摘要
本研究应用显带技术和荧光原位杂交(Fluorescence in situ
hybridization,FISH)技术,鉴定了牡蛎的染色体;应用FISH方法定位了一
系列的重复序列和大分子的P1克隆DNA;制备了染色体特异性探针。应用FISN
特异性探针成功地鉴定了长牡蛎的三体10。结果如下:
1.分析了G带和C带在美洲牡蛎染色体上的分布。G带在每一条染色体上
的带型不同,某些染色体间(如第1对和第4对染色体,第7对和第9对染色
体)的带型差别不是很明显。G带型容易受染色体收缩程度的影响。C带型重复
性较好,染色体带型较清楚,分布在染色体的端粒区域和着丝粒区域。G带和C
带带型能够用来鉴定牡蛎的染色体,但是重复性低和带型差异不显著,并不适
合常规的染色体鉴定。
2.早期胚胎和担轮幼虫制备的染色体适合于FISH分析。染色体制备方法重
复性好,可适用于其它贝类的染色体制备。
3.研究了重复序列基因—rDNA的定位:
1)18S-5.8S rDNA在研究的五种巨蛎属Crassostrea牡蛎均只有一个位
点。太平洋种(C.gigas,C.ariakensis和C.plicatula)中,杂交信号位于最
短的染色体—第10对染色体长臂的端粒区域,在大西洋种(C.virginica和
C.rhizophorae)中,同一序列定位在第2对染色体短臂的端粒区域。
2)18S-28S rDNA在两种蛤中有两个位点。rDNA探针定位在侏儒蛤(Mulinis
Lateralis)的第15对和第19对染色体的端粒区域,同一序列定位在硬壳蛤
(Mercenaria mercenaria)的第10对染色体的长臂和第12对染色体短臂的端粒
区域。信号强度在两对染色体之间有差异。
3)5S rDNA位于美洲牡蛎的第5对染色体的短臂上靠近着丝粒区域和第6
对染色体的短臂的中间区域。信号强度在两对染色体之间没有显著差异。5S
rDNA探针可以作为鉴定和识别第5对和第6对染色体的特异性探针。
4.研究了一些重复序列的定位
1)两个短的重复序列1G8,1P2均产生很强的荧光信号分布在美洲牡蛎所有
的染色体上。在低严谨条件下,这些序列均产生很强的信号散布在所有的染色
王永平 中国科学院海洋研究所博士论文
体上。在高严谨条件下,信号强度大大减弱,但是信号仍散布在所有的染色体
上。这些重复序列散布在美洲牡顿的整个基因组中。
2)高度重复序列 Cgl 70产生的信号分布在长牡顿的 7对染色体的着丝粒区
域,没有发现间区信号。在第1对,第二对,第4对和第7对染色体上的荧光
信号强且稳定。在第5对,第8对和第10对染色体上的信号相对弱且不稳定。
在剩余的染色体上(第3对,第6对和第9对染色体)没有检测到荧光信号。
结果表明此卫星序列是一个着丝粒卫星序列。在美洲牡顿的染色体上没有检测
到荧光信号,表明了这个着丝粒卫星序列在这两种牡顿中的分布存在着显著的
差异。
3)脊椎动物端粒序列(ITAGGG切的FISH信号局限在四种双壳贝类(美洲
牡领,the mangrove oyst口,硬壳蛤,株儒蛤)所有染色体的端粒区域,没有发
现间区信号的存在。研究结果与己报道的研究结果表明脊椎动物端粒序列或许
存在于所有双壳贝类的染色体末端。双壳贝类是目前研究过的唯一含有脊椎动
物端粒序列DNA的无脊椎动物。
4)研究了RAPD探针在美洲牡领染色体上的定位。大多数RAPD探针产生了
多个信号散布在间期细胞核和所有的染色体上。引物 OPX个3,OPX刁4,OPX-
06,OPG-02,OPM-04,OPM-11,OPS-02制备的探针在适宜的条件下产生特异性荧光
信号,分布在牡物的特定的染色体上。PCR特异性带产生的探针 OPX刁6上 和
OPG-02-300产生了特异性的荧光信号:OPX-06-310产生的信号位于第5对染色
体的短臂的近端粒区域,OPG-02-300探针定位到第3对染色体的短臂上。这两
个探针是鉴定美洲牡烟单条染色体的特异性探针。
5.研究了大分子n克隆DNA(插人片断为80—100 kb)在美洲牡绳染色体
上的定位。PI克隆DNA通过切口平移方法标记digoxigenin-lldUTP用作FISH
的探针。COt—IDNA作为竟争剂有效地抑制了N克隆序列中的重复序列产生
的信号。杂交信号用fluorescein标记的anti-digoxigenin抗体来检测,用两
层抗体 rabbit一anti一sheep抗体和 FITC anti-rabbit抗体来扩增信号。9个
PI探针成功地定位在特定的染色体上。46-l探针杂交到第1对染色体的长臂靠
近着丝粒区域;47司 探针定位到第2对染色体的长臂近端粒区域;CVpl和
48d 两探针定位到第3对染色体上:Cvpl位于短劳的端粒区域,48l3探针
位于长臂的近着丝粒区域;48?
In this study the traditional banding technique and fluorescence in situ
hybridization (FISH) technique were used to characterize and identif the
chromosomes of oysters. We developed chromosome-specific FISH probes by
mapping a variety of repetitive DNA and P1 clone DNAs by FISH. The Pacific oyster
trisomy 10 was successfully identified using chromosome-specific probes. The results
of this study are listed as followings:
I .The (3 and C banding distribution were analyzed in the eastern oyster
chromosomes. Each chromosome has its unique banding characteristics. Differences
in banding characteristics among some chromosomes (such as Chromosome 1 and 4,
Chromosome 7 and 9) were not outstanding. G banding is susceptible to interference
by variations such as the state of chromosome contraction. C banding pattern is
highly reproducible and clear, C banding mainly distributed at the centromere and
telomere region. Although C and 0 banding identified all chromosomes of the eastern
oyster after intensive screening and careful analysis, they were not suitable for routine
identification of oyster chromosomes.
2. Metaphase chromosomes prepared from early embryos and trocorphore stage
were adequate for use in FISH analysis. The methods of chromosome preparing are
highly producible and easily applied to other marine mollusc species.
