp.80-81.
① Jayjia Hsia, Asian Americans in Higher Education and at Work, (Hillsdale, N.J.:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers,1988), pp.81-83.
② U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, Census of Population 1980, General Social and Economic Characteristics United States Summary, (Washington, D. C.:U. S. Government Printing Office, December 1983), tables 81 and 160.
③ Eugenia Escueta and Eileen O'Brien, "Asian Americans in Higher Education:Trends and Issues ",Research Briefs (American Council on Education),2:4 (1991), pp.1-11. Reprinted in Don T. Nakanishi and Tina Yamano Nishida, eds., The Asian American Educational Experience,(New York:Routledge,1995), p.264.
④ U.S. Bureau of Census, We the Americans:Asians,Washington D.C.U.S.Government Printing Office,1993,p.9.
⑤ U.S.Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,The Condition of Education 1996 Indicator 45,Chart 1.
① S. S. Peng,"Enrollment Patterns of Asian American Students in Post-secondary Education", Meeting of the American Educational Research Association,Chicago,1985,ED261625.
② J.Grandy, Profiles of Prospective Humanities Majors:1975-1983, A Study of Students Taking theCollege Board Scholastic Aptitude Test and the Graduate Record Examination, (Princeton, N.J.:Educational Testing Service,1984), Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering 1982,(Washington, D.C.:National Science Foundation,1982), table 62. GRE scores by Race in 1979 and 1985, p.194.
③ Jayjia Hsia, Asian Americans in Higher Education and at Work, (Hillsdale, N.J.:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers,1988), pp.50-51.
④ U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics1983.1984, table 101, p.120.
⑤ U.S. Department off Education, National Center for Education Statistics 1991, p.200, table 195.
① National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics.1983-84, tables 101-104, pp.120-126.
① Ellie McGrath, "Confucian Worth Ethic:Asian-born Students Head for the Head of the Class ",Time 3/28/1983.
①Ronald Reaganl Speech to a Group of Asian and Pacific Americans in the White House,February 23,1984.
②David Brand, "The New Whiz Kids",Time,8/31/1987,p.42.
① A Drive to Excel.Newsweek-OnCampus, April 1984.
② David Bell,The Triumph of Asian Americans,News Public, July 1985.
①《美国华裔仍受歧视》,新加坡《联合早报》,2001年4月26日。http://cul.sina.com.cn/s/2003-01-16/26254.html
②游夏茵：《“华人找回自己的形象”—访美籍华人陈训教授》,《华声报》,1991年4月19日。
①[美]令狐萍著：《金山谣—美国华裔妇女史》,中国社会科学出版社,1999年版,第222页。
② Derald W.Sue and Barbara A. Kirk, "Psychological Characteristics of Chinese-American Students, " Journal of Counseling Psychology 19 (1972), p.471.
③ Derald W.Sue and Barbara A. Kirk, "Psychological Characteristics of Chinese-American Students ", Journal of Counseling Psychology 19 (1972), p.390.
④ The College Board, College Bound Seniors:1990 Profile of SAT and Achievewment Test Takers, (new York: Author,1990).
⑤ World Journal,3/9/1998.
⑥ Grade Point Average(平均积分点)：缩写为GPA,一种根据各科成绩的平均数记录学习成绩的制度,计算时用每门课所获分数乘学分课时(credit hours)。
① Nakanishi and Tina Yamano, The Asian American Educational Experience,(New York:Routledge,1995).
① Cited in Robert Oxnam, " Why Asians Succeed Here", New York Times,11/30/1986.
① Don T. Nakanishi, "Asian Pacific Americans and Selective Undergraduate Admissions",The Journal of College Admisslons, Winter (1988), p.23.
② Dale Minani, "Guerilla War at UCLA:Political and Legal Dimensions of the Tenure Battle", Amerosta Journal, 16:10(1990), pp.81-107.
③ Don T. Nakanishi, "Asian Pacific Americans and Selective Undergraduate Admission", The Journal of College Admisslons, Winter (1988), p.24.
④ Don T. Nakanishi, "Asian Pacific Americans and Selective Undergraduate Admissions", The Journal of College Admisslons, Winter (1988), p.24.
⑤ Eugenia Escueta and Eileen O'Brten, "Asian Americans in Higher Education:Trends and Issues", Research Briefs,(American Council on Education),2:4 (1991), pp.1-11.
① Stanford University, Building a Multiracial, Multicultural University Community:Final Report of theUniversity Committee on Minority Issues,(Stanford:Author,1989), p.19.
② U.S. Equal Employncnt Opportunity Commission, Higher Education Staff,1989 EEO-6 Detail Summary Report, U.S. Summary,1991.
③ U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics,1991, p.73, table 62; p.91. table 82.
④ National Science Foundation, Women and Minorities:Science and Engineering 1988, (Washington, D.C.:Author, 1988), pp.138-140.
① P.C.Chinn & G.Y.Wang. " Recruiting and Retaining Asian/Pacific American Teachers", pp.112-133, in M. E. Dilworth, ed., Diversity in Teacher Education, (San Francisco:Josscy-Bass,1992), ED 349312.
② American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education, Metropolitan Life Education Students, (Washington, D.C.: Author,1990).
③ National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics,1992,(Washington, D.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,1992).
④ National Research Council, Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities:Summary Repofit,1990, (Washington, D.C.:Author,1991).
⑤ B. Gall & T. L. Gall, eds., Statistical Record of Asian Americans, (DctroiL MI:Gale Research,1993).
① Joan.C.Baratz-Snowden and Richard Duran,The Educational Progress of Language Minority Students:Findings from the 1983-1984 NAEP Reading Survey, (Princeton,NJ.Educational Testing Service,1987),p.59,p.64, p.20.
② Samuel S. Peng and Ralph M.Lee,"Diversity of Asian American Students and its Implications for Education:A Study of the 1988 Eighth Graders", Paper presented at the annual conference of the National Association for bilingual Education, Washington, D.C.,1/11/1991.
③ Laurie Olsen, Crossing the School house Border:Immigranl-Students and the California Public School, (San Francisco:California Tomorrow,1988), pp.86-87.
④ California State University, Curriculum and Assessment Cluster Committee, California's Limited English Language Students, An Intersegmental Agenda, (September 1989), p.1.
⑤ Joan.C.Baratz-Snowden and Richard Duran,The Educational Progress of Language Minority Students:Findings from the 1983-1984 NAEP Reading Survey, (Princeton,NJ.Educational Testing Service,1987),p.31.
① National Coalition of Advocates for Students, New Voices:Immigrant Students in U.S. Public Schools,(Report Boston:Author,1988), p.59.
② Laurie Oisen, Crossing the Schoolhouse Border,(San Francisco:California Tomorrow,1988), p.112.
③ U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Voice Across America, (San Francisco Washington, D.C.:Author,1989), pp.189-192.
① U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Statement of Glenda Lay Joe, "Anti-Asian Racism in Schools," 1989, pp.41-43.
② Tsowell, Quality of Degrees and Mean Annual Salaries of Full-Time Faculty,1973, for Public PolicyResearch,1975.
③ National Science Foundation, Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering,1982, (Washington, D.C. Author, 1982), appendix table 43, p.103.
④ National Science Foundation, Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering,1987, (Washington, D.C. Author, 1987), appendix table 26, p.120.
⑤ U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Social Indicators of Equality for Minorities and Women, (Washington, D.C.: Author,1978), p.20, p.22, p.24
① Charles Hirshman and Morrison G. Wong, American Journal of Socioligy,1994, p.599.
② Bureau of Census, We are the Americans:Asians, Washington D.C.U.S.Government Printing Office,1993, p.6.
③ Bureau of Census, We are the Americans:Asians, Washington D.C.U.S.Government Printing Office,1993, p.122.
① Vobejda, Harvard, UCLA, Admissions Policies Probed, Washington Post,11/18/1988 Molotsky,"Harvard and UCLA Face Inquiries on Quotas," New York Times,11/20/1988.
①平权措施：又称肯定性行动或反歧视行动,是美国通过保证教育和就业平等机会的积极措施以纠正过去的歧视性政策或计划。
② Commission on Civil Rights, Civil Rights Issues Facing Asian Americans in the1990s,(1992), p110.
③ Asian American Students Association University an:American Admission at Brown University,(October 11,1983),reprinted in Integrated Education 22),1984, pp.31-41.
① Asian American Students Association University an:American Admission at Brown University,(October 11,1983),reprinted in Integrated Education 22,)1984, p.33.
② Asian American Students Association University an:American Admission at Brown University, (October 11,1983),reprinted in Integrated Education 22,)1984,1984, p.34. ③ Brown University Corporation Committee on Minority Affairs, Report to the Corporation Committee on Minority Affairs From its Subcommittee on Asian American Admissions,2/10/1984. p.2.
