《卖花女》话语文体研究
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摘要
备受观众青睐的喜剧为什么在欢声笑语之后让观众陷入沉思?伟大的剧作家萧伯纳如何将他丰富深刻的思想寓于轻松幽默的喜剧对话中?本研究在对文体学进行综述的基础上,通过回顾戏剧文体和话语文体的发展,借鉴国内外系统功能语言学和会话分析的最新研究成果,尝试运用语域-话轮转换的话语文体研究框架解读寓于喜剧《卖花女》中的深刻内涵,填补喜剧鉴赏的空白拓展文学批评视角。
     本研究基于语域学和话轮转换理论,采用定性分析与定量分析相结合、演绎法与归纳法相结合的方法,对文本进行系统科学的多层面的分析研究,旨在1)运用语域学理论解读萧伯纳戏剧《卖花女》的主题:通过Liza,Higgins,Doolittle的语域分析他们的身份、地位、家庭背景和教育背景,从而引发对社会问题的思考;由Liza接受语言培训前后的语域变化暴露上流社会的无知与虚伪,由身为教授的Higgins常常脱口而出下层社会的常用语域揭示中产阶级的冷漠自私与狂妄自大,通过析比Doolittle语域与身份的不一致指出在资本主义社会,金钱主宰一切,经济基础是划分社会阶层的唯一标准;运用语域学理论解读文本能体会作家的用心及其作品丰富而深刻的内涵。2)运用话轮转换理论解读作品的人物形象和人物间的权势关系:话轮长短、话轮中用词用句的难易程度等反映说话者的学识、经历、家庭、职业等信息;运用话轮分配原则以及分析话轮打断和话轮重叠,从全新角度欣赏、析比人物间的权势关系。
     本研究的创新之处:1)语域-话轮转换研究模式为戏剧作品欣赏提供了新的视角,完善了戏剧的文学意义阐释,丰富了戏剧批评理论;2)将系统功能语言学中语域学的最新成果与会话分析中话轮转换的前沿研究相结合,对《卖花女》进行了系统、细致的研究,深化了对萧伯纳及其喜剧作品思想精髓和经典语言的阐释;3)在研究过程中发现:以单词的数量来计算的相同长度的话轮,由于单词构成音节不同、耗时不同,因而产生的效果大有差异。鉴于此,本文作者提出用音节数量代替单词数量来计算话轮长度;4)本研究提出将功能语言学的句子结构理论和构词理论用于对话轮结构进行深入、细致的分析,由此阐释人物个性以及人物之间的权势关系。
     本研究具有一定的理论和实践意义:一方面,语域-话轮转换模式应用于戏剧对话研究,能深层地解释喜剧的内涵,补充和完善喜剧作品的文学意义的阐释。另一方面,本研究为语言学、文学、文体学课程的教学以及文学、戏剧爱好者提供借鉴,通过追踪语言线索并以此为依据理解和评价语域和话轮转换对于研究喜剧作品如何通过对话来刻画人物、表现人物的社会性、揭示作品主题、欣赏作品的美学价值等方面具有重要的意义。同时,也有助于语言学习者了解并有效地驾驭语言和语言的各种变体,培养他们根据场景选择最得体、最有效的语言形式的能力,提高语言使用效率,增强语言学习与交际的有效性。
Stylistics, a linguistic approach to the study of literary texts, explores language in different genres, including prose, poems and plays, resting on the assumption that the linguistic theories and methods can be applied to the study of literature. As the research advances, how dramatic effect is reached through dialogues and how the playwrights achieve the aesthetic values of language have been gradually uncovered. This thesis, a stylistic analysis of Pygmalion, tries out register and turn-taking model on this text, in the hope of interpreting what lies behind the humor and laughter so as to explain the properties of characterization, personal relationship, plot development and theme construction, and to gain a better appreciation of its peculiarities.
     Comedy, a main type of drama, is mostly appreciated from a variety of perspectives, but it is seldom systematically studied from the perspective of discourse stylistics, namely, via register and turn-taking, which, among many linguistic theories that could govern conversations, are distinct and powerful in organizing dramatic dialogues. This thesis tries to solve the following problems:1) how a perspective of register analyis can explain the artistic accomplishments made by George Bernard Shaw in his comedy Pygmalion in light of the insights drawn from a deepened and enriched discourse analysis of drama texts; 2) how will the theory and methods provided by Sacks et al's turn-taking model facilitate the scientific interpretation of George Bernard Shaw's comedy Pygmalion; 3) should the present dramatic discourse stylistic analysis go further to integrate the achievements made in the domain of Conversational Analysis with those made in the domain of Systemic Functional Linguistics? 4) what different roles do they play respectively in serving as a supplement of comedy interpretation?
     The discoveries of the thesis: 1) the discourse stylistic framework of register and turn-taking offers a new perspective of play analysis and serves as a better supplement of comedy interpretation. It enhances the explanations of literary meanings of Pygmalion written by Shaw, who uses comedy to explore social foibles and who, adopting the ironic comedy tone that would characterize all his works, deals with social and economic issues. Register analysis indeed facilitates the interpretation of the ironies and the social problems in Pygmalion which the theme and plot of the play suggests. Turn-taking model also contributes to better understanding of Shaw's comedies but it focuses on characterization and power relations among the characters. 2) The dramatic discourse stylistic analysis integrates the achievements made in the domain of Conversational Analysis with those made in the domain of Systemic Functional Linguistics, and the model well demonstrates the properties of characterization, personal relationship, plot development and theme construction of the play with a better appreciation of its peculiarities. 3) The author of the thesis has discovered a new method to measure the length of a turn: instead of measuring by words, she suggests measuring turn length by syllables, which proves more scientific. 4) Another discovery is a more detailed analysis of unit-type and its application to the text. The author focuses on sentential construction and lexical construction, and by analyzing the clauses of the sentences and measuring the length of the words of the turns in Pygmalion, she successfully reinterprets Liza's transformation from a new perspective, which reaches the similar conclusion as register analysis does.
     The study is significant in two aspects: theory and practice. On the one hand, a systematic discourse stylistic approach to drama can demonstrate its strong interpretative power of the literary meanings of the play. Register and turn-taking framework used in dialogue analysis is powerful in analyzing comedies and the combination of the two approaches deepens the study of the literary work, which contributes to the academic exploration by adding comprehensiveness to the study of register and turn-taking and help to gain deeper insights into the nature of comedies and thus enhancing the research in the area of register analysis and turn-taking model. On the other hand, the study contributes to the teaching of such courses as linguistics, literature, stylistics and English language teaching. Students can better understand and evaluate the literary text through linguistic cues and evidences. Thirdly, the study offers the readers a new perspective of comedic understanding, which serves as a supplement of comedy interpretation. In addition to teachers and students, the study also benefits the readers and audience.
引文
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