3. Chromosomal localization of multiple gene DNA were performed by FISH.
1) 1 8S-5.8S rDNA was assigned to one locus in 5 Crassostrea oyster species
studied, in the Pacific species (C.gigas, C. ariakensis and C. plicatula) , rDNA was
localized to the telomeric region of the long arm of Chromosome 10; And in the
Atlantic species (C. virginica and C. rhizophorae), rDNA was localized to the
telomerie region of the short arm of Chromosome 2.
.2) 1 8S-28S rDNA was assigned to two loci in 2 clam species studied. rDNA
was assigned to the telomezic region of Chromosome 15 and Chromosome 19 in
dwarf-surf clani (Mulinis Lateralis Say), and the same sequence was assigned on the
proximal region of long arm of Chromosome 10 and on the telomere of short arm of
Chromosome 12 in the hard clam (Me rcenaria mercenaria Linnaeus). The signal
intensity was variable between two pairs of chromosomes.
3) 55 rDNA was assigned to the interstitial region inirnediately next to the
centromere on the short arm of Chromosome 5 and the interstitial region of the short
arm of Chromosome 6 in the eastern oyster. The signal intensity was not significantly
variable between two pairs of chromosomes. 5S rDNA can serve as a specific marker
for the identification of two pairs of homologous chromosomes in the eastern oyster.
4 Chromosome localization of some repetitive sequences were studied.
1) Two short repetitive sequences 1 P2 and I G8 produced strong hybridization
signals dispersed on every chromosome in the eastern oyster. The signals were
dispersed through all the chromosomes under low stringency, although the signals
intensity was much lower under high stringency, the signals were still on every
chromosome, suggesting this two sequences are dispersed in the oyster genome.
2) A satellite repetitive sequence Cgl 70 was mapped to centromeric regions of
seven pairs of the Pacific oyster chromosomes. No interstitial site was found. FISH
signals were strong and consistent on Chromosomes I, 2, 4 and 10, but weak or
variable on Chromosomes 5, 8 and 10. No signals were observed on Chromosomes 3,
6 and
引文
潘淑娟,张锡然,黄浩杰,陈宜峰。用 FISH 对人、恒河猴、食蟹猴染色体的 研究。遗传,1997。19 (3) :9-12。
陈德午。软体动物的染色体和系统分类。动物学杂志,1985。4 (20) :44-48。
陈木,林琪,曾志南。僧帽牡蛎染色体核型。福建水产,1995。1:1-5。
董宝贤,党志超,林泰禧。大连湾牡蛎的染色体数目。青岛海洋大学学报, 1992。22 (3) :54-56.
何聪芬,马有志,辛志勇。染色体显微操作技术及其应用。生物工程进展, 1998。18 (3) :45-47。
林加涵,洪水根。僧帽牡蛎染色组型的研究。福建水产,1986。1:16-19。
李峰,方伟岗,郑杰,由江峰,钟镐镐,衡万杰,吴秉铨。引物介导的原位标 记技术在先天愚型诊断中的应用。中华病理学杂志,1998。27 (5) :6-1O。
郭希明,杨惠萍,阙华勇,王昭萍,许喆,王如才。贝类细胞遗传技术。范 晓,张士璀,秦松,严小军。海洋生物技术新进展。北京: 海洋出版社。 1999。101-125。
孙振兴。一种观察贝类染色体的制片法。动物学杂志,1991。26 (4) :34-35。
田靶,卢一凡,邓继先,刘广田。染色体 C-分带和原位杂交技术在遗传学上 的应用。生物技术通报,1998。2:13-17。
王如才,王昭萍,张建中。海水贝类养殖学。青岛:青岛海洋大学出版社。 1993。72-188。
王泽群,朱作言。鲤鱼基因组 DNA 序列的定位。科学通报,1998。20 (44) :
萧广惠。用染色体原位杂交技术定位 RFLP 探针 Fr.3-42 于 16p13。遗传学报, 1990。17 (5) :339-343。
解生勇,1998。分子细胞遗传学。细胞的基因、基因族、染色体。P83-86。 中国农业科技出版社。
张士璀,马军英.海洋动物的细胞培养.范晓,张士璀,秦松,严小军。海洋 生物技术新进展。北京:海洋出版社。1999。82-86。
钟晨,楼铁柱。荧光原位杂交技术在染色体结构研究中的应用。生物学通报, 2000。35(12) :28-29.
钟筱波,P.F.Fransz,J.H.de Jong & P.Zabel.。应用荧光原位杂交技术构建高 分辨率的 DNA 物理图谱。遗传,1997。19 (3) :44-48。
Ahmed,M.Cytogenetics of oystem.Cytologia 1973. 38:337-347.
Ahmed,M.& A.K.Sparks.A preliminary study of chromosomes of two species of oyster (Ostrea lurida and Crassostrea).J. Fish. Res.Bd.Canada 1967. 24:2155-2159.
Allen,S.K.,Jr.,P.M.Gaffney,J.Scarpa & D.Bushek.Inviable hybrids of Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) with C.rivularis (Gould) and C.gigas (Thunberg). Aquaculture 1993. 113:291-300.
Amarasinghe,V.& J.E.Carlson.Physical mapping and characterization of 5S rRNA genes in Douglas-fir.J. Hered. 1998. 89:495-500.
Amemiya,C.T.& J.R.Gold.Chromosomal NORs as taxonomic and systematic characters in North American cyprinid fishes.Genetica 1988. 76:81-90.
Ansari,H.A.,N.W.Ellison,S.M.Reader,E.D.Badaeva,B.Friebe,T.E.Miller & W.M.Williams.Molecular cytogenetie organization of 5S and 18S-26S rDNA loci in White Clover (Trifolium repens L.) and related species.Ann.Botany 1999. 83:199-206.
Baillie,B.K.,C.A.Belda-Baillie,V.Silvestre,M.Sison,A.V.Gomez,E.D.Gomez & V.Monje.Genetic variation in Symbiodinium isolates from giant clams based on random-amplified-polymorphic DNA (RAPD) patterns. Mar.BioL 2000. 136:829-836.
Benabdelmouna,A.,D.Peltier,C.Humbert & M.Abirached-Darmency.Southern and fluorescent in situ hybridization detect three RAPD-generated PCR products useful as introgression markers in Petunia.Theor.AppL Genet.1999. 98:10-17.
Bean,P.A.& M.A.Perle.Chromosome staining and banding techniques.1992. pp. 91-118. In:D.E.Rooney & B.H.Czcpulkowski (ed.) Human Cytogenetics,A Practical Approach,IRL Press,New York.
