日粮添加硒对热应激条件下泰和乌骨鸡黑色素合成的影响及机理研究
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摘要
泰和乌骨鸡是江西重要的特色药食资源，黑色素是乌骨鸡发挥其药用滋补功效的重要物质基础。机体内的氧化/抗氧化平衡状态是影响组织黑色素合成的重要因素。研究证实热应激诱导的氧化应激是热应激损伤的重要介导者。那么，热应激是否通过改变乌骨鸡抗氧化水平而影响其黑色素合成？本论文研究了热应激条件下乌骨鸡血液和不同组织器官脂质过氧化水平、抗氧化酶活性、酪氨酸酶活性、黑色素含量变化以及组织中与黑色素合成相关的重要基因表达变化。同时研究了日粮添加硒对这些指标的影响，从热应激－氧化应激－黑色素相关基因表达(α-MSH－MC1R－cAMP－TRP通路)－黑色素合成的角度在分子和整体水平上探讨热应激对乌骨鸡黑色素合成的影响和硒的调控作用。
选用45日龄健康、体重相近（P>0.05）的泰和乌骨鸡300只，随机分成5组，每组4个重复，每个重复15只鸡。5组为饲喂基础日粮的常温组和4个热应激处理组，热应激处理组分别饲喂基础饲粮添加0、0.3、0.5和0.7mg/kg硒的日粮。常温组饲养在24℃环境中，热应激组温度实施24℃—37℃—24℃日循环变化，持续处理21天。在热应激处理的第0、1、7、14和21天翅静脉采血，分离血清，并采集试验鸡的下丘脑、皮肤、胸肌、肝脏和肾脏，测定血清和组织相关生理生化指标、黑色素含量和相关基因表达。试验结果如下：
1.24℃—37℃—24℃日循环热应激显著降低热应激泰和乌骨鸡的平均日采食量（P<0.05或P<0.01），显著降低热应激8～14天平均日增重（P<0.01），热应激1～7天和15～21天平均日增重具有降低趋势，热应激条件下料重比具有升高趋势，但与常温组相比差异不显著（P>0.05）。日粮中添加0.3～0.7mg/kg硒显著地提高热应激条件下泰和乌骨鸡的平均日采食量（P<0.05），日粮添加硒对热应激条件下乌骨鸡日增重和料重比无显著影响（P>0.05）。热应激对泰和乌骨鸡血清三碘甲状腺原氨酸（T3）含量无显著影响，但显著地提高了热应激第1天和第7天血清CORT的含量（P<0.05），日粮添加硒对热应激条件下泰和乌骨鸡血清T3含量无显著影响（P>0.05），而日粮添加硒可一定程度地降低热应激条件下泰和乌骨鸡血清皮质醇（CORT）含量。热应激提高了各热应激时间点泰和乌骨鸡皮肤、胸肌和肝脏等组织中热休克蛋白70（HSP70） mRNA表达量，显著地提高了各热应激时间点泰和乌骨鸡皮肤、胸肌和肝脏等组织中HSP70的蛋白表达量。日粮添加硒不同程度地降低了皮肤、胸肌、肝脏HSP70mRNA表达量；日粮中添加硒一定程度地提高了其皮肤组织中HSP70的蛋白表达量，一定程度地降低热应激条件下泰和乌骨鸡胸肌和肝脏组织HSP70的蛋白表达量。
2.热应激不同程度降低泰和乌骨鸡皮肤、胸肌、肝脏和肾脏硒含量，显著降低热应激第1天和第7天胸肌硒含量（P<0.05）。日粮添加硒极显著提高了热应激条件下乌骨鸡肝脏、肾脏、皮肤、胸肌硒含量（P<0.01）。热应激极显著降低泰和乌骨鸡血清第1天清除O2·-能力和第14天血清抑制·OH能力（P<0.01）。日粮添加硒不同程度的提高热应激条件下乌骨鸡血清清除超氧阴离子能力和抑制羟自由基能力（P<0.05或P>0.05），日粮硒添加水平为0.3和0.5mg/kg时达到最佳值。热应激降低血清总抗氧化力（T-AOC）和谷胱甘肽（GSH）的含量（P<0.05）并不同程度降低肝、肾、皮肤和胸肌总超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性。日粮添加不同水平硒均可不同程度提高热应激下泰和乌骨鸡血清和各组织T-SOD、CAT和GSH-Px活性（P<0.05或P>0.05）。热应激显著提高第7天皮肤和胸肌丙二醛（MDA）含量（P<0.05），对其它热应激时间点各组织的MDA、H2O2、GSH含量和T-AOC无显著影响（P>0.05）。但日粮添加不同水平硒均可不同程度提高热应激下泰和乌骨鸡血清和组织GSH含量和T-AOC以及降低血清和组织MDA和H2O2含量（P<0.05或P>0.05）。以加硒0.3mg/kg-0.7mg/kg热应激处理组血清清除超氧阴离子能力和抑制羟自由基能力以及血清、各组织中T-SOD活性、CAT含量、GSH-Px活性、T-AOC活性和GSH含量最高，MDA含量H2O2含量最低（P<0.05）。
3.热应激具有降低泰和乌骨鸡下丘脑和血清α-黑素细胞刺激素（α-MSH）的含量的趋势，而日粮添加硒具有提高热应激乌骨鸡下丘脑和血清α-MSH的含量的趋势，日粮硒添加水平为0.5mg/kg时达到峰值。热应激具有降低乌骨鸡胸肌cAMP含量的趋势，日粮添加硒具有提高热应激条件下乌骨鸡胸肌含量cAMP的趋势。热应激降低乌骨鸡肝脏、皮肤和胸肌黑素皮质素受体1（MC1R）基因mRNA表达量，日粮添加硒可提高热应激条件下乌骨鸡这些组织MC1R基因mRNA表达，硒添加水平为0.5mg/kg时达到最大值。热应激具有降低泰和乌骨鸡组织α-MSH－MC1R－cAMP－TRP黑色素合成通路中α-MSH、MC1R和cAMP分泌、表达的趋势，而日粮添加适量硒可逆转持续高温应激对乌骨鸡黑色素合成相关分子的不利影响，其适宜添加量为0.5mg/kg。