④ David Ho and Margaret Chin, "Admissions:Impossible," Bridge, Summer (1983), pp.7-8, p.51.
⑤常春藤联合会是由美国东北部8所大学和学院组成的一个联合组织,包括布朗大学、哥伦比亚大学、康奈尔大学、达特茅斯大学、哈佛大学、普林斯顿大学、宾夕法尼亚大学和耶鲁大学。
⑥ Michael Winerip, "Asian-Americans Question Ivy League's Entry Policies," New York Times,5/3011985.
① Asian American Task Force on Univcrsity Admissions, Task Force Report, (San Francisco:Asian Incorporstcd, 1985), p.4, figures 2 and 3.
② Jay Matthcws, "Asian Students Help Create a New Mainstream.", The Washington Post,11/14/1985.
③ Jayjia Hsia, Asian Americans in Higher Education and at Work,(Hillsdale, N.J.:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers,1988), p.108.
④ Asian American Task Force on Univcrsity Admissions, Task Force Report, (San Francisco:Asian Incorporstcd, 1985), Table 14,20, and 21.
⑤ Asian American Task Force on University Admissions, Task Force Report, (San Francisco:Asian Incorporstcd, 1985),pp.6-9.
① Asian American Task Force on University Admissions, Task Force Report, (San Francisco:Asian Incorporstcd, 1985), pp.9-10.
② Office of the Auditor General, California:A Review of Five-Year Admissions of Asian and q Caucasians at the University of California at Berkeley:Report, (Office of the Auditor General,1987),p.4, pp.9-15, and p.48.
① Michael Wincrip, "Asian Americans Question the Admissions Policies at Ivy League Colleges," New York Times, 5/30/1985.
② Dana Y. Takagi, "From Discrimination to Affirmative Action:Facts in the Asian American Admissions Controversy," Social Problems,37:4 (1990), p.578.
③ William Bradford Reynolds, Discrimination against Asian Americans in Higher Education:Evidence Causes, and Cures (Washington, D.C.:Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division,1/30/1988), ED308730, p.3, p.7.
④ James S. Gibney, "The Berkeley Squeeze," The New Republic 4/11/1988, p.17.
① William Bradford Reynolds, Discrimination against Asian Americans in Higher Education:Evidence Causes, and Cures (Washington, D.C.:Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division,1/30/1988), ED308730, p.8.
① http://www.singtaonet.com/singtaonet/head_sp/t20051021_23304.html
① http://www.singtaonet.com/singtaonet/head_sp/t20051021_23304.html
② http://www.singtaonet.com/singtaonet/head_sp/t20051021_23304.html
①《华声报》,1986年12月16日。
②《硅谷启示录,华人创传奇》,马来西亚《星洲日报》,1999年7月14日。
③陈本昌著：《华人怎样向美国市场进军》,上海文化出版社,1995年版,第41页,第49页。
①[美]麦礼谦著：《从华侨到华人—20世纪美国华人社会发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1992年版第422页。
①杨振宁著：《读书教学四十年》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1988年第3版,第58页。
①黄兆群著：《纷然杂陈的美国社会—美国的民族与民族文化》,内蒙古大学出版社,1994年版,第214页。
①陈屹著：《美国素质教育大参考：中美教育实证比较》,新世界出版社,2001年9月第一版,第109页。
[1]Adams, Walter, The Brain Drain, New York:Macmillan&Co.,1968.
[2]Berrol, Selma Cantor, Immigrants at school:New York City,1898-1914, New York:Arno Press,1978.
[3]Charles M. Wollenberg, All Deliberate Speed, University of California Press,Ltd.1978.
[4]Clara C. Park (Editor), Marilyn Mei-Ying Chi (Editor), Asian-American Education:Prospects and Challenges, Bergin & Garvey 1999.
[5]DonT.Nakanishi and Tina Yamano Nishida ed., Asian American Educational Experience, Routledge, 1995.
[6]Hsia Shirley, et al., Asian Americans in Higher Education and at Work, Hillsdale, N.J.:Lawerence Erlbaum Associates,1988.
[7]Iris Chang, The Chinese in America:A Narrative History, Penguin Books,2004.
[8]Jack L. Nelson, Critical Issues in Education, McGraw-Hill, Inc.1990.
[9]James R. Flynn, Asian Americans:Achievement Beyond IQ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1991.
[10]James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White Cambridge,Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1971.
[11]Jayjia Hsia, Asian Americans in Higher Education and at Work, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1988.
[12]Ing-chi Weinberg, Asian-Americans:School and Community Problems, Integrated Education Associates,1997.
[13]Mary Roberts Coolidge, Chinese Immigration, Henry Holt and Company,1990.
[14]Meyer Weinberg, Asian-American Education, Lawrence Erlbaum Associstes,1997.
[15]Roger Paniels, Asian American:Chinese and Japanese in the United States since 1850, the University of Washington Press,1988.
[16]Jonathan Kozol,The Shame of the Nation:The Restoration of Apartheid Schooling in America, Crown Publishers New York,2005.
[17]W. Kung, Chinese in American Life, the University of Washington Press,1962.
[18]Victor Low, The Unimpressible Race, East/West Publishing Company, Inc.1982
[19]Vivian S. Louie, Compelled to Excel:Immigration, Education, and Opportunity among Chinese Americans,2004.
[20]WayneJ.Urban,JenningsL.Wagoner,Jr.,American Education:A History, McGraw-Hill,Companies, Inc.1996.
[21][美]埃里克·方纳著：《新美国历史》,齐文颖、林江等译,北京师范大学出版社,1998年版。
[22]别必亮著：《近代华侨教育研究》,河北教育出版社,2001年版。
[23]陈碧笙著：《世界华侨华人简史》,厦门大学出版社,1991年版。
[24][美]陈参盛著：《旧金山华人社会工作需求调查》,萨克拉门托救济局,1935年版。
[25]陈翰笙主编：《华工出国史料》第三、四、七辑,北京中华书局,1984年版。
[26][美]陈依范著：《美国华人发展史》,殷志鹏、廖慈节译,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1984年版。
[27]戴超武著：《美国移民政策与亚洲移民》,中国社会科学出版社,1999年版。
[28]邓蜀生著：《世代悲欢“美国梦”》,中国社会科学出版社,2001年版。
[29]《第二次中国教育年鉴》,第十一编、第一章,商务印书馆,1948年版。
[30]董寅初著：《美国华侨的历史演变及其现状》,《华侨史研究论文》,吴泽主编,华东师大出版社,1984年版。
[31][美]格利克著：《夏威夷的华裔移民》,吴燕和、王维兰译,台北正中书局,1985年版。
[32]贺国庆著：《近代欧洲对美国教育的影响》,河北大学出版社,1994年版。
[33]贺国庆著：《德国和美国大学发达史》,人民教育出版社,1998年版。
[34]贺国庆著：《外国教育专题研究文集》,河北大学出版社,2001年版。
[35]贺国庆、王保星、朱文富等著：《外国高等教育史》,人民教育出版社,2003年版。
[36][美]胡垣坤、曾露凌、谭雅伦著：《美国早期漫画中的华人》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1994年版。
[37][美]克拉夫·马伯格著：《美国文化的经济基础》,仲子、叶苍译,三联书店上海分店,1989年版。
[38][美]邝治中著：《纽约唐人街——劳工和政治(1930-1950年)》,上海译文出版社,1982年版。
[39][美]邝治中著：《新唐人街》,中华书局(香港)有限公司,1989年版。
[40]李春晖、杨生茂主编：《美洲华侨华人史》,北京东方出版社,1987年版。
[41]雷洁琼著：《对生长于美国的华人的一项研究》,开明出版社,1999年版。
[42]李其荣著：《移民与近代美国》,中国华侨出版公司,1991年版。
[43]李小兵等著：《美国华人：从历史到现实》,四川人民出版社,2003年版
[44]梁建锋著：《美国教育》,中国科学技术大学出版社,2002年版。
[45][美]令狐萍著：《金山谣——美国华裔妇女史》,中国社会科学出版社,1999年版。
[46]刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)年版。
[47]刘伯骥著：《美国华侨逸史》,台北黎明文化事业公司,1984年版。
[48]刘伯骥著：《美国华侨史》,台北黎明文化事业公司,1976年版。
[49]刘伯骥著：《美国华侨史续编》,台北黎明文化事业公司,1981年版。
[50]楼文著：《密西西比的华人》,台北海外出版社,1985年版。
[51]刘萧编：《挺进美利坚——二十世纪留美精英谱》,河北大学出版社,2000年版。
[52]刘晓莉著：《田长霖的柏克莱之路：华裔校长的辉煌岁月》,台北天下文化出版公司,1997年版。
[53]刘绪贻、李存训著：《富兰克林·罗斯福时代1929-1945》,人民出版社,1994年版。
[54]刘绪贻、杨生茂著：《战后美国史1945—1986》,人民出版社,1989年版。
[55]鲁洁著：《华人教育：民族文化传统的全球展望》,南京师范大学出版社,1999年版。
[56]马树德编：《中外文化交流史》,北京语言文化大学出版社,2000年版。
[57][美]麦礼谦著：《从华侨到华人——二十世纪美国华人社会发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1992年版。