Beye,M.& R.F.A.Moritz.A centromere-specific probe for fluorescence in situ hybridization on chromosomes of Apis mellifera L.Apidologie 1994. 25:322-326.
Beye, M. & R. F. A. Moritz. Characterization of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) chromosomes using repetitive DNA probes and fluorescence in situ hybridization. J.Hered 1995. 86:145-150.
Bieme, N., S. Launey, Y. Nacirigraven & F. Bonhomme. Early effect of inbreeding as.revealed by microsatellite analyses on Ostrea edulis lan'ae. Genetics 1998. 148:1893-1906.
Bischoff, F. Z., D. D. Nguyen, J. K. Burt & L. G. Shaffer. Estimates of aneuploidy using multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization on human sperm. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 1994. 66:237-243.
Blackburn, E. H. Structure and function of telemoeres. Nature 1991. 350:569-573.
Boggs, B. A. & A. C. chinault. Analysis of DNA replication by fluoresence in situ hybridization. Methods Companion Methods Enzymol. 1997. 13:259-270.
Boyle, A. L., D. M. Feltquite, N. C. Dracopoli, D. E. Housman & D. C. Ward. Rapid physical mapping of cloned DNA on banded mouse chromosomes by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Genomics 1992. 12:106-115.
Breneman, J., w,, M. J. Ramsey, D. A. Lee, G. G. Eveleth, J. L. Minkler & J. D. Tucker. The development of chromosome-specific composite DNA probes for the mouse and their application to chromosome painting. Chromosoma 1993. 102:591-598.
Brewster, F. & B. L. Nicholson. In vitro maintenance of Amoebocytes from the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica). J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 1979. 36:461-467.
Castilho, A. & J. S. Heslop-Harrison. Physical mapping of 5S and 18S-25S and repetitive DNA sequences in Aegilops umbellulata. Genome 1995. 38:91-96.
Castilho, A., A. Vershinin & J. S. Heslop-Harrison. Repetitive DNA and the chromosomes in the genome of oil palm (Elaeis gvineensis). Ann. Botany 2000. 85:837-844.
Chang, E., S. Welch, J. Luna, J. Giacalone & U. Francke. Generation of a human chromosome 18-specific YAC clone collection and mapping of 55 unique YACs by FISH as fingerprinting. Genomics 1993. 17:393-402.
Chen, J. M. & J. P. Gustafon. Physical mapping of restriction length poplymorphism (RFLPs) in homologous group 7 chromosomes of wheat by in situ hybridization. Heredity 1995. 75:225-223.
Choo, K. H., B. Vissel, A. Nagy, E. Earle & P. Kalitsis. A survey of the genomic distribution of alpha satellite DNA on all human chromosomes, and derivation of a new consensus sequence. Nucl. Acids Res. 1991. 19:1179-1182.
Chowdhary, B. P., C. Sena, I. Harbitz, L. Eriksson & I. Gustavsson. FISH on metaphase and interphase chromosomes demonstrates the physical order of the genes for GPI, CRC, and LIPE in pigs. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 1995. 71.
Clabby, C., U. Goswami, F. Flavin, N. P. Wilkins, J. A. Houghton & R. Powell. Cloning, characterization and chromosomal location of a satellite DNA from the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Gene. 1996. 168:205-209.
Colombo, P., M. Read & M. Fried. The human L35a ribosomal protein(rpL35a) gene is located at chromosome band3q29-qter. Genomics 1996. 32:148-150.
Copeland, N. G. e. a. A genetic linkage map of the mouse current applications and future prospects. Sicence 1993. 262: 57-66.
Cremisi, F., R. Vignali, R. Batistoni & G. Barsacchi. Heterochromatic DNA in Trirurus (Amphibia, Urodela).Ⅱ. A centromere sateliite DNA. Chromosoma 1988. 97:204-211.
Cuadrado, A., C. Ceoloni & N. Jouve. Variation in highly repetitive DNA composition of heterochromatin in rye studied by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Genome 1995. 38:1061-1069.
Cuadrado, A. & N. Jouve. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and C-banding analysis of highly repetitive DNA sequences in the heterochromatin of rye (Secale monlanum Guss.) and wheat incorporating S. montanum chromosome segments. Genome 1995. 38:795-802.
De Jeu, M. J., J. Lasschuit, A. G. J. Kuipers, S. A. Kamstra & R. G. F. Visser. Characterization and localization of repetitive DNA sequences in the ornamental Alstroemeria aurea Graham. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1997. 94:982-990.
De La Rua, P., J. Serrano, G. M. Hewitt & J. G.. Physical mapping of rDNA genes in the ground beetle Carabus and related genera (Carabidae: Coleoptera). J. Zoo. Syst. Evol. Res. 1996. 34:95-101.
Dev, V. G. & R. Tantravahi. Techniques for chromosome analysis. 1982. pp. 493-511. In: J.W. Shay (ed.) Techniues in Somatic Cell Genetics, Plenum Press, New York.
Dixon, D. R. Aneuploidy in mussel embryos (Mytilus edulis L.) originating from a polluted dock. Mar. Biol Lett. 1982. 3:155-161.
Dobyns, W. B., C. Y. R. Curry, H. E. Hoyme, L. Turlington & D. H. Ledbetter. Clinical and molecular diagnosis.of Miller-Dieker syndrome. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1991. 48:584-594.
Donis-Keller, H., A. Vocero-Akbani, C. Helms, J.-C. Wang, F. J. Sanjurjo, J. Korte-Sarfaty, R. A. Veile, L. Liu, A. Jauch, A. K. Burgess, A. V. Hing, M. S. Holt, S. Ramachandra, A. J. Whelan, R. Anker, L. Ahrent, M. Chen & M. R. Gavin. Mapping human telomere regions with YAC and PI clones: chromosome-specific markers for 27 telomeres including 149 STSS and 24 polymorphisms for 14 proterminal regions. Genomics 1996. 36:492-506.
Doyle, J. J. & J. L. Doyle. A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. Phyto. Bul. 1987. 19:11-15.
Estabrooks, S. T. The telomeres of the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians (Lamarck). J. Shellfish Res. 1999. 18:401-404.
Flactif, M., M. Zabdecki, M. Lai, F. Bemardi, F. Obein, F. Bauters & T. Facon. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization as a fowerful tool for the detection of aneuploidy in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 1995. 9:2109-2114.
