Ca~（2+）和饵料脂肪对中华绒螯蟹性早熟能量学研究
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摘要
本文以中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)为研究对象,分别研究了早熟蟹和正常蟹在能量收支等方面的不同;养殖用水中Ca~(2+)浓度(18mg/L、40mg/L、80mg/L、120mg/L和160mg/L)和饵料中脂肪含量(3%、6%、9%、12%)对中华绒螯蟹的影响。从生物能量学的角度探讨环境因子对中华绒螯蟹能量代谢和性腺发育的影响。得出以下结果:第一部分早熟蟹和正常蟹能量代谢和肝胰腺指数与性腺指数的比较
早熟蟹和正常蟹在生长上表现出了明显地不同,早熟蟹的生长速率明显低于正常蟹的生长速率,早熟蟹的生长能比例明显低于正常蟹生长能所占比例(P<0.05);二者的肝胰腺指数和性腺指数显著不同,早熟蟹肝胰腺指数小,性腺指数大,正常蟹肝胰腺指数大,性腺指数小。肝胰腺碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性无显著差异,而性腺AKP活性早熟蟹明显高于正常蟹(P<0.05);在肝胰腺能荷方面,早熟蟹明显低于正常蟹,说明早熟蟹的代谢速率明显低于正常蟹。
第二部分水中Ca~(2+)浓度对中华绒螯蟹能量代谢和性腺发育的影响
随着Ca~(2+)浓度的升高,以Ca~(2+)浓度为40mg/L作为分界点,中华绒螯蟹的特定生长率和饲料转化率、均先升高后降低,成双向剂量反应;在能量分配方面,中华绒螯蟹的生长能分配随Ca~(2+)浓度的升高,以Ca~(2+)浓度为40mg/L作为分界点,生长能所占比例先升高后降低,Ca~(2+)浓度为40mg/L处理组显著高于对照组(P<0.05),与其他处理组没有显著性差异(P>0.05);肝胰腺指数在随Ca~(2+)浓度升高而降低,浓度为18mg/L的对照组与160mg/L的处理组,存在显著性差异(P<0.05),对照组与浓度40mg/L、80mg/L、120mg/L的处理组差异性不显著(P>0.05),且这三组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。性腺指数受Ca~(2+)浓度胁迫呈升高趋势,在Ca~(2+)浓度为160mg/L时达到最高。Ca~(2+)促使更多营养物质消耗,促进性腺发育;随Ca~(2+)浓度的升高,肝胰腺的AKP活性降低但不显著(P>0.05),而性腺的AKP活性呈升高趋势,在Ca~(2+)浓度为160mg/L时达到最高。肝胰腺能荷值也是在Ca~(2+)浓度40mg/L时最高,细胞活动活跃,此时代谢旺盛,生长最好。
上述结果表明,Ca~(2+)对中华绒螯蟹生长的胁迫作用主要是通过营养物质的消耗实现的。高浓度的Ca~(2+)抑制生长,促进性腺发育。
第三部分饵料脂肪对中华绒螯蟹能量代谢和性腺发育的影响
饵料中的脂肪对中华绒螯蟹的影响主要体现在中华绒螯蟹的特定生长率和饵料转化率上。随饵料脂肪含量的升高,中华绒螯蟹的生长能分配先升高后降低,在饵料中的脂肪含量为9%时生长能所占比例最高,且与其他处理组差异显著(P<0.05)。脂肪对于中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺指数的影响为随着饵料中脂肪含量的升高而降低,脂肪含量为12%的处理组肝胰腺指数最低与其他各组差异显著(P<0.05),其他各组之间差异不显著(P>0.05);性腺指数的变化与肝胰腺指数的变化趋势相反,脂肪含量为3%的处理组性腺指数最低,与其他各组呈显著性差异(P<0.05),脂肪含量为12%的处理组性腺指数最高,与其他各组差异显著(P<0.05)。随脂肪含量的升高,肝胰腺的AKP活性升高,但不显著(P>0.05),性腺的AKP活性同样呈升高趋势,在脂肪含量为12%时达到最高。肝胰腺能荷值也是在脂肪含量为9%时最高,细胞代谢旺盛,活动活跃,生长状态最佳。
Ca~(2+)与脂肪对于中华绒螯蟹生长具有双刃剑的作用,当浓度或含量较低时,能够促进中华绒螯蟹的生长,并且当浓度或含量达到最适值时中华绒螯蟹的各项生理指标都处于一个最适的状态,且生长状态最佳;当浓度或含量过高时,会促进中华绒螯蟹的性腺提前发育,导致性早熟现象的发生,抑制中华绒螯蟹的生长。
在实际生产中,为了在最大程度上获得经济效益,养殖者必须要时刻注意水质的变化,防止Ca~(2+)浓度过高而导致中华绒螯蟹性早熟,抑制中华绒螯蟹的生长;还要合理配比饵料的营养各种营养成分,合理的营养配比使中华绒螯蟹的生长状态处于最佳。
This study investigated the following aspects, including difference on energy budget between preconcious and normal Chinese mitten crab; effects of aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration (18mg/L, 40mg/L, 80mg/L, 120mg/L and 160mg/L) on energy budget and precociousness of Chinese mitten crabs; and dietary fat concentration (3%, 6%, 9% and 12%) on energy budget and precociousness of Chinese mitten crabs. The following conclusions were reached: Part one: Comparison of the energy budget, hepatopancreas index (HPI) and gonads index (GSI) between precocious and normal crabs.
There was significant difference between precocious and normal crabs, growth rate and growth energy percentage in precocious crabs were significantly lower than that in normal crabs (P<0.05). Precocious crabs HPI was significantly lower than normal crabs (P<0.05), but GSI was significantly higher than normal crabs (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between precocious and normal crab in AKP activities in hepatopancreas (P>0.05), while there was significant difference between preconscious and normal crab in AKP activities in gonads (P<0.05). Energy charge in hepatopancreas in precocious crabs was significantly lower than that in normal crabs, and it suggested that metabolism rate in precocious crabs was significantly lower than that in normal crabs.