[58]麦子著：《美国华人名人录》,广东科技出版社,1994年版。
[59]梅伟强、张国雄主编：《五邑华侨华人史》,广东高等教育出版社,2001年版。
[60]牧人著：《拓殖美利坚》,中国对外经济贸易出版社,1997年版。
[61][美]沈已尧著：《海外排华百年史》,中国社会科学出版社,1985年版。
[62]沈云鸥著：《中国历代华侨政策的变迁》,华东师大出版社,1984年版。
[63]史静寰主编：《当代美国教育》,社会科学文献出版社,2001年版。
[64][美]宋李瑞芳著：《美国华人的历史和现状》,商务印书馆,1984年版。
[65]滕大春主编：《外国教育通史》1—6卷,山东教育出版社,1990年版。
[66]滕大春著：《外国教育史和外国教育》,河北大学出版社,1998年版。
[67]滕大春、吴式颖编：《外国近代教育史》,人民教育出版社,2002年版。
[68]吴景超著：《唐人街：共生与同化》,天津人民出版社,1991年版。
[69]吴琦幸著：《淘金路上》,上海古籍出版社,2003年版。
[70]吴前进著：《美国华侨华人文化变迁论》,上海社会科学院出版社,1998年版。
[71]吴前进著：《国家关系中的华侨华人和华族》,新华出版社,2003年版。
[72]吴尚鹰著：《美国华侨百年纪实》,香港,1954年版。
[73]薛素珍、陈静英著：《美国纽约华人家庭》,三联书店上海分店,1993年版。
[74]杨国标、刘汉标、杨安尧著：《美国华侨史》,广东高等教育出版社,1989年版。
[75]杨振宁著：《读书教学四十年》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1988年版。
[76]张庆松著：《美国百年排华内幕》,上海人民出版社,1998年版。
[77][美]周敏著：《唐人街——深具社会经济潜质的华人社区》,北京商务印书馆,1995年版。
[78]朱国宏著：《中国的海外移民——一项国际迁移的历史研究》,复旦大学出版社,1994年版。
[79]朱杰勤著：《东南亚华侨史》,高等教育出版社,1990年版。
[80]朱士嘉编：《美国迫害华工史料》,上海人民出版社,1958年版。
①[美]宋李瑞芳著：《美国华人的历史和现状》,朱永涛译,商务印书馆,1984年版,第19页。
②[美]宋李瑞芳著：《美国华人的历史和现状》,朱永涛译,商务印书馆,1984年版,第39页。
① San Francisco Evening Bulletin,2/24/1858.
② A Committee of the Senate of California, Chinese Immigration:the Social, Moral and Political Effect of Chinese Immigration,(Sacramento:State Printing Office,1877), p.7 and p.15.
①李小兵等著：《美国华人：从历史到现实》,四川人民出版社,2003年3月第一版,第127页。
② U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population,1970.
③ U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population,1980.
④李小兵等著：《美国华人：从历史到现实》,四川人民出版社,2003年3月第一版,第116页。
⑤ The China Press,1/18/1994, World Journal,1/23/1994.
①邓小平著：《邓小平文选》第三卷,人民出版社,1993年版,第358页。
① William L. Tung,The Chinese in American 1820-1973, A Chronology & Fact Book (Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications Inc.,1974), p.7.
②刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)版,第2页。
③刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)版,第3页。
①吴琦幸著：《淘金路上》,上海古籍出版社,2003年1月第一版,第30页。
①李小兵等著：《美国华人：从历史到现实》,四川人民出版社,2003年3月第一版,第47页。
②刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)版,第11页。
③李小兵等著：《美国华人：从历史到现实》,四川人民出版社,2003年3月第一版,第60页。
④关春如著：《美国华侨概况》,台北正中书局,1988年版,第23页。
① Daily Alta California,5/12/1852.
② Victor Low, The Unimpressible Race:A Century of Educational Struggle by the Chinese in San Francisco, (San Francisco:East/West Publishing Company.Inc.1982), p.2.
③ Daily Alta California,5/21/1853.
④ John Swett, Report of Superintendent,1864-1865, Sacramento, California, p.215.
①[美]陈依范著：《美国华人发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1989年版,第59页。
② Andrew J. Moulder. Report of State Superintendent of Public Instruction,1858,1859, Sacramento California, p.259.
③ California Statutes,1863, p.210; 1864, p.213.
④ John Swett, Report of Superintendent,1864-1865, Sacramento, California, p.286.
① California Statutes,1863-1866, Section 58, p.398.
② Mary R.Coolidge, Chinese Immigration, (NewYork:Henry Holt and Company,1909), p.78.
③ Mary R.Coolidge, Chinese Immigration, (NewYork:Henry Holt and Company,1909), p.435.
④ Mary R.Coolidge, Chinese Immigration, (NewYork:Henry Holt and Company,1909), p.436.
① Mary R.Coolidge, Chinese Immigration, (NewYork:Henry Holt and Company,1909), p.436.
② Francis Yung Chang, The Anti-Chinese Movement in California Urbana,(University of Illinois Press,1939),p.50.
③ Victor Low, The Unimpressible Race:A Century of Educational Struggle by the Chinese in San Francisco,(San Francisco:East/West Publishing Company.Inc.1982), pp.53-54.
④ Victor Low, The Unimpressible Race:A Century of Educational Struggle by the Chinese in San Francisco, (San Francisco:East/West Publishing Company.Inc.1982), p.58.
①刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)版,第29页。
① Victor Low, The Unimpressible Race:A Century of Educational Struggle by the Chinese in San Francisco, (San Francisco:East/West Publishing Company.Inc.1982), p.62.
① Daily Alta California,8/22/1877.
② Henry N.Bolander, Fifth Biennial Report of Superintendent of Instruction of State of California for School Years 1872 and1873, (T. A. Springer State Printer, Sacramento, California,1873), p.17.
③[美]麦礼谦著：《从华侨到华人—20世纪美国华人社会发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1992年版,第132页。
①同上第133页。
② Victor Low, The Unimpressible Race:A Century of Educational Struggle by the Chinese in San Francisco, (San Francisco:East/West Publishing Company.Inc.1982), pp.59-73.
③ Victor Low, The Unimpressible Race:A Century of Educational Struggle by the Chinese in San Francisco, (San Francisco:East/West Publishing Company.Inc.1982), p.118.
④ Victor Low, The Unimpressible Race:A Century of Educational Struggle by the Chinese in San Francisco,(San Francisco:East/West Publishing Company.Inc.1982),p.121.
⑤ Victor Low, The Unimpressible Race:A Century of Educational Struggle by the Chinese in San Francisco, (San Francisco:East/West Publishing Company.Inc.1982), pp.114-115.
① Philip A.Lum. "The Creation and Demise of San Francisco Chinatown Freedom Schools," American Journal 5 (1978), p.59.
② Victor Low, The Unimpressible Race:A Century of Educational Struggle by the Chinese in San Francisco, (San Francisco:East/West Publishing Company.Inc.1982), pp.96-98.
③ California Statutes 1885, Chapter CXVLL, Section 1662, p.100.
④ California Law, Education Code,1945. Division Ⅳ, Chapter Ⅰ, Article Ⅰ, Sections 8002,8003, and 8004, pp.92-94.
⑤ California Statues and Amendments to the codes,1947,Sections 8003 and 8004, p.1792.
① Min S.Yee, "Busing Comes to Chinatown," in Chinese-Americans:School and Community Problems. (Chicago: Integrated Education Associates.1972), pp.69-74.
②刘伯骥著：《美国华侨史》,台北黎明文化事业公司,1976年版,第365页。
①[美]陈依范著：《美国华人发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1989年版,第338页。
② U.S. Immigration Commission, Abstract of the Statistical Review of Immigration to the U.S.,1820-1910, (Washington:1911), pp.8-9.
③ Robert A. Woods, ed., American in Process, (Cambridge:Riverside Press,1902),pp.292-294.
④ U.S. Immigration Commission, Abstract of the report on the Children of Immigration in the Schools,(Washington: 1911), pp.16-17.
⑤ U.S. Bureau of the Census, Abstract of the Thirteenth Census, (Washington:1910), p.623.
⑥ Selma Cantor Berrol, The New York Public School:Being History of Free Education in the City of New York, (New York:Macmillan,1905), p.26.
① Literary Digest, September 28,1901,p.365.
② William Henry Maxwell, "On a Certain Arrogance in Educational Theorists, " Educational Review (February), 1914, pp.175-176.