4.热应激一定程度地降低了热应激条件下泰和乌骨鸡皮肤、胸肌和肝脏等组织中黑色素合成相关基因酪氨酸酶（TYR）、酪氨酸酶相关蛋白1（TYRP1）和酪氨酸酶相关蛋白2（TYRP2）的mRNA的表达量。日粮中添加硒具有提高热应激条件下泰和乌骨鸡皮肤、胸肌和肝脏等组织中黑色素合成相关基因TYR、TYRP1和TYRP2的mRNA的表达量的趋势，其表达量略高于常温组，其中日粮硒添加水平为0.3mg/kg和0.5mg/kg时效果较好。热应激极显著地降低了热应激条件下泰和乌骨鸡皮肤、胸肌和肝脏等组织中TYRP1的蛋白表达量，而日粮添加硒一定程度地提高了热应激条件下泰和乌骨鸡皮肤、胸肌和肝脏等组织中TYRP1的蛋白表达量（P<0.05或P<0.01），硒添加水平为0.5mg/kg时，TYRP1在各组织中的蛋白表达量最高（P<0.05或P<0.01）。热应激处一定程度地降低了热应激条件下泰和乌骨鸡皮肤、胸肌、肝脏和肾脏等组织酪氨酸酶活性和组织黑色素含量。日粮中添加硒可以一定程度地提高了热应激条件下泰和乌骨鸡皮肤、胸肌、肝脏和肾脏等组织酪氨酸酶活性和组织黑色素含量（P<0.05或P<0.01），其适宜添加量为0.3mg/kg和0.5mg/kg（P<0.05或P<0.01）。热应激降低泰和乌骨鸡组织中与黑色素合成相关的基因表达，并降低酪氨酸酶活性和组织黑色素合成，而日粮添加硒可缓解热应激对组织黑色素合成的不利影响，以添加0.5mg/kg硒效果较好。
综上结果：热应激会降低泰和乌骨鸡的生产性能并使其产生了一定程度的热应激效应，降低了泰和乌骨鸡抗氧化性能和组织中硒的含量，有降低泰和乌骨鸡组织α-MSH－MC1R－cAMP－TRP黑色素合成通路中α-MSH、MC1R和cAMP分泌、表达的趋势，导致黑色素合成相关基因的表达、乌骨鸡体内酪氨酸酶活性及黑色素的合成量下降。日粮中添加硒对热应激条件下的泰和乌骨生产性能具有一定的缓解和调节作用，可提高鸡机体的抗氧化能力和组织中硒的含量，逆转持续高温应激对乌骨鸡黑色素合成相关分子的不利影响，能较好的缓解热应激损伤。综合各指标，日粮硒最适宜添加量以0.5mg/kg-0.7mg/kg能缓解热应激对泰和乌骨鸡生产性能和黑色素合成的影响。
Taihe silky fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus brisson) is a special rare chicken withspecial nutritive and medicinal values, and is both consumed as a healthy food and usedparticularly as a kind of traditional Chinese medicine. The pharmacological property ofsilky fowl is mainly ascribable to the plentiful melanins distributed in its various internaltissues. The oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis is an important factor which affects melaninbiosynthesis in tissues. Research has demonstrated that oxidative stress resulted by heatstress is an important mediator for heat stress-induced damage. Whether heat stress couldinfluence melanin synthesis in tissues by affecting antioxidant capability of Taihe silkyfowls? The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of heat stress on melaninsynthesis in Taihe silky fowls and the regulation by selenium (Se) from the perspective ofheat stress-oxidative stress-melanin synthesis-related genes expression(α-MSH－MC1R－cAMP－TRP signaling pathway)-melanin synthesis. Experiments were conducted todetermine lipid peroxidation, antioxidative enzyme activity, tyrosinase activity, melanincontent and melanin synthesis-related genes expression in tissues fowls and effect ofdietary Se on these parameters in heat-stressed Taihe silky in this study.