Flejter, W. L., J. Fergestad, J. Gorski, T. Varhill & S. Chandrasekharappa. A gene involved in XY sex reversal is located on chromosome 9, distal to marker D9S1779. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1998. 63:794-802.
Florijin, R. J., L. A. Bonden, H. Vrolijk, J. Wiegant & J. W. Vaandrager. High-resolution DNA flber-FISH for genomic mapping and colour bar-coding of large genes. Hum. Mol. Genet. 1995. 4:831-836.
Fontana, F., M. Lanfredi, M. Chicca, L. Congiu, J. Tagliavini & R. Rossi. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with rDNA probes on chromosomes of Acipenser ruthenus and Acipenser naccarii ( Osteichthyes Acipenseriforms). Genome 1999. 42:1008-1012.
Fontana, F., J. Tagliavini, L. Congiu, M. Lanfredi, M. Chicca, C. Laurente & R. Rossi. Karyotype characterization of the great sturgeon, Huso huso, by multiple staining techniques and fluorescent in situ hybridization. Marine Biology 1998. 132:495-501.
Frello, S. & J. S. Heslop-Harrison. Chromosomal variation in Crocus vernus Hill (Iridaceae) investigated by in situ hybridization of rDNA and a tandemly repeated sequence. Ann. Botany 2000. 86:317-322.
Fukushige, S., T. Furukawa, K. Satoh, M. Sunamura, M. Koizumi & A. Horii. Loss of chromosome 18q is an early event in pancreatic ductal tumorigenesis. Cancer Res. 1998. 58:4222-4226.
Gonzales-Tizon, A., A. Martinez-Lage, L. Manilas, R. Feire, L. Cornudella & Y. Mendez. Cytogenetic characterization of Donax trunculus (Mollusca, Bivalvia). Proc. 13th international chromosome conference 1998. :Abstract: 109.
Goodpasture, C. & S. E. Bloom. Visulization of nucleolar organizer regions in mammalian chromosomes using silver staining. Chromosoma 1975. 53:37-50.
Gordon, L. A., A. Bergmann, M. Christensen, L. Danganan, D. A. Lee, L. K. Ashworth, D. O. Nelson, A. S. Olsen, H. W. M. V. Carrano & B. F. Brandriff. A 30mb fluorescence in situ hybridization map of human chromosome 19q. Genomics 1995. 30:187-192.
Gosden, J. & D. Lawson. Instant PRINS: a rapid method for chromosome identification by detecting repeated sequences in situ. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 1995. 68:57-60.
Gu, J. Principles and applications of in situ PCR. Cell Vision 1994. 1:8-19.
Guo, X. & S. K. Allen, Jr. Identification if individual chromosomes by karyotype, C-and G-banding in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg). In Prep.
Guo, X. & S. K. Allen, Jr. The reproductive potential and genetics of triploid Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg). Biol. Bull. 1994. 187:309-318.
Guo, X. & S. K. Allen, Jr. Fluorescence in situ hybridization of the vertebrate telomere sequence to chromosome ends of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas Thunberg. J. Shellfish Res. 1997a. 16: 87-89.
Guo, X. & S. K. Allen. Sex and meiosis in autotetraploid Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg). Genome 1997b. 40:397-405.
Guo, X., K. Cooper, W. K. Hershberger & K. K. Chew. Genetic consequences of blocking polar body I with cytochalasin B in fertilized eggs of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas: I. Ploidy of resultant embryos. Biol. Bull. 1992a. 183:368-381.
Guo, X., G. DeBrosse & S. K. Allen, Jr. All-triploid Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg) produced by mating tetraploids and diploids. Aquaculture 1996. 142:149-161.
Guo, X., W. K. Hershberger, K. Cooper & K. K. Chew. Artificial gynogenesis with ultraviolet light-irradiated sperm in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. I. Induction and survival. Aquaculture 1993. 113:201-214.
Guzzo, F., E. Campaganri & M. Levi. A new FISH protocol with increased sensitivity for physical mapping with short probes in plants. J. Exp. Bot, 2000. 51:965-970.
Haaf, T., P. E. Warburton & H. F. Willard. Intergration of human alpha satellite DNA into simian chromosomes: centromere protein binding and disruption of normal chromosome segregation. Cell 1992. 70:681-696.
Harley, C. B., A. B. Futcher & C. W. Greider. Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts. Nature (London) 1990. 345:458-460.
Hastie, N. D., M. Dempster, M. G. Dunlop & A. M. Thompson. Telomere reduction in human colorectal carcinoma and with ageing. Nature (London) 1990. 346:866-868.
Herman, G. E. Physical mapping of the mouse genome. Methods Companion methods Enzymol. 1998. 14:135-151.
Holmquist, G. P. DNA sequences in G-bands and R-bands. 1988. pp. 76-121. In: K.W. Adolph (ed.) Chromosomes and Chromatin, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Horn, W., C. J. Jensen, W. Odenbach & O. S. (eds). Genetic Manipulation in Plant Breeding. 1986. Walter de Gruyter, New York.
Hsu, T. C., S. E. Spirito & M. L. Pardue. Distribution of 18+28 S ribosomal genes in mammalian genomes. Chromosoma 1975. 53:25-36.
Insua, A., M. J. Lopez-Pinon & J. Mendez. Characterization of Aequipecten opercularis (Bivalvia: Pectinidae) chromosomes by different staining techniques and fluorescent in situ hybridization. Genes Genet. Syst. 1998. 73:193-200.
Insua, A. & C. Thiriot-Quidvreux. The characterization of Ostrea denselamellosa (Mollusca, Bivalvia) chromosomes: karyotype, constitutive heterochromatin and nucleolus organizer regions. Aquaculture 1991. 97:317-325.
Insua, A. & C. Thiriot-Quidvreux. Karyotype and nucleolus organizer regions in Ostreapuelchana (Bivalvia: Ostreidae). Veliger 1993. 36:215-219.
Ito, M., N. Ohmido, Y. Akiyama, K. Fukui & T. Koba. Characterization of Spinach chromosomes by condensation patterns and physical mapping of 5S and 45S rDNA by FISH. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 2000. 125:59-62.
Jiang, J. & B. S. Gill. Nonisotipic in situ hybridization and plant genome mapping: the first 10 years. Genome 1994. 37:717-725.