③ Julia I.Hsuan Chen, The Chinese Community in New York A Study in their Cultural Adjustment 1920-1940, (Dissertation, Washington, D.C.:American University,1941), p.82.
① Julia I.Hsuan Chen, The Chinese Community in New York: A Study in their Cultural Adjustment 1920-1940, (Dissertation, Washington, D.C.:American University,1941), pp.82-83.
② Julia I.Hsuan Chen, The Chinese Community in New York: A Study in their Cultural Adjustment 1920-1940, (Dissertation, Washington, D.C.:American University,1941), p.83.
③ James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White, (Cambridge, Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971), p.25.
① James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White, (Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971), pp.1—2, pp.32—57.
② China Institute in America, Chinese in America:Stereotyped Past, Changing Present,(New York:Vantage Press, 1983), p.45,p.171.
③ James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White, (Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971),p.65.
① James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White,(Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971),p.65.
② Robert Seto Quan, Lotus among the Magnolias:the Mississippi Chinese, (Jackson:University Pressof Mississippi,1982), pp.45-46.
③ James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White,(Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971),pp.66-67.
① James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White, (Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971),pp.67-68.
② James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White,(Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971),p.68.
③ James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White,(Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971),p.74.
① James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White,(Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971),p.99, pp.114—115.
② Robert Seto Quan, Lotus among the Magnolias:the Mississippi Chinese,(Jackson:University Pressof Mississippi,1982),pp.47-49.
③ James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White, (Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971), pp.76—77.
④ James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White, (Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971), p.78.
① James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White, (Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971), p.77.
① James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White,(Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971),pp.83—84.
② James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White, (Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971),p.84.
③ James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White, (Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971), p.85.
① James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White, (Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971), p.93, p.99.
② James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White, (Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971), p.111.
① James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White, (Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971),pp.123—124.
② James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White,(Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1971), pp.178-184.
①[美]陈依范著：《美国华人发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1989年版,第347页。
①[美]陈依范著：《美国华人发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1989年版,第349页。
② William Bun Chin Chang, Asian-Americans:School and Community Problems, (Integrated Education Associates,1997), p.38.
①[美]麦礼谦著：《从华侨到华人—20世纪美国华人社会发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1992年版,第138页。
②[美]陈依范著：《美国华人发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1989年版,第350页。
①刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)版,第26页。
②刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)版,第27页。
①刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)版,第31页。
②刘伯骥著：《美国华侨逸史》,台北黎明文化事业公司,1984年版,第393页。
①刘伯骥著：《美国华侨逸史》,台北黎明文化事业公司,1984年版,第400页。
①[美]麦礼谦：《传承中华传统：在美国和夏威夷的中文学校》,肖炜衡译,《华侨华人历史研究》,1999年第4期。
②《第二次中国教育年鉴》,第十一编、第一章,商务印书馆,1948年版,第2-3页。
③刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)版,第32页。
①刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)版,、第35页。
②刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)版,第34页。
③[美]麦礼谦著：《从华侨到华人—20世纪美国华人社会发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1992年版,第57页。
①[美]麦礼谦：《传承中华传统：在美国和夏威夷的中文学校》,肖炜衡译,《华侨华人历史研究》,1999年第4期。
②刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)版,第36页。
①刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)版,第59页。
①刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)版,第42页。
①刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)版,第49页。
②刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)版,第50页。
① William Hoy, The Chinese Six Companies, (San Francisco:Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association,1942), pp.20-29.
①朱杰勤主编：《美国华侨史》,广东高等教育出版社,1989年6月第一版,第463页。
② Julia I. Hsuan Chen, "The Chinese Community in New York A Study of Their Cultural Adjustment 1920-1940," (Dissertation, Washington, D.C.:American University,1941), p.34, pp.41-42.
③ The Chinese Public School Bulletin, New York,1936.
④ Julia I. Hsuan Chen, "The Chinese Community in New York A Study of Their Cultural Adjustment 1920-1940, " (Dissertation, Washington, D.C.:American University,1941), p.42.
①朱杰勤主编：《美国华侨史》,广东高等教育出版社,1989年6月第一版,第463页。
①中国社会科学院近代史研究所中华民国史研究室编：《胡适的日记》(上册),中华书局,1985年版,第116页。
①孙越生主编：《美国中国学手册》(增补本),中国社会科学出版社,1993年版,第591页。
① China Institute Bulletin 1 (1926), p.2.
① Chih Meng,Chinese American Understanding:A Sixty-Year Search, (New YorkrChina Institute in American,1981),p.149.
① Chih Meng.Chinese American Understanding:A Sixty-Year Search, (New York:China Institute in American,1981), p.157.
② Chih Meng, Chinese American Understanding:A Sixty-Year Search, (New York:China Institute in American,1981), p.158.
③ Chih Meng.Chinese American Understanding:A Sixty-Year Search, (New York:China Institute in American,1981), pp.157-159.
① China Institute Bulletin, November (1949), p.6; Autumn (1951), p.3.
② The China Tribune,10/20/1955,10/21/1958,6/26/1959.
③ China Institute Bulletin, January (1946), p.9; May (1948), pp.21-22.
④ China Institute Bulletin, Summer (1952), p.1.
① Chih Meng,Chinese American Understanding:A Sixty-Year Search, (New York:China Institute in American,1981), p.168, p.170.
② China Institute Bulletin, June (1938), p.145.
① China Institute Bulletin, July (1949), p.17.
①容闳著：《西学东渐记》,湖南人民出版社,1981年版,第23页。
①容闳著：《西学东渐记》,湖南人民出版社,1981年版,第26页。
② Chih Meng, Chinese American Understanding:A Sixty-Year Search, (New York:China Institute in America,1981), p.202.
① Tsinghua University and China Institute, A Survey of China Student in American Universtities and Colleges in the Past One Hundred Years, (New York:China Institute,1954), pp.26-27.
① China Institute Bulletin, July (1937), p.4.
① China Institute Bulletin, May (1945), p.1.
② China Institute Bulletin June (1946), p.93, October (1946), pp.3-4.
③ Committee on Friendly Relations Among Foreign Students, The Unofficial Ambassadors, (New York:1954).
① Committee on Educational Interchange Policy, Chinese Students in the U.S.,1948-55, pp.1-2.
② Committee on Educational Interchange Policy, Chinese Students in the U.S.,1948-55, p.24.
③ China Institute Bulletin, December (1940), p.26.
① China Institute Bulletin, December (1941), p.3.
①[美]麦礼谦著：《从华侨到华人—20世纪美国华人社会发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1992年版,第137页。
②[美]麦礼谦著：《从华侨到华人—20世纪美国华人社会发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1992年版,第162页。
③[美]麦礼谦著：《从华侨到华人—20世纪美国华人社会发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1992年版,第130页。
①[美]陈依范著：《美国华人发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1989年版,第272页。
①[美]麦礼谦著：《从华侨到华人—20世纪美国华人社会发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1992年版,第481页。
① Chia-ling Kuo, Social and Political Change in New York's Chinatown, (New York:Praeger Publishers,1977), pp.64-74.
① Chia-ling Kuo, Social and Political Change in New York's Chinatown, (New York:Praeger Publishers,1977), p.64.
② Joint Committee on the Master Plan for Higher Education, California Legislature, Asian Americans and public Higher Education tn California,(Sacramento, California:The ComMittee,1973), pp.77-80.
① Francesco Cordasco ed., Bilingual Education in New York City:a Compendium of Reports, (New York Arno Press,1978), p.5.
① U.S.Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Annual Report of the Commissionel of Education:Fiscal Year 1974, (Washington. D.C.:1975), p.10. p.51.
② California State Department of Educatmn, Limited-English Speaking and Non-English Speaking Students in California:A Report, (Sacramento:California Slate Department of Education,1975).
③ The United Journal/Lien Ho Jih Pao,12/22/1986.
④ H. L. Fleischman and P. J. Hopsibck, Descriptive Study of Services to Limited English Proficient Students, (Arlington,VA:Development Associates,1993), http:/www.nebe.edu/
① The Lau V. Nichols Supreme Court Decision of 1974:Testimony of Edward H. Steinman Before the Committee on Ways and Means of the California State Assembly,December 10.1974. ED 116457, p.4.
① Supreme Court of the United States, "Supreme Court of the United States, Lau et al v. Nichols et al. ",No.72-6520, ED090796,1974, p.3 and p.5.
② US. Commission on Civil Rights, Civil Rights Issues Facing Asian Americans in the 1990s,(February) 1992. pp.82-83.
③ Ruddie A. Irizarry, et al., Seward Park High School Chinese Bilingual-Bicultural Program,ESEA Title Ⅶ Final Evaluation Report 1979-1980, (Brooklyn, NY:NY Office of Educalional Evaluation, NewYork City Board of Education. 1980), ED 202934, pp.2-3.