Part two: Effects of aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration on energy budget and precociousness of Chinese mitten crabs
The SGR and K first increased and then decreased with increasing aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration. Demarcation point was at aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration 40mg/L. So the energy allocated to growth, the crabs at aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration 40mg/L were significantly higher than the crabs at aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration 18mg/L, but the former was not significantly higher than the crabs at other aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration. The HIS decreased with increasing aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration, HIS at aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration 18mg/L was significantly higher than that at aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration 160mg/L; The GSI increased with increasing aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration, GSI at aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration 18mg/L was significantly lower than that at aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration 160mg/L. aqueous Ca~(2+) urged nutrients cosumption and gonad development. The activities of AKP in hepatopancreas decreased insignificantly and the activities of AKP in gonads increased significantly with increasing aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration. The energy charge in hepatopancreas was highest at aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration 40mg/L, the cells were active; metabolism was vigorously; and growth was best. These results showed that the effects of aqueous Ca~(2+) on Chinese mitten crabs was mainly attributed to nutritive material consumption.
Part three: Effects of dietary fat concentration on energy budget and precociousness of Chinese mitten crabs
SGR and K showed the effects of dietary fat on Chinese mitten crabs. The energy allocated to growth first increaseed and then decreaseed with the increasing dietary fat concentration, and that was the highest at dietary fat concentration 9%, significantly higher than others. The HIS decreased with increasing dietary fat concentration, HIS at dietary fat concentration 12% was significantly lower than others. The GSI increased with increasing dietary fat concentration, GSI was the lowest at dietary fat concentration 3%, significantly lower than others; GSI was the highest at dietary fat concentration 12%, significantly higher than others. The activities of AKP in hepatopancreas increased insignificantly and the activities of AKP in gonads increased significantly with increasing dietary fat concentration. The energy charge in hepatopancreas was highest at dietary fat concentration 9%, the cells were active; metabolism was vigorously; and growth was best.
Ca~(2+) and dietary fat are just like a double-edged sword, both of them will urge the growth of Chinese mitten crabs, every physiological exponent is the best, if the concentration is the appropriate; They will urge gonad development, lead to premature, inhibit the growth, if the concentration is too high.