Jiang, J., B. S. Gill, G. L. Wang, P. C. Ronald & D. C, Ward. Metaphase and interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization mapping of the rice genome with bacterial artificial chromosomes. Proc. Natl Sci. 1995. 92:4487-4491.
Jiang, J., S. H. Hulbert, B. S. Gill & D. C. Ward. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization mapping: a physical mapping strategy for plant species with large complex genome. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1996. 252:497-502.
John, H., M. Birntiel & K. Jones. RNA;DNA hybrids at the cytogenetical level. Nature 1969. 223:582-587.
Joos, S. & T. M. Fink. Mapping and chromosome analysis: the potential of fluorescence in situ hybridization. Journal of Biotechnology 1994. 35:135-153.
Kallioniemi, A., O. Kallioniemi, D. Sudar, D. Rutovitz, J. W. Gray, F. Waldman & D. Pinkel. Comparative genomic hybridization for molecular cytogenetic analysis of solid tumors. Science 1992. 258:818-820.
Kallioniemi, A., T. Visakorpi, R. Karhu, D. Pinkel & O. Kallioniemi. Gene copy number analysis by fluorescence in situ hybridization and comparative genomic hybridization. Methods Companion Methods Enzymol. 1996. 9:113-121.
Kamisugi, Y., S. Nakayama, R. Nakajima, H. Ohtsubo, E. Ohtsubo & K. Fukui. Physical mapping of the 5S ribosomal RNA genes on rice chromosome 11. Mol Gen. Genet. 1994. 245:133-138.
Khusk, G. S. Cytogenetics of Aneuploids. 1973. Academic Press, USA.
Korenberg, J. R. & M. C. Rykowski. Human genome organization: Alu, Lines, and the molecular structure of metaphase chromosome bands. Cell 1988. 53:391-400.
Kouprina, N., M. Campbell, J. Graves, E. Campbell, L. meincke, J. Tesmer, D. L. Grady, N. A. Doggett, R. K. Moyzis, L. L. Deaven & V. Larionov. Construction of human chromosome 16-and 5-specific circular YAC/BAC libraries by in vivo recombination in yeast (TAR cloning). Genomics 1998. 53:21-28.
Kuroiwa, A., T. Watanabe, H. Hishikaki, E. Takahashi, T. Namikawa & Y. Matsuda. Comparative FISH mapping of mouse and rat homologues of twenty-five human X-linked genes. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 1998. 81:208-212.
Ladr6n De Guevara, B., F. Winnkler & C. Palma. karyotype description and the position of the nucleolar organizer region (NOR) in the Chilean oyster Tiostrea chilensis (Philippi) chanley and dinamani. 1994. pp. 390-405. In: A.R. Beaumont (ed.) Genetics and evolution of aquatic organisms, Chapman and Hall, London.
Lapitan, N. L. V., S. E. Brown, W. Kennard, J. L. Stepehens & D. L. Knudson. FISH physical mapping with barley BAG clones. The plant Journal 1997. 11:149-156.
Lee, S. H., J. A. Ryu, G. S. Do, B. B. Seo, J. H. Pak, I. S. Kim & S. D. Song. Chromosome analysis by fluorescence in situ hybridization of callus-derived regenerants inAllium cyaneum R. Plant Cell Reports 1998. 18:209-213.
Leitao, A., P. Boudry, J. Labat & C. Thiriot-Quidvreux. Comparative karyological study of cupped oyster species. Malacologia 1999a. 41:175-186.
LeitKo, A., C. Thiriot-Quievreux, P. Boudry & I. Malheiro. A 'G' chromosome banding study of three cupped oyster species: Crassostrea gigas, Crassostrea angulata and Crassostrea virglnica (Mollusca: Bivavia). Genet. Sel. Evol. 1999b. 31:519-527.
Levan, A., D. Fredga & A. A. Sandberg. Nomenclature for centromeric position on chromosomes. Herditas 1964. 52:201-220.
Leyama, H. & I. Akihiko. Chromosomes numbers of ten species of four families of Pterimorphia (Bivalvia). Venus 1974. 33:129-137.
Li, X., R. Guo, C. Pedersen, D. Hayman & P. Langridge. Physical localization of rRNA genes by two-colour fluorescent in-siru hybridization and sequence analysis of the 5S rRNA gene in Phalaris coerukscens. Hereditas 1997. 126:289-294.
Li, X. X. & J. N. Havenhand. Karyotype, nucleolus organizer regions and constitutive heterochromatin in Ostrea angasi (Mollusca: Bivalvia): evidnece of taxonomic relationships within the Ostreidae. Mar. Biol. 1997. 127:443-448.
Lichter, P., C. C. Chang, K. Call, G. Hermanson, G. A. Evans, D. Housman & D. C. Ward. High-resolution mapping of human chrmosome 11 by in situ hybridization with cosmid clones. Science 1990. 247:64-69.
Lichter, P. & T. Cremer. Human Cytogenetics, A Practical Approac. 1992. IRL Press, New York. 157-192 pp.
Lichter, P. & D. C. Ward. Is non-isotopic in situ hybridization finally coming of age? Nature 1990. 345:93-94.
Longwell, A. C. & S. S. Stiles. Chromosome, biology and breeding. 1996. pp. 443-465. In: V.S. Kennedy, R.I.E. Newell & A.Eble (ed.) The Eastern: Crassostrea virginica., V, College Park Maryland XVI.
Longwell, A. C., S. S. Stiles & D. G. Smith. Chromosome complement of the American oyster Crassostrea virginica, as seen in meiotic and cleaving eggs. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 1967. 9:845-858.
Lundin, M., B. Mikkelsen, P. Moran, J. L. Martinez & M. Syed. Cosmid clones from Atlantic salmon: physical genome mapping. Aquaculture 1999. 173: 59-64.
Makinen, A., C. Zijlstra, N. A. Haan, C. H. M. Mellink & A. A. Bosma. Localization of 18S+28S and 5S ribosomal RNA genes In the dog by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 1997. 78:231-235.
Mandrioli, M., D. Bizzaro, G. C. Manicardi, D. Gionghi, L. Bassoli & U. Bianchi. Cytogenetic and molecular characterization of a highly repeated DNA sequence in the peach potato aphid Myzus persicae. Chromosoma 1999. 108:436-442.
Marquez, E. G. Comparacion de cariotipos entre las ostras Craossostrea virginica (Gmelin), C. rhizophorae (Guilding) Pinctada imbricata. Carribean Journal of Science 1992. 28:51-55.