① Ruddie A. Irizarry, et al.,Seward Park High School Chinese Bilingual-Bicultural Program,ESEA Title VII Final Evaluation Report 1979-1980, (Brooklyn, NY:NY Office of Educalional Evaluation, NewYork City Board of Education. 1980), ED 202934, pp.3-4.
② Ruddie A. Irizarry, et al.,Seward Park High School Chinese Bilingual-Bicultural Program,ESEA Title VII Final Evaluation Report 1979-1980, (Brooklyn, NY:NY Office of Educalional Evaluation, NewYork City Board of Education. 1980), ED 202934, p.15, p.17.
① Ruddie A. Irizarry, et al.,Seward Park High School Chinese Bilingual-Bicultural Program.ESEA Title VII Final Evaluation Report 1979-1980, (Brooklyn, NY:NY Office of Educalional Evaluation, NewYork City Board of Education. 1980), ED 202934, pp.37-38.
①刘伯骥著：《美国华侨史续编》,台北黎明文化事业公司,1981年版,第360页。
②[美]麦礼谦著：《从华侨到华人—20世纪美国华人社会发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1992年版,第53页。
③[美]麦礼谦：《传承中华传统：在美国和夏威夷的中文学校》,肖炜衡译,《华侨华人历史研究》,1999年第4期。
①W A.Melntyre,"Chinatown Offers Us a Lesson,"New York Times,10/6/1957.
②刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957年)版,第52页。
③刘伯骥著：《美国华侨史续编》,台北黎明文化事业公司,1981年版,第334页。
① Mely Giok-lan Tan, The Chinese in the United Stores:Social Mobilitv and Assimilation, (Taiwan:The Orient Cultural Service,1973), pp.199-203.
②[美]麦礼谦：《传承中华传统：在美国和夏威夷的中文学校》,肖炜衡译,《华侨华人历史研究》,1999年第4期。
① The United Journal/Lien Ho Jih Pao,12/3/1986.
② Lorita Yuen-Fan Wong, Education of Chinese Children in Britain and the USA, (Clevedon,England:Mulitilingual Matters Ltd,1992),p.116.
③ Best Chinese School, Flushing, New York, Introduction to the New York Best Chinese School,1975-1984.
④ The China Tribune/Hua Mei Jih Pao,1/30/1960.
⑤ The China Tribune/Hua Mei Jih Pao,3/16/1961.
①The United Journal/Lien Ho Jih Pao,1/7/1986,1/31/1987,5/25/1987.
①http//www.2gus.net/home/h/hwang/my chsch.htm
①黄招志：《文化薪传在加州》,《海华》,1989年第2期。
②[美]麦礼谦：《传承中华传统：在美国和夏威夷的中文学校》,肖炜衡译,《华侨华人历史研究》,1999年第4期。
③[美]麦礼谦：《传承中华传统：在美国和夏威夷的中文学校》,肖炜衡译,《华侨华人历史研究》,1999年第4期。
④肖炜蒲：《当代美国华文教育浅析》,《八桂侨史》,1999年第3期。
① Lornita Yuen-Fan Wong, Education of Chinese Children in Britain and the USA, (Clevedon, England:Mulitilingual Matters Ltd,1992), p.126.
① Betty Lee Sung, A Survey of Chinese American:Manpower and Employment, (New York:Praeger Publishers, Inc., 1976), pp.132-133.
② Hsiang-shui Chen Chinatown No More, (Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1992),pp.149-150.
① Hsiang-shui Chen Chinatown No More, (Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1992), p.151.
② United Journal/Lien Ho Jih Pao.5/15/1985,5/22/1985.
③ Ta Kung Pao,11/25/1986.
①[美]麦礼谦著：《从华侨到华人—20世纪美国华人社会发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1992年版,第476页。
②[美]麦礼谦著：《从华侨到华人—20世纪美国华人社会发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1992年版,第477页。
① Y.C.Wang, Chinese Intellectuals and the West:1872-1949,(Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,1966), p.178.
②山东省政协文史资料委员会编：《留学生活》,山东人民出版社,1992年10月版,第165页。
③王奇生著：《中国留学生的历史轨迹》,湖北教育出版社,1992年9月版,第34页。
①黄润龙著：《海外移民与美籍华人》,南京师范大学出版社,2003年11月第一版,第64页。
②李予阳：《怎样吸引30万留学生归国》,《经济日报》,2000年7月25日。
①[美]宋李瑞芳著：《美籍华人的人力及就业概况》,纽约普雷格出版社,1976年版,第46页。
① "Success Story of One Minority Group in the U.S." U.S. News and World Report 12/2611966, pp.73-78.
② N. Weyl, The Creative Elitein America,(Washington, D.C.:Public Affairs Press,1966); N. Weyl, "Some Comparative Performance Indexes of American Ethnic Minorities, " Mankind Quarterly (9)1969, pp.106-119.
① "Success Story of One Minority in the U.S.", U.S. News and world Report December 6,1966, p.73.
② William Ryan., Blaming the Victim, (NewYork:VintageBooks,1976),p.23.
① Mely Giok-lan Tan., The Chinese in the United States, (Taipei:The Orient Cultural,Service,1973), p.119.
② U.S. Census of Population,1960.Decennial Census,1960. Mely Giok-lan Tan, The Chinese in the United States, (Taipei:The Orient Cultural,Service,1973), p.120.
① U.S. Census of Population,1960.Decennial Census,1960. Mely Giok-lan Tan, The Chinese in the United States, (Taipei:The Orient Cultural.Service,1973), p.124.
② Chinatown Study Group, Chinatown Report,1969,(New York:Author,1970), p.19.
③ Chinatown Study Group, Chinatown Report,1969, (New York:Author,.1970), p.50.
④ California Department of Industrial Relations, Division of Fair Employment Practices Californians of Japanese, Chinese and Filipino Ancestry, (San Francisco:Author,1965), p.11, p.25.
⑤ U.S. Census of Population,1970.
⑥ U.S. Census of Population,1980.
①杨弘：《浅析美国移民限制松动时期的移民政策与亚洲移民(1943-1965)》,《美国研究》,1999年第3期。
②梁茂信著：《美国移民政策研究》,长春东北师范大学出版社,1996年版,第167-168页,第299页。
①戴超武：《美国1965年移民法对亚洲移民和亚裔集团的影响》,《美国研究》,1997年第1期,第121页。
②戴超武：《美国1965年移民法对亚洲移民和亚裔集团的影响》,《美国研究》,1997年第1期,第122页。
① MinZhou, Chinatown:The Socioeconomic Potential of 'an Urban Enclave, (Philadelphia:Temple University Press, 1992), p.44.
② Calvin Lee, Chinatown, U.S.A. (New York:Doubleday & Company, Inc.,1965), p.127.
①[美]令狐萍著：《金山谣—美国华裔妇女史》,北京中国社会科学出版社,1999年版,第104页。
②The United Journal/Lien Ho J.h Pao,12/9/1986.
①The United Journal/Lien Ho Jib Pao,4/6/1987.
②[美]令狐萍著：《金山谣—美国华裔妇女史》,北京中国社会科学出版社,1999年版,第107页。
①戴超武：《美国1965年移民法对亚洲移民和亚裔集团的影响》,《美国研究》,1997年第1期。
① Peter Nien-chu Kiang, "The New Wave:Developing Asian American Studies on the Coast," (Washington State University Press.1988), p.43.
① Russell Endo and William Wei. "On the Development of Asian American Studies programs," in Reflections on Shattered Windows, p.6, p.8.
① http://www.aasp.cornell.edu/aaas/
② Lisa Tolin, "Nationwide, schools face conflict over ethnic studies," Columbia University Spectator October 2,1996; Evelyn Hu-DeHart, "The Undermining of Ethnic Studies," The Chronicle of Higher Education,10/20/1995.
①http://www.aasp.cornell.edu/aaas/
① Russell Endo and William Wei. "On the Development of Asian American Studies programs," in Reflections on Shattered Windows, pp.7-8.
① Lornita Yuen-Fan Wong, Education of Chinese Children in Britain and the USA, (Clevedon, England:Multilingual Matters Ltd.,1992), p.135.
② U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Annual Report of theCommissioner of Education:1974/1975, (Washington, D.C.:Office of Education.1975), p.51.
① Mci Zhi Chen, "Initiative:to Discontinue Bilingual Education," Sing Tao Daily,7/18/1997; "Tongue Twister," The New Republic,6/22/1998.
① The China Press/Qiao Bao,8/6/1996.7/24/1996.
② People's Daily, Overseas Edition,10/20/1999.
① People's Daily, Overseas Edition,5/5/1998.
② People's Daily, Overseas Edition,8/13/1999.