To harvest most in practice for the Chinese mitten crab culture, Culturists must pay attention to alterative water quality, prevent high aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration, in case of inhabiting growth; they must make reasonable ratio of nutritive material, it make the growth best.
早熟蟹和正常蟹在生长上表现出了明显地不同,早熟蟹的生长速率明显低于正常蟹的生长速率,早熟蟹的生长能比例明显低于正常蟹生长能所占比例(P<0.05);二者的肝胰腺指数和性腺指数显著不同,早熟蟹肝胰腺指数小,性腺指数大,正常蟹肝胰腺指数大,性腺指数小。肝胰腺碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性无显著差异,而性腺AKP活性早熟蟹明显高于正常蟹(P<0.05);在肝胰腺能荷方面,早熟蟹明显低于正常蟹,说明早熟蟹的代谢速率明显低于正常蟹。
第二部分水中Ca~(2+)浓度对中华绒螯蟹能量代谢和性腺发育的影响
随着Ca~(2+)浓度的升高,以Ca~(2+)浓度为40mg/L作为分界点,中华绒螯蟹的特定生长率和饲料转化率、均先升高后降低,成双向剂量反应;在能量分配方面,中华绒螯蟹的生长能分配随Ca~(2+)浓度的升高,以Ca~(2+)浓度为40mg/L作为分界点,生长能所占比例先升高后降低,Ca~(2+)浓度为40mg/L处理组显著高于对照组(P<0.05),与其他处理组没有显著性差异(P>0.05);肝胰腺指数在随Ca~(2+)浓度升高而降低,浓度为18mg/L的对照组与160mg/L的处理组,存在显著性差异(P<0.05),对照组与浓度40mg/L、80mg/L、120mg/L的处理组差异性不显著(P>0.05),且这三组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。性腺指数受Ca~(2+)浓度胁迫呈升高趋势,在Ca~(2+)浓度为160mg/L时达到最高。Ca~(2+)促使更多营养物质消耗,促进性腺发育;随Ca~(2+)浓度的升高,肝胰腺的AKP活性降低但不显著(P>0.05),而性腺的AKP活性呈升高趋势,在Ca~(2+)浓度为160mg/L时达到最高。肝胰腺能荷值也是在Ca~(2+)浓度40mg/L时最高,细胞活动活跃,此时代谢旺盛,生长最好。
上述结果表明,Ca~(2+)对中华绒螯蟹生长的胁迫作用主要是通过营养物质的消耗实现的。高浓度的Ca~(2+)抑制生长,促进性腺发育。
第三部分饵料脂肪对中华绒螯蟹能量代谢和性腺发育的影响
饵料中的脂肪对中华绒螯蟹的影响主要体现在中华绒螯蟹的特定生长率和饵料转化率上。随饵料脂肪含量的升高,中华绒螯蟹的生长能分配先升高后降低,在饵料中的脂肪含量为9%时生长能所占比例最高,且与其他处理组差异显著(P<0.05)。脂肪对于中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺指数的影响为随着饵料中脂肪含量的升高而降低,脂肪含量为12%的处理组肝胰腺指数最低与其他各组差异显著(P<0.05),其他各组之间差异不显著(P>0.05);性腺指数的变化与肝胰腺指数的变化趋势相反,脂肪含量为3%的处理组性腺指数最低,与其他各组呈显著性差异(P<0.05),脂肪含量为12%的处理组性腺指数最高,与其他各组差异显著(P<0.05)。随脂肪含量的升高,肝胰腺的AKP活性升高,但不显著(P>0.05),性腺的AKP活性同样呈升高趋势,在脂肪含量为12%时达到最高。肝胰腺能荷值也是在脂肪含量为9%时最高,细胞代谢旺盛,活动活跃,生长状态最佳。
Ca~(2+)与脂肪对于中华绒螯蟹生长具有双刃剑的作用,当浓度或含量较低时,能够促进中华绒螯蟹的生长,并且当浓度或含量达到最适值时中华绒螯蟹的各项生理指标都处于一个最适的状态,且生长状态最佳;当浓度或含量过高时,会促进中华绒螯蟹的性腺提前发育,导致性早熟现象的发生,抑制中华绒螯蟹的生长。
在实际生产中,为了在最大程度上获得经济效益,养殖者必须要时刻注意水质的变化,防止Ca~(2+)浓度过高而导致中华绒螯蟹性早熟,抑制中华绒螯蟹的生长;还要合理配比饵料的营养各种营养成分,合理的营养配比使中华绒螯蟹的生长状态处于最佳。
This study investigated the following aspects, including difference on energy budget between preconcious and normal Chinese mitten crab; effects of aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration (18mg/L, 40mg/L, 80mg/L, 120mg/L and 160mg/L) on energy budget and precociousness of Chinese mitten crabs; and dietary fat concentration (3%, 6%, 9% and 12%) on energy budget and precociousness of Chinese mitten crabs. The following conclusions were reached: Part one: Comparison of the energy budget, hepatopancreas index (HPI) and gonads index (GSI) between precocious and normal crabs.