Martinez, J. L., P. Moran, E. Garcia-Vazquez & A. M. Pendas. Chromosomal localization of the major and 5S rDNA gene in the European eel ( Anguilla anguilla). Cytogenet. Cell Gene. 1996. 73:149-152.
Martinez-Exp6sito, M. J., J. M6ndez & J. J. Pasantes. Analysis of NORS and NOR-associated heterochromatin in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk. Chromosome Res. 1997. 5:268-273.
Martinez-lage, A., A. Gonzalez-Tia6n & J. Mendez. Chromosomal markers in three species of the genus Mytilus(Mollusca:Bivalvia). Heredity 1995. 74:369-375.
Mary-Elizabeth, M., G. W. Moy, W. J. Swanson & V. D. Vacquier. Direct sequencing of genomic DNA for characterization of a satellite DNA in five species of Eastern Pacific abalone. Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol. 1998. 7:1-6.
Matsuda, Y. & V. M. Chapman. Application of fluorescence in situ hybridization in genome analysis of the mouse. Electrophoresis 1995. 16:261-272.
Menzel, R. W. & M. Y. Menzel. Studies on chromosomes to two species of quahog clams and their hybrids. Biological Bulletin 1965. 129:181-188.
Meyne, J., E. H. Goodwin & R. K. Moyzis. Chromosome localization and orientation of the simple sequence repeat of human satellite I DNA. Chromosoma 1994. 103:99-103.
Meyne, J., R. L. Ratliff & R. K. Moyzis. Conservation of the human telomere sequence (TTAGGG)n. among vertebrates. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 1989. 86:7049-7053.
Meyne, J., H. Hirai & H. T. Imai. FISH analysis of the telomere sequences of bulldog ants (Myrmecia: Formicidae). Chromosoma 1995. 104:14-18.
Mongelard, F., I. Poras, Y. Usson, B. Battrux, M. Robert-Nicoud, P. Avner & C. Vourc'h. A mouse chromosome-specific YAC probe collection for in situ hybridization. Genomics 1996. 38.
Montgomery, K. T., J. M. LeBlanc, P. Tsai, J. S. McNinch, D. C. Ward, P. J. de Jong, R. Kucherlapati & K. S. Krauter. Characterization of Two Chromosome 12 cosmid libraries and development of STSs from cosmids mapped by FISH. Genomics 1993. 17:682-693.
Muller, S., P. C. M. O'Brien, M. Ferguson-Smith & J. Weinberg. Cross species color segmenting: a novel tool in human karyotype analysis. Cytometry 1998. 33:445-452.
Murakami, M. & H. Fujitani. Characterization of repetitve DNA sequences carrying 5S rDNA of the triploid ginbuna (Japanese silver crucian carp, Carassius aurarus langsdorfi). Genes and Genetic Systems 1998. 73:9-20.
Nakamura, H. K. A review of molluscan cytogenetic information based on the CISMOCH-computerized index system for molluscan chromosomes. Bivalvia, Polyplacophora and Cephalopoda. Venus, Jpn. J. Malac. 1985. 44:193-226.
Nardi, I., S. D. Lucchini, G. Barsacchi-Pilone & F. Andronico. Chromosome location of the ribisomal RNA genes in Triturus vulgaris meridionalis (Amphibia, Urodela). Chromosoma 1978. 70:91-99.
Nath, J. & K. L. Johnson. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH): DNA probe production and hybridization criteria. Biotech. & Histochem. 1997. 73:6-22.
Nath, J. & K. L. Johnson. A review of fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH): current status and future prospects. Biotech. & Histochem. 1999. 75:54-78.
Ning, Y., M. Rosenberg, L. G. Biesecker & D. H. Ledbetter. Isolation of the human chromosome 22q telomere and its application to detection of cryptic chromosomal abnormalities. Hum. Genet. 1996. 97:765-769.
Okazaki, S., K. Tsuchida, H. Maekawa, H. Ishikawa & H. Fujiwara. Identification of a pentanucleotide telomeric sequence (TTAGGG)n in the silkworm Bombyx mori and in other insects. Mol. Cell Biol. 1993. 13:1424-1432.
Ohmido, N., Y. Akiyama & K. Fukui. Physical mapping of unique nucleotide sequences on identified rice chromosomes. Plant Molecualr Biologu 1998. 38:1043-1052.
Pardue, M. L. & J. G. Gall. Molecular hybridization of radioactive DNA to the DNA of cytological preparations. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 1969a, 64:600-604.
Pardue, M. L. & J. G. Gall. Chromosomal localization of mouse satellite DNA. Science 1969b. 168:1356-1358.
Pedersen, C., S. K. Rasmussen & I. Linde-Laursen. Genome and chromosome identification in cultivated barley and related species of the Triticeae (Poaceae) by in situ hybridization with GAA-satellite sequence. Genome 1996. 39:93-104.
Pendas, A. M., P. Moran & E. Garcia-Vasquez. Multichromosomal location of ribosomal RNA genes and heterochromatin association in brown trout. Chromosome Res. 1993a. 1:63-67.
Pendas, A. M., P. Moran & E. Garcia-Vasquez. Ribosomal RNA genes are interpersed throughout a heterochromatic chromosome arm in Atlantic salmon. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 1993b. 63:128-130.
Pendas, A. M., P. Moran & E. Garcia-Vasquez. Physical mapping of reiterated gene families in salmonoids. Aquaculture 1995. 137:99-100.
Phillips, R. B. & K. M. Reed. Application of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques to fish genetics: a review. Aquaculture 1996. 140:197-216.
Pinkel, D., J. Landegent, C. Collins, J. Fuscoe, J. Lucas & J. W. Gray. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with human chromosome libraries: detection of trisomy 21 and translocations of chromosome 4. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1988. 85:9138-9142.
Pinkel, D., T. Straume & J. W. Gray. Cytogenetic analysis using quantitative, high-density, fluorescence hybridization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1986. 83:2934-2938.
Plohl, M. & L. Cornudella. Characterization of a complex satellite DNA in the mollusc Donax trunculus: analysis of sequence variations and divergence. Gene 1996. 169:157-164.
Plohl, M. & L. Cornudella. Characterization of interrelated sequence motifs infour satellite DNAs and their distribution in the genome of the mollusc Donax trunculus. J. Mol. Evol 1997. 44:189-198.
Ponce de Le6n, F. A. Microdissected chromosome libraries for livestock species. Arch. Zootec. 1996. 45:165-174.