①《美国联邦教育部设基金资助中文学校发展》,《中国新闻网》,2002年5月28日。
②肖炜蒲：《当代美国华文教育浅析》,《八桂侨史》,1999年第3期。
③梁培炽：《美国华文教育发展的新理念》,《暨南学报》,1998年第10期。
①http://hes.umd.edu/
②http://www.hxcs.org/
③[美]麦礼谦：《传承中华传统：在美国和夏威夷的中文学校》,肖炜衡译,《华侨华人历史研究》,1999年第4期。
①吴大调：《美东中文学校协会：满怀热心,强烈使命,保存中华文化遗产》,《世界周刊》,1993年7期。
②[美]麦礼谦：《传承中华传统：在美国和夏威夷的中文学校》,肖炜衡译,《华侨华人历史研究》,1999年第4期。
①[美]麦礼谦：《传承中华传统：在美国和夏威夷的中文学校》,肖炜衡译,《华侨华人历史研究》,1999年第4期。
②丁曙：《迈向主流外语教学的中文学校》,《全美中文学校联合总会成立二周年回顾》,《世界周刊》,1996年。
①肖炜衡：《当代美国华文教育浅析》,《八桂侨史》,1999年第3期。
①郑良根：《全美华文学校协会全力支持“AP中文考试提议”》,www.google.com
①肖炜衡：《当代美国华文教育浅析》,《八桂侨史》,1999年第3期。
①刘伯骥著：《美国华侨史》,台北黎明文化事业公司,1976年版,第357页。
① The China Tribune,7/2/1956,9/22/1958,6/20/1960,7/1/1961.
② The United Journal,6/24/1986,12/13/1986,6/26/1987,6/27/1987.
①梁培炽：《美国华文教育发展的新理念》,《暨南学报》,1998年10期。
② Agreement Reached on Education Exchange Between the United States and the People's Repubiic of China, (Washington, D.C.:National Science Foundation, October 23,1978).
①黄润龙著：《海外移民与美籍华人》,南京师范大学出版社,2003年11月第一版,第65页。
② Leo A. Orleans, Chinese Students in America,(Washington, D.C.:National Academy Press,1988), p.88.
③ Mary Ellen Adams, Alfred C. Julian, and Krista Van Laan, eds., Open Doors:1983/84, Report on International Educational Exchange, (New York:Institute of International Education,1984), p.18.
④ Institute of International Education, Open Doors various years; U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 1994, p.403, table 384.
⑤ China's Scholars Abroad/Shen chou hsueh jen,9 (1995), p.12.
①黄润龙著：《海外移民与美籍华人》,南京师范大学出版社,2003年11月第一版,第78页。
② James R.Flyrm, Asian Americans:Achievements Beyond IQ, (Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence ErlhaumAssociates, Publishers,1991), p.127.
③ Chinese Advisory Commitlee on Cultural Relations in America, Directory of Chinese Members of American College
and University Faculties,1955-1956, (New York:Author,1956),Chiao-yu yu wen-hua, Taipei,3/31/1961, p.73.
④ Jayjia Hsia, Asian Americans in Higher Education and at Work, (Hillsdale,N.J.:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers,1988), p.160.
①黄润龙著：《海外移民与美籍华人》,南京师范大学出版社,2003年11月第一版,第82页。
② Wilma Fairbank, America's Cultural Experiment in China,1942-1949, (Washington, D.C.:U.S Department of State,1976), p.125.
③黄润龙著：《海外移民与美籍华人》,南京师范大学出版社,2003年11月第一版,第101页。
①陈鸣旭：《我国人才外流现象的反思与对策我国人才外流现象的反思与对策》。www.google.com
②黄润龙著：《海外移民与美籍华人》,南京师范大学出版社,2003年11月第一版,第92页。
③ Hsiang-shui Chen, Chinatown No More, (Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1992), pp.129-130.
① Shu-Yuan Chang, "China or Taiwan:The Political Crisis of theChinese Intellectual," Amerasta Journal 2 (1973), pp.47-81.
② James R. Flynn, Asian Americans. Achievements Beyond IQ,(Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers,1991), p.13.
① U.S. Census of Population,1983, Tablel23 and 160.
② Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce, We the Americans:Asians, (1993), table 1,p.4.
① Jayjia Hsia, Asian Americans in Higher Education and at Work,(Hillsdale, N.J.:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers,1988), pp.25-30, pp.65-66.
① The College Board, College Bound Seniors:New York:The College Board,1990.
② S. S. Peng,"High School Dropouts:Descriptive information from High School and Beyond," NCES Bulletin (NCES 83-221B), Washington, D.C,:U.S. Department of Education,1983.
③ National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 1983-84,(Washington, D.C.:National Center for Education Statistics,1984), table 61, p.74.
④ National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 1983-84,(Washington, D.C.:National Center for Education Statistics,1984), table 61, p.74.
① U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Findings from the Condition of Education 1996:Minorities in Higher Education,(Washington, D.C.:Author.1996, NCES97-372), p.2.
② National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 1983-84, table 61, p.73.
③ U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics,1991,p.290.
④ U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Educational Attainment of 1980 High School Sophomores by 1992,(Washington, D.C.:Author,1995), p.31.
① U.S. National Center for Education Statistics,High School and Beyond,1980:A Longitudinal Survey of Students in the United States, (National Opinion Research Center,Ann Harbor:Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research,1980).
② U.S.Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Education Longitudinal,Study of 1988:A Profile of the American Eighth Grader, (Washington, D.C.:U.S. Government Printing Office,1990), p.66 and p.71.
③ Advanced Placement Program,1986, Advanced Placement Program National Summary Reports, (New York: College Entrance Examinations Board,1986).
④ Advanced Placement Program,1986, Advanced Placement Program National Summary Reports, (New York: College Entrance Examinations Board,1986).
① L. Ramist and S. Arbeiter, Profile, College-bound Seniors,1985,(New York:College Entrance Examination Board, 1986).
② Jayjia Hsia, Asian Americans in Higher Education and at Work, (Hillsdale, N.J.:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers,1988), p.79.
① Jayjia Hsia, Asian Americans in Higher Education and at Work,(Hillsdale, N.J.:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers,1988), pp.79-80.
②http://www.sarft.com/bbs/
③ Jayjia Hsia, Asian Americans in Higher Education and at Work,(Hillsdale, N.J.:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers,1988), pp.80-81.
① Jayjia Hsia, Asian Americans in Higher Education and at Work, (Hillsdale, N.J.:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers,1988), pp.81-83.
② U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, Census of Population 1980, General Social and Economic Characteristics United States Summary, (Washington, D. C.:U. S. Government Printing Office, December 1983), tables 81 and 160.
③ Eugenia Escueta and Eileen O'Brien, "Asian Americans in Higher Education:Trends and Issues ",Research Briefs (American Council on Education),2:4 (1991), pp.1-11. Reprinted in Don T. Nakanishi and Tina Yamano Nishida, eds., The Asian American Educational Experience,(New York:Routledge,1995), p.264.
④ U.S. Bureau of Census, We the Americans:Asians,Washington D.C.U.S.Government Printing Office,1993,p.9.
⑤ U.S.Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,The Condition of Education 1996 Indicator 45,Chart 1.
① S. S. Peng,"Enrollment Patterns of Asian American Students in Post-secondary Education", Meeting of the American Educational Research Association,Chicago,1985,ED261625.
② J.Grandy, Profiles of Prospective Humanities Majors:1975-1983, A Study of Students Taking theCollege Board Scholastic Aptitude Test and the Graduate Record Examination, (Princeton, N.J.:Educational Testing Service,1984), Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering 1982,(Washington, D.C.:National Science Foundation,1982), table 62. GRE scores by Race in 1979 and 1985, p.194.
③ Jayjia Hsia, Asian Americans in Higher Education and at Work, (Hillsdale, N.J.:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers,1988), pp.50-51.
④ U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics1983.1984, table 101, p.120.
⑤ U.S. Department off Education, National Center for Education Statistics 1991, p.200, table 195.
① National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics.1983-84, tables 101-104, pp.120-126.
① Ellie McGrath, "Confucian Worth Ethic:Asian-born Students Head for the Head of the Class ",Time 3/28/1983.
①Ronald Reaganl Speech to a Group of Asian and Pacific Americans in the White House,February 23,1984.
②David Brand, "The New Whiz Kids",Time,8/31/1987,p.42.
① A Drive to Excel.Newsweek-OnCampus, April 1984.
② David Bell,The Triumph of Asian Americans,News Public, July 1985.
①《美国华裔仍受歧视》,新加坡《联合早报》,2001年4月26日。http://cul.sina.com.cn/s/2003-01-16/26254.html
②游夏茵：《“华人找回自己的形象”—访美籍华人陈训教授》,《华声报》,1991年4月19日。
①[美]令狐萍著：《金山谣—美国华裔妇女史》,中国社会科学出版社,1999年版,第222页。
② Derald W.Sue and Barbara A. Kirk, "Psychological Characteristics of Chinese-American Students, " Journal of Counseling Psychology 19 (1972), p.471.