A total of30045-day-old Taihe silky fowls were randomly allotted to5groups with4replicates per group and15birds per replicate. The birds were housed in atemperature-controlled room at either24℃(normal temperature, NT) or daily cyclichigh temperature24℃-37℃-24℃(heat stress treatment, HS) for21days. The birds werefed a corn-based basal diet (TN group) or the basal diet supplemented with0(HS),0.3(HS+0.3),0.5(HS+0.5) and0.7(HS+0.7) mg/kg Se. Blood, hypothalamus, skin, pectoralmuscle, liver and kidney were sampled from Taihe silky fowls for measurements forphysiological and biochemical parameters, melanin contents and gene expression on d0,1,7,14and21during the trial period. The results showed as follows:
1. Average daily feed intake (ADFI)(P<0.05or P<0.01) and average daily weightgain (ADG) on d8-14(P<0.01) were significantly decreased, and feed to gain ration(F/G) was increased by24℃—37℃—24℃cyclic heat stress during the experimentalperiod(P>0.05). Dietary Se supplementation significantly increased ADFI ofheat-stressed birds (P<0.05) as compared to heat-stressed birds fed basal diet. Nosignificant difference was observed between treatments with Se supplementation(P>0.05). ADG and F/G in heat-stressed birds were not influenced by dietary Sesupplementation (P>0.05). Serum T3concentration was not influenced by heat stress anddietary Se supplementation, but serum CORT concentration on d1and7during the trialperiod was significantly increased by cyclic heat stress (P<0.05). HSP70mRNA andprotein expression in skin, pectoral muscle and liver of Taihe silky fowls were increasedby heat stress, but decreased by dietary Se supplementation except for HSP70protein expression in skin.
2. Cyclic heat stress significantly reduced selenium contents in skin, kidney andpectoral muscle on d1(P<0.01), and liver on1and in pectoral muscle on d7(P<0.05)during the heat stress treatment period. Dietary Se supplementation significantlyincreased Se contents in these tissues of Taihe silky fowls under heat stress (P<0.01).Heat stress significantly depressed the ability of scavenging O2·-in serum on d1and theability of inhibiting·OH in serum on d14post-heat stress (P<0.01). Dietary Sesupplementation improved the abilities of scavenging O2·-and inhibiting·OH in serum toa certain extent ((P<0.05or P>0.05) with the optimum Se supplemental level being0.3and0.5mg/kg. Total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC) and glutathione (GSH) content inserum an total superoxide dismutase (T–SOD), catalase (CAT) activity, glutathioneperoxidase (GSH-Px) activity in liver, kidney, skin and pectoral muschle tended todecrease when compared with normal temperature group. Supplementation with Seimproved T-SOD, CAT and GSH-Px activities in serum and tissues of heat-stressed Taihesilky fowls (P<0.05or P>0.05). Malondialdehyde (MDA) content in skin and pectoralmuscle on d7during the trial period were increased by heat stress (P<0.05), whereasMDA, H2O2and GSH content and T-AOC in tissues on other heat stress treatment dayswere not influenced by heat stress (P>0.05). Dietary Se supplementation improved GSHcontent and T-AOC and reduced MDA and H2O2contents in serum and tissues ofheat-stressed birds (P<0.05or P>0.05). The maximal GSH content and T-AOC, and theminimal MDA and H2O2in serum, liver, kidney, skin and pectoral muscle ofheat-stressed birds were obtained when dietary Se supplemental level was0.5mg/kg.