Raap, A. K., R. J. Florijn, L. J. Blonden, J. Wiegant, J. Vaandrager, H. Vrolijk, J. D. Dunnen, H. J. Tanke & G. Ommen. Fiber FISH as a DNA mapping tool. Methods Companion Methods Enzymol. 1996. 9:67-73.
Rabbitts, P., H. Impey, A. Heppell-Parton, C. Langford, C. Tease, N. Lowe, D. Bailey, M. Ferguson-Smith & N. Carter. Chromosome specific paints from a high resolution flow karyotype of the mouse. Nat. Genet. 1995. 9:369-375.
Rabbitts, T. H. Chromosome translocation in human cancer. Nature 1994. 372:143-149.
Richards, F., N. Vogt, M. Muleris, B. Malfoy & B. Dutrillaux. Increased FISH efficiency using APC probes generated by direct incorporation of labelled nucleotides by PCR. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 1994. 65:169-171.
Rodriguez-Romero, F. & e. al. Comparative analysis of the two oyster species of the genus Crassostrea: C. virginica and C. corteziensis. An. Cent. Cien. Mar. Limnol. Univ. Mac. Auton. Mex. 1979. 6:19-23.
Rodriguez-Romero, F., A. Laguarda-Figueras, M. Uribe-Alcocer & M. L. Rojas-Lara. Distribution of "G" bands in the karyotype of Crassostrea virginica. Venus, Jpn. J. Malac. 1979. 38:180-184.
Rodriguez-Romero, F., M. Uribe-Alcocer, A. Laguarda-Figueras & M. E. Diupotex-Chong. The karyotype of Crassostrea rhizophorae. Venus 1979. 38(2) :135-140.
Ruiz-Lara, S., E. Prats, J. Sainz & L. Comudella. Cloning and characterization of a highly conserved satellite DNA from the mollusc Mytilus edulis. Gene. 1992. 117:237-242.
Sajdak, S. L., K. M. Reed & R. B. Phillips. Intraindividual and interspecies variation in the 5S rDNA of coregonid fish. J. Mol. Evol. 1998. 46:680-688.
Schempp, W., S. Zeitler & W. Rietschel. Chromosomal localization of rDNA in the gorilla. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 1998. 80:185-187.
Schmid, M. Chromosome banding in Amphibia. Ⅱ. Constitutive heterochromatin and nucleolus organizer regions in Ranidae, Microhylidae and Rhacophorodae. Chromosoma 1978. 68:131-148.
Schrader,O., H. Budahn & R. Ahne. Detection of 5S and 25S rRNA genes in Sinapis alba, Raphanus sativus and Brassica napus by double fluorescence in situ hybridization. Theor. Appl. Genet. 2000. 100:665-669.
Schrek, E., S. D. Manoir & T. Veldman. Multicolor spectral karyotyping of human chromosomes. Science 1996. 273:494-497.
Schriml, L. M., H. M. Padilla-Nash, A. Coleman, P. Moen, W. G. Nash, J. Menninger, G. Jones, T. Ried & M. Dean. Tyramide signal amplification(TSA)-FISH applied
to mappping PCR labeled probes less than 1 kb in size. BioTechnique 1999. 27:608-613.
Shi, G., H. J. Weh & D. K. Hossfeld. Reinterpretation of G-banded complex karyotypes by fluorescence in situ hybridization with chromosome-specific DNA painting probes and alpha-satellite centromere-specific DNA probes in malignant hematological disorders. Am. J. Hemat. 1997a. 55:69-76.
Shi, Y. P., G. Mohapatra, J. Miller, D. Hanahan, E. Lander, P.Gold, D. Pinkel & J. Gray. FISH probes for mouse chromosome identification. Genomics 1997b. 45:42-47.
Sola, L., S. D. Innocentiis, E. Gornung, S. Papalis, A. R. Rossi, P. D. Marco & S. Cataudella. Cytogenetic analysis of Epinephelus marginatus (Pisces: Serranidae), with the chromosome localization of the 18S and 5S rDNA genes and of the (TTAGGG)n telomeric sequence. Mar. Biol 2000. 137:47-51.
Solinastoldo, S., C. Lengauer & R. Fries. Comparative genome map of human and cattle. Genomics 1995. 27:489-496.
Sone, T., M. Fujisawa, M. Takenaka, S. Nakagawa, S. Yamaoka, M. Sakaida, R. Nishiyama, K. T. Yamato, N. Ohmido, K. Fukui, H. Fukuzawa & K. Ohyama. Bryophyte 5S rDNA was inserted into 45S rDNA repeat units after the divergence from higher land plants. Plant Mol Biol 1999. 41:679-685.
Sorensen, P. D. & S. Frederiksen. Characterization of human 5S rDNA genes. Nucl. Acids Res. 1991. 19:4147-4151.
Speel, E. J. M. Detection and amplification systems for sensitive, multiple-target DNA and RNA in situ hybridization: looking inside cells with a spectrum of colors. Histochem. Cell Biol. 1999. 112:89-113.
Spicher, M. R., G. S. Ballard & D. C. Ward. Karyotypmg human chromosomes by combintorial multi-fluor FISH. Nat. Genet. 1996. 12:368-375.
Stokke, T., C. Collins, W. Kuo, D. Kowbel, F. Shadravan, M. Tanner, A. Kallioniemi, O. Kallioniemi, D. Pinkel, L. Deaven & J. W. Gray. A physical map of chromosome 20 established using fluorescence in situ hybridization and digital image analysis. Genomics 1995. 26:134-137.
Swiger, R. R. & J. D. Tucker. Fluorescence in situ hybridization: A brief review. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 1996. 27:245-254.
Szymanski, M., M. Z. Barciszewska, J. Barciszewski, T. Specht & V. A. Erdmann. Compilation of ribosomal 5S ribonucleic acid nucleotide sequences: eukaryotic 5S rRNAs. (Elsevier)Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) 1997. 1350:75-79.
Tagliavini, J., P. Williot, L. Congiu, M. Chicca, M. Lanfredi, R. Rossi & F. Fontana. Molecualr cytogenetic analysis of the karyotype of the European Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser sturio. Heredity 1999. 83:520-525.
Taniwaki, M., Y. Ueda, K. Nishida, T. Takashima & K. Kashima. Rapid detection of lymphoma-specific translocations in interphase nuclei of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Leukemia 1997. 11:291-293.