③ Derald W.Sue and Barbara A. Kirk, "Psychological Characteristics of Chinese-American Students ", Journal of Counseling Psychology 19 (1972), p.390.
④ The College Board, College Bound Seniors:1990 Profile of SAT and Achievewment Test Takers, (new York: Author,1990).
⑤ World Journal,3/9/1998.
⑥ Grade Point Average(平均积分点)：缩写为GPA,一种根据各科成绩的平均数记录学习成绩的制度,计算时用每门课所获分数乘学分课时(credit hours)。
① Nakanishi and Tina Yamano, The Asian American Educational Experience,(New York:Routledge,1995).
① Cited in Robert Oxnam, " Why Asians Succeed Here", New York Times,11/30/1986.
① Don T. Nakanishi, "Asian Pacific Americans and Selective Undergraduate Admissions",The Journal of College Admisslons, Winter (1988), p.23.
② Dale Minani, "Guerilla War at UCLA:Political and Legal Dimensions of the Tenure Battle", Amerosta Journal, 16:10(1990), pp.81-107.
③ Don T. Nakanishi, "Asian Pacific Americans and Selective Undergraduate Admission", The Journal of College Admisslons, Winter (1988), p.24.
④ Don T. Nakanishi, "Asian Pacific Americans and Selective Undergraduate Admissions", The Journal of College Admisslons, Winter (1988), p.24.
⑤ Eugenia Escueta and Eileen O'Brten, "Asian Americans in Higher Education:Trends and Issues", Research Briefs,(American Council on Education),2:4 (1991), pp.1-11.
① Stanford University, Building a Multiracial, Multicultural University Community:Final Report of theUniversity Committee on Minority Issues,(Stanford:Author,1989), p.19.
② U.S. Equal Employncnt Opportunity Commission, Higher Education Staff,1989 EEO-6 Detail Summary Report, U.S. Summary,1991.
③ U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics,1991, p.73, table 62; p.91. table 82.
④ National Science Foundation, Women and Minorities:Science and Engineering 1988, (Washington, D.C.:Author, 1988), pp.138-140.
① P.C.Chinn & G.Y.Wang. " Recruiting and Retaining Asian/Pacific American Teachers", pp.112-133, in M. E. Dilworth, ed., Diversity in Teacher Education, (San Francisco:Josscy-Bass,1992), ED 349312.
② American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education, Metropolitan Life Education Students, (Washington, D.C.: Author,1990).
③ National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics,1992,(Washington, D.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,1992).
④ National Research Council, Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities:Summary Repofit,1990, (Washington, D.C.:Author,1991).
⑤ B. Gall & T. L. Gall, eds., Statistical Record of Asian Americans, (DctroiL MI:Gale Research,1993).
① Joan.C.Baratz-Snowden and Richard Duran,The Educational Progress of Language Minority Students:Findings from the 1983-1984 NAEP Reading Survey, (Princeton,NJ.Educational Testing Service,1987),p.59,p.64, p.20.
② Samuel S. Peng and Ralph M.Lee,"Diversity of Asian American Students and its Implications for Education:A Study of the 1988 Eighth Graders", Paper presented at the annual conference of the National Association for bilingual Education, Washington, D.C.,1/11/1991.
③ Laurie Olsen, Crossing the School house Border:Immigranl-Students and the California Public School, (San Francisco:California Tomorrow,1988), pp.86-87.
④ California State University, Curriculum and Assessment Cluster Committee, California's Limited English Language Students, An Intersegmental Agenda, (September 1989), p.1.
⑤ Joan.C.Baratz-Snowden and Richard Duran,The Educational Progress of Language Minority Students:Findings from the 1983-1984 NAEP Reading Survey, (Princeton,NJ.Educational Testing Service,1987),p.31.
① National Coalition of Advocates for Students, New Voices:Immigrant Students in U.S. Public Schools,(Report Boston:Author,1988), p.59.
② Laurie Oisen, Crossing the Schoolhouse Border,(San Francisco:California Tomorrow,1988), p.112.
③ U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Voice Across America, (San Francisco Washington, D.C.:Author,1989), pp.189-192.
① U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Statement of Glenda Lay Joe, "Anti-Asian Racism in Schools," 1989, pp.41-43.
② Tsowell, Quality of Degrees and Mean Annual Salaries of Full-Time Faculty,1973, for Public PolicyResearch,1975.
③ National Science Foundation, Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering,1982, (Washington, D.C. Author, 1982), appendix table 43, p.103.
④ National Science Foundation, Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering,1987, (Washington, D.C. Author, 1987), appendix table 26, p.120.
⑤ U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Social Indicators of Equality for Minorities and Women, (Washington, D.C.: Author,1978), p.20, p.22, p.24
① Charles Hirshman and Morrison G. Wong, American Journal of Socioligy,1994, p.599.
② Bureau of Census, We are the Americans:Asians, Washington D.C.U.S.Government Printing Office,1993, p.6.
③ Bureau of Census, We are the Americans:Asians, Washington D.C.U.S.Government Printing Office,1993, p.122.
① Vobejda, Harvard, UCLA, Admissions Policies Probed, Washington Post,11/18/1988 Molotsky,"Harvard and UCLA Face Inquiries on Quotas," New York Times,11/20/1988.
①平权措施：又称肯定性行动或反歧视行动,是美国通过保证教育和就业平等机会的积极措施以纠正过去的歧视性政策或计划。
② Commission on Civil Rights, Civil Rights Issues Facing Asian Americans in the1990s,(1992), p110.
③ Asian American Students Association University an:American Admission at Brown University,(October 11,1983),reprinted in Integrated Education 22),1984, pp.31-41.
① Asian American Students Association University an:American Admission at Brown University,(October 11,1983),reprinted in Integrated Education 22,)1984, p.33.
② Asian American Students Association University an:American Admission at Brown University, (October 11,1983),reprinted in Integrated Education 22,)1984,1984, p.34. ③ Brown University Corporation Committee on Minority Affairs, Report to the Corporation Committee on Minority Affairs From its Subcommittee on Asian American Admissions,2/10/1984. p.2.
④ David Ho and Margaret Chin, "Admissions:Impossible," Bridge, Summer (1983), pp.7-8, p.51.
⑤常春藤联合会是由美国东北部8所大学和学院组成的一个联合组织,包括布朗大学、哥伦比亚大学、康奈尔大学、达特茅斯大学、哈佛大学、普林斯顿大学、宾夕法尼亚大学和耶鲁大学。
⑥ Michael Winerip, "Asian-Americans Question Ivy League's Entry Policies," New York Times,5/3011985.
① Asian American Task Force on Univcrsity Admissions, Task Force Report, (San Francisco:Asian Incorporstcd, 1985), p.4, figures 2 and 3.
② Jay Matthcws, "Asian Students Help Create a New Mainstream.", The Washington Post,11/14/1985.
③ Jayjia Hsia, Asian Americans in Higher Education and at Work,(Hillsdale, N.J.:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers,1988), p.108.
④ Asian American Task Force on Univcrsity Admissions, Task Force Report, (San Francisco:Asian Incorporstcd, 1985), Table 14,20, and 21.
⑤ Asian American Task Force on University Admissions, Task Force Report, (San Francisco:Asian Incorporstcd, 1985),pp.6-9.
① Asian American Task Force on University Admissions, Task Force Report, (San Francisco:Asian Incorporstcd, 1985), pp.9-10.
② Office of the Auditor General, California:A Review of Five-Year Admissions of Asian and q Caucasians at the University of California at Berkeley:Report, (Office of the Auditor General,1987),p.4, pp.9-15, and p.48.
① Michael Wincrip, "Asian Americans Question the Admissions Policies at Ivy League Colleges," New York Times, 5/30/1985.
② Dana Y. Takagi, "From Discrimination to Affirmative Action:Facts in the Asian American Admissions Controversy," Social Problems,37:4 (1990), p.578.
③ William Bradford Reynolds, Discrimination against Asian Americans in Higher Education:Evidence Causes, and Cures (Washington, D.C.:Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division,1/30/1988), ED308730, p.3, p.7.
④ James S. Gibney, "The Berkeley Squeeze," The New Republic 4/11/1988, p.17.
① William Bradford Reynolds, Discrimination against Asian Americans in Higher Education:Evidence Causes, and Cures (Washington, D.C.:Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division,1/30/1988), ED308730, p.8.