There was significant difference between precocious and normal crabs, growth rate and growth energy percentage in precocious crabs were significantly lower than that in normal crabs (P<0.05). Precocious crabs HPI was significantly lower than normal crabs (P<0.05), but GSI was significantly higher than normal crabs (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between precocious and normal crab in AKP activities in hepatopancreas (P>0.05), while there was significant difference between preconscious and normal crab in AKP activities in gonads (P<0.05). Energy charge in hepatopancreas in precocious crabs was significantly lower than that in normal crabs, and it suggested that metabolism rate in precocious crabs was significantly lower than that in normal crabs.
Part two: Effects of aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration on energy budget and precociousness of Chinese mitten crabs
The SGR and K first increased and then decreased with increasing aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration. Demarcation point was at aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration 40mg/L. So the energy allocated to growth, the crabs at aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration 40mg/L were significantly higher than the crabs at aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration 18mg/L, but the former was not significantly higher than the crabs at other aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration. The HIS decreased with increasing aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration, HIS at aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration 18mg/L was significantly higher than that at aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration 160mg/L; The GSI increased with increasing aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration, GSI at aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration 18mg/L was significantly lower than that at aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration 160mg/L. aqueous Ca~(2+) urged nutrients cosumption and gonad development. The activities of AKP in hepatopancreas decreased insignificantly and the activities of AKP in gonads increased significantly with increasing aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration. The energy charge in hepatopancreas was highest at aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration 40mg/L, the cells were active; metabolism was vigorously; and growth was best. These results showed that the effects of aqueous Ca~(2+) on Chinese mitten crabs was mainly attributed to nutritive material consumption.
Part three: Effects of dietary fat concentration on energy budget and precociousness of Chinese mitten crabs
SGR and K showed the effects of dietary fat on Chinese mitten crabs. The energy allocated to growth first increaseed and then decreaseed with the increasing dietary fat concentration, and that was the highest at dietary fat concentration 9%, significantly higher than others. The HIS decreased with increasing dietary fat concentration, HIS at dietary fat concentration 12% was significantly lower than others. The GSI increased with increasing dietary fat concentration, GSI was the lowest at dietary fat concentration 3%, significantly lower than others; GSI was the highest at dietary fat concentration 12%, significantly higher than others. The activities of AKP in hepatopancreas increased insignificantly and the activities of AKP in gonads increased significantly with increasing dietary fat concentration. The energy charge in hepatopancreas was highest at dietary fat concentration 9%, the cells were active; metabolism was vigorously; and growth was best.
Ca~(2+) and dietary fat are just like a double-edged sword, both of them will urge the growth of Chinese mitten crabs, every physiological exponent is the best, if the concentration is the appropriate; They will urge gonad development, lead to premature, inhibit the growth, if the concentration is too high.
To harvest most in practice for the Chinese mitten crab culture, Culturists must pay attention to alterative water quality, prevent high aqueous Ca~(2+) concentration, in case of inhabiting growth; they must make reasonable ratio of nutritive material, it make the growth best.
引文
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