Telenius, H., N. P. Carter, M. Nordenskjold, B. A. Ponder & A. Yunnacliffe. Degenerate oligonucleotide-primed PCR: general amplification of target DNA by a single degenerate primer. Genomics 1992. 13:718-725.
Thiriot-Quievreux, C. & A. Insua. Nucleolar organizer region variation in the chromosomes of three oyster species. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 1992. 157:33-40.
Trask, B., D. Pinkel & G. v. d. Engh. The proximity of DNA sequences in interphase cell nuclei correlated to genomic distance and permits ordering of cosmids spanning 250 kilobase pairs. Genomics 1992. 5:710-717.
Tsujimoto, H., Y. Mukai, K. Akagawa, K. Nagaki, J. Fujigaki, M. Yamamoto & T. T. Sasakuma. Identification of individual barley chromosomes based on repetitive sequences: Conservative distribution of Afa-family repetitive sequences on the chromosomes of barley and wheat. Genes Genet. Syst. 1997. 72:303-309.
Viegas-Pequignot, E. In situ Hybridization, A Practical Approach. 1992. Oxford Press, New York. 137-158 pp.
Vooijs, M., L. Yu, D. Pinkel, D. Johnson & J. W. Gray. Libraries for each human chromosome, constructed from sorter-enriched chromosomes by using linker-adaptor PCR. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1993. 52:586-597.
Wachtler, F., A. H. N. Hopman, J. Wiegant & H. G. Schwarzacher. On the position of nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) in interphase nuclei. Exp. Cell Res. 1986. 167:227-240.
Wada, K. T., J. Scarpa & S. K. A. Jr. Karyotype of the dwarf-surf clam Mulinia lateralis (Say 1822) (Mactridae, Bivalvia). J. Shellfish Res. 1990. 9:279-281.
Waldegger, S., M. Erdel, U. O. Nagl, P. Earth, G. Raber, S. Steuer, G. Utermann, M. Paulmichi & F. Lang. Genomic organization and chromosomal localization of the human SGK protein kinase gene. Genomics 1998. 51:299-302.
Wang, Y., Z. Xu & X. Guo. Centromeric location of a satellite sequence in the Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg) determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization. BioTechniques 2001: In press.
Wang, Y., Z. Xu, X. Guo, J. C. Pierce & P. M. Gaffney. Chromosomal location of some repetitive DNA in Crassostrea oysters as determined with FISH. J. Shellfish Res. 2000. 19:618.
Wang, Y. M., S. Minoshima & N. Shimizu. COT1 banding of human chromosomes using fluorescence in situ hybridization with CY3 labeling. Jap. J. Hum. Genet. 1995. 40:243-252.
Wang, Z., X. Guo, S. K. Allen & R. Wang. Aneuploid Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg) as incidentals from triploid production. Aquaculture. 1999. 173: 347-357.
Wessendorf, M. W. & T. C. Brelje. Which fluorophore is brightest? A comparison of the staining using fluorescein, tetramethylrhodamine, lisssamine rhodamina, Texas Red and cyanine 3. Histochemistry 1992. 98:81-85.
Wiedom, K. H., H. Kuhl, J. Galle, J. Caselitz & E. Vollmeer. Comparison of in-situ hybridization, direct and indirect in-situ PCR as well as tyramide signal amplification for the detection of HPV. Histochem. Cell Biol. 1999. 111:89-95.
Wienberg, J., A. Jauch, R. Stanyon & T. Cremer. Molecular cytotaxonomy of primates by chromosomal in situ suppression hybridization. Genomics 1990. 8:347-350.
Willard, H. F. & J. S. Waye. Chromosome-specifc subsets of human alpha satellite DNA: analysis of sequence divergence within and between chromosomal subsets and evidence for an ancestral pentameric repeat. J. Mol. Evol. 1987a. 25:207-214.
Xu, J. & E. D. Earle. High resolution physical mapping of 45S (5. 8S, 18S and 25S) rDNA gene loci in the tomato genome using a combination of karyotyping and FISH of pachytene chromosomes. Chromosoma 1996. 104:545-550.
Xu, Z., X. Guo, P. M. Gaffhey & J. C. Pierce. Chromosomal location of the major ribosomal RNA genes in Crassostrea virginica and Crassostrea gigas. Veliger 2001. 44:86-90.
Xu, Z., J. C. Pierce & X. Guo. Chromosome assignment of rDNA in the Amercia and Pacific oyster by fluorescence in situ hybridization. 1999. pp. 110 Plant and Animal Genome Meeting Ⅶ, San Diego, CA.
Yadav, J. S. & A. S. Yadav. Localization of NORs in spermatogonial metaphase chromosomes of six species of grasshoppers. Genetica 1987. 74:155-160.
Yurov, Y. B., I. V. Soloviev, S. G. Vorsannva, B. Marcais, G. Roizes & R. lewis. High resolution multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization using cyanine and fluorescein dyes: rapid chromosome identification by directly fluorescently labeled alphoid DNA probes. Hum. Genet. 1996. 97:390-398.
Zakian, V. A. Telomeres: beginning to understand the end. Science 1995. 270:1601-1607.
Zhang, Q., R. K. Cooper & T. R. Tiersch. Chromosomal location of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene of channel catfish by in situ polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Fish Biology 2000. 56:388-397.
Zhang, Q. Y., G. Yu, R. K. Cooper & T. R. Tiersch. Chromosomal location by fluorescence in situ hybridization of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene of the eastern oyster. J. Shellfish Res. 1999. 18:431-435.
Zhong, X., P. F. Fransz, J. H. Jongand & P. Zabel. High-resolution physical mapping by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Hereditas (Beijing) 1997. 19:44-48.
Zhu, T., L. Shi, R. P. Funke, P. M. Gresshoff & P. Keim. Characterization and application if soybean YACs to molecular cytogenetics. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1996. 252:483-488.
Zijlstra, C., C. H. M. Mellink, N. A. D. Haan & A. A. Bosma. Localization of the 18S, 5. 8S and 28S rRNA genes and the 5S rRNA genes in the babirusa and the white-lipped peccary. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 1997. 77:273-277.
Zurita, F., A. Sanchez, M. Burgos, R. Jimenez & R. D. D. L. Guardia. Interchromosomal, intercellular and interindividual variability of NORs studied with silver staining and in situ hybridization method. Exp. Cell Res. 1997. 167:227-240.