① http://www.singtaonet.com/singtaonet/head_sp/t20051021_23304.html
① http://www.singtaonet.com/singtaonet/head_sp/t20051021_23304.html
② http://www.singtaonet.com/singtaonet/head_sp/t20051021_23304.html
①《华声报》,1986年12月16日。
②《硅谷启示录,华人创传奇》,马来西亚《星洲日报》,1999年7月14日。
③陈本昌著：《华人怎样向美国市场进军》,上海文化出版社,1995年版,第41页,第49页。
①[美]麦礼谦著：《从华侨到华人—20世纪美国华人社会发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1992年版第422页。
①杨振宁著：《读书教学四十年》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1988年第3版,第58页。
①黄兆群著：《纷然杂陈的美国社会—美国的民族与民族文化》,内蒙古大学出版社,1994年版,第214页。
①陈屹著：《美国素质教育大参考：中美教育实证比较》,新世界出版社,2001年9月第一版,第109页。
[1]Adams, Walter, The Brain Drain, New York:Macmillan&Co.,1968.
[2]Berrol, Selma Cantor, Immigrants at school:New York City,1898-1914, New York:Arno Press,1978.
[3]Charles M. Wollenberg, All Deliberate Speed, University of California Press,Ltd.1978.
[4]Clara C. Park (Editor), Marilyn Mei-Ying Chi (Editor), Asian-American Education:Prospects and Challenges, Bergin & Garvey 1999.
[5]DonT.Nakanishi and Tina Yamano Nishida ed., Asian American Educational Experience, Routledge, 1995.
[6]Hsia Shirley, et al., Asian Americans in Higher Education and at Work, Hillsdale, N.J.:Lawerence Erlbaum Associates,1988.
[7]Iris Chang, The Chinese in America:A Narrative History, Penguin Books,2004.
[8]Jack L. Nelson, Critical Issues in Education, McGraw-Hill, Inc.1990.
[9]James R. Flynn, Asian Americans:Achievement Beyond IQ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1991.
[10]James W.Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese:Between Black and White Cambridge,Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1971.
[11]Jayjia Hsia, Asian Americans in Higher Education and at Work, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1988.
[12]Ing-chi Weinberg, Asian-Americans:School and Community Problems, Integrated Education Associates,1997.
[13]Mary Roberts Coolidge, Chinese Immigration, Henry Holt and Company,1990.
[14]Meyer Weinberg, Asian-American Education, Lawrence Erlbaum Associstes,1997.
[15]Roger Paniels, Asian American:Chinese and Japanese in the United States since 1850, the University of Washington Press,1988.
[16]Jonathan Kozol,The Shame of the Nation:The Restoration of Apartheid Schooling in America, Crown Publishers New York,2005.
[17]W. Kung, Chinese in American Life, the University of Washington Press,1962.
[18]Victor Low, The Unimpressible Race, East/West Publishing Company, Inc.1982
[19]Vivian S. Louie, Compelled to Excel:Immigration, Education, and Opportunity among Chinese Americans,2004.
[20]WayneJ.Urban,JenningsL.Wagoner,Jr.,American Education:A History, McGraw-Hill,Companies, Inc.1996.
[21][美]埃里克·方纳著：《新美国历史》,齐文颖、林江等译,北京师范大学出版社,1998年版。
[22]别必亮著：《近代华侨教育研究》,河北教育出版社,2001年版。
[23]陈碧笙著：《世界华侨华人简史》,厦门大学出版社,1991年版。
[24][美]陈参盛著：《旧金山华人社会工作需求调查》,萨克拉门托救济局,1935年版。
[25]陈翰笙主编：《华工出国史料》第三、四、七辑,北京中华书局,1984年版。
[26][美]陈依范著：《美国华人发展史》,殷志鹏、廖慈节译,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1984年版。
[27]戴超武著：《美国移民政策与亚洲移民》,中国社会科学出版社,1999年版。
[28]邓蜀生著：《世代悲欢“美国梦”》,中国社会科学出版社,2001年版。
[29]《第二次中国教育年鉴》,第十一编、第一章,商务印书馆,1948年版。
[30]董寅初著：《美国华侨的历史演变及其现状》,《华侨史研究论文》,吴泽主编,华东师大出版社,1984年版。
[31][美]格利克著：《夏威夷的华裔移民》,吴燕和、王维兰译,台北正中书局,1985年版。
[32]贺国庆著：《近代欧洲对美国教育的影响》,河北大学出版社,1994年版。
[33]贺国庆著：《德国和美国大学发达史》,人民教育出版社,1998年版。
[34]贺国庆著：《外国教育专题研究文集》,河北大学出版社,2001年版。
[35]贺国庆、王保星、朱文富等著：《外国高等教育史》,人民教育出版社,2003年版。
[36][美]胡垣坤、曾露凌、谭雅伦著：《美国早期漫画中的华人》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1994年版。
[37][美]克拉夫·马伯格著：《美国文化的经济基础》,仲子、叶苍译,三联书店上海分店,1989年版。
[38][美]邝治中著：《纽约唐人街——劳工和政治(1930-1950年)》,上海译文出版社,1982年版。
[39][美]邝治中著：《新唐人街》,中华书局(香港)有限公司,1989年版。
[40]李春晖、杨生茂主编：《美洲华侨华人史》,北京东方出版社,1987年版。
[41]雷洁琼著：《对生长于美国的华人的一项研究》,开明出版社,1999年版。
[42]李其荣著：《移民与近代美国》,中国华侨出版公司,1991年版。
[43]李小兵等著：《美国华人：从历史到现实》,四川人民出版社,2003年版
[44]梁建锋著：《美国教育》,中国科学技术大学出版社,2002年版。
[45][美]令狐萍著：《金山谣——美国华裔妇女史》,中国社会科学出版社,1999年版。
[46]刘伯骥著：《美国华侨教育》,台北海外出版社,民国46年(1957)年版。
[47]刘伯骥著：《美国华侨逸史》,台北黎明文化事业公司,1984年版。
[48]刘伯骥著：《美国华侨史》,台北黎明文化事业公司,1976年版。
[49]刘伯骥著：《美国华侨史续编》,台北黎明文化事业公司,1981年版。
[50]楼文著：《密西西比的华人》,台北海外出版社,1985年版。
[51]刘萧编：《挺进美利坚——二十世纪留美精英谱》,河北大学出版社,2000年版。
[52]刘晓莉著：《田长霖的柏克莱之路：华裔校长的辉煌岁月》,台北天下文化出版公司,1997年版。
[53]刘绪贻、李存训著：《富兰克林·罗斯福时代1929-1945》,人民出版社,1994年版。
[54]刘绪贻、杨生茂著：《战后美国史1945—1986》,人民出版社,1989年版。
[55]鲁洁著：《华人教育：民族文化传统的全球展望》,南京师范大学出版社,1999年版。
[56]马树德编：《中外文化交流史》,北京语言文化大学出版社,2000年版。
[57][美]麦礼谦著：《从华侨到华人——二十世纪美国华人社会发展史》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1992年版。
[58]麦子著：《美国华人名人录》,广东科技出版社,1994年版。
[59]梅伟强、张国雄主编：《五邑华侨华人史》,广东高等教育出版社,2001年版。
[60]牧人著：《拓殖美利坚》,中国对外经济贸易出版社,1997年版。
[61][美]沈已尧著：《海外排华百年史》,中国社会科学出版社,1985年版。
[62]沈云鸥著：《中国历代华侨政策的变迁》,华东师大出版社,1984年版。
[63]史静寰主编：《当代美国教育》,社会科学文献出版社,2001年版。
[64][美]宋李瑞芳著：《美国华人的历史和现状》,商务印书馆,1984年版。
[65]滕大春主编：《外国教育通史》1—6卷,山东教育出版社,1990年版。
[66]滕大春著：《外国教育史和外国教育》,河北大学出版社,1998年版。
[67]滕大春、吴式颖编：《外国近代教育史》,人民教育出版社,2002年版。
[68]吴景超著：《唐人街：共生与同化》,天津人民出版社,1991年版。
[69]吴琦幸著：《淘金路上》,上海古籍出版社,2003年版。
[70]吴前进著：《美国华侨华人文化变迁论》,上海社会科学院出版社,1998年版。
[71]吴前进著：《国家关系中的华侨华人和华族》,新华出版社,2003年版。
[72]吴尚鹰著：《美国华侨百年纪实》,香港,1954年版。
[73]薛素珍、陈静英著：《美国纽约华人家庭》,三联书店上海分店,1993年版。
[74]杨国标、刘汉标、杨安尧著：《美国华侨史》,广东高等教育出版社,1989年版。
[75]杨振宁著：《读书教学四十年》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1988年版。
[76]张庆松著：《美国百年排华内幕》,上海人民出版社,1998年版。
[77][美]周敏著：《唐人街——深具社会经济潜质的华人社区》,北京商务印书馆,1995年版。
[78]朱国宏著：《中国的海外移民——一项国际迁移的历史研究》,复旦大学出版社,1994年版。
[79]朱杰勤著：《东南亚华侨史》,高等教育出版社,1990年版。
[80]朱士嘉编：《美国迫害华工史料》,上海人民出版社,1958年版。