3. Cyclic heat stress tended to reduce α-MSH content in hypothalamus and serum,and dietary Se supplementation tended to increase α-MSH content in these tissues withthe maximum amounts being observed in heat-stressed birds when dietary Sesupplemental level was0.5mg/kg. Heat stress tended to reduce cAMP content in pectoralmuscle, and dietary Se supplementation tended to increase the content in this tissue TheMC1R mRNA expression in liver, skin and pectoral muscle was decreased by heat stress,and dietary Se supplementation improved its expression in these tissues of Taihe silkyfowls exposed to long-term heat stress with the maximum expression being in0.5mg/kgSe supplementation birds. In conclusion, heat stress influenced α-MSH secretion andMC1R gene expression and then cAMP content which are associated with melaninbiosynthesis in Taihe silky fowls tissues. Dietary Se supplementation alleviates negativeeffects on these parameters caused by heat stress.
4. Cyclic heat stress reduced TYR, TYRP1and TYRP2mRNA expression in skin,pectoral muscle and liver of taihe silky fowls to a certain extent without significanteffects. Dietary Se supplementation tended to improved the mRNA expression of thesemelanin synthesin-related genes in tissues of heat-stressed birds with the better effects being observed when Se supplemental level was0.3~0.5mg/kg, in which the expressionwas higher than that of NT group. Cyclic heat stress significantly reduced TYRP1proteinexpression in skin, pectoral muscle and liver of Taihe silky fowls (P<0.05or P<0.01) ascompared to NT group, while dietary Se supplementation promoted its expression inthese tissues of heat-stressed birds in comparison with those of HS group (P<0.05orP<0.01). TYRP1protein expression in tissues of heat-stressed birds fed the dietssupplemented with Se was slightly lower on d1post-heat stress, and was higher than thatof NT group on d7,14and21post-heat stress with the highest expression beingobserved when Se supplemental level was0.5mg/kg (P<0.05or P<0.01). TYR activityand melanin contents in skin, pectoral muscle, liver and kidney were decreased to adifferent extent by cyclic heat stress, and were, however, increased with differentpotential by dietary Se supplementation at0.3and0.5mg/kg (P<0.05or P<0.01). Insummary, cyclic heat stress depresses melanin synthesis-related genes expression, andreduces TYR activity and melanin synthesis in tissues of Taihe silky fowls, whereasdietary supplementation with Se may alleviate the negative effects caused by heat stressand better beneficial effect can be obtained when Se supplemental level is0.5mg/kg.
In conclusion, heat stress reduced growth performance in Taihe silky fowls tissues,reduced antioxidant function and selenium contents in Taihe silky fowls tissues,heatstress influenced α-MSH secretion and MC1R gene expression and then cAMP contentwhich are associated with melanin biosynthesis in Taihe silky fowls tissues,heat stressdepresses melanin synthesis-related genes expression, and reduces TYR activity andmelanin synthesis in tissues of Taihe silky fowls. Dietary Se supplementation alleviatesnegative effects on these parameters caused by heat stress. So,dietary supplementationwith Se may alleviate the growth performance and melanin synthesis caused by heatstress when Se supplemental level is0.5mg/kg-0.7mg/kg.
选用45日龄健康、体重相近（P>0.05）的泰和乌骨鸡300只，随机分成5组，每组4个重复，每个重复15只鸡。5组为饲喂基础日粮的常温组和4个热应激处理组，热应激处理组分别饲喂基础饲粮添加0、0.3、0.5和0.7mg/kg硒的日粮。常温组饲养在24℃环境中，热应激组温度实施24℃—37℃—24℃日循环变化，持续处理21天。在热应激处理的第0、1、7、14和21天翅静脉采血，分离血清，并采集试验鸡的下丘脑、皮肤、胸肌、肝脏和肾脏，测定血清和组织相关生理生化指标、黑色素含量和相关基因表达。试验结果如下：
1.24℃—37℃—24℃日循环热应激显著降低热应激泰和乌骨鸡的平均日采食量（P<0.05或P<0.01），显著降低热应激8～14天平均日增重（P<0.01），热应激1～7天和15～21天平均日增重具有降低趋势，热应激条件下料重比具有升高趋势，但与常温组相比差异不显著（P>0.05）。日粮中添加0.3～0.7mg/kg硒显著地提高热应激条件下泰和乌骨鸡的平均日采食量（P<0.05），日粮添加硒对热应激条件下乌骨鸡日增重和料重比无显著影响（P>0.05）。热应激对泰和乌骨鸡血清三碘甲状腺原氨酸（T3）含量无显著影响，但显著地提高了热应激第1天和第7天血清CORT的含量（P<0.05），日粮添加硒对热应激条件下泰和乌骨鸡血清T3含量无显著影响（P>0.05），而日粮添加硒可一定程度地降低热应激条件下泰和乌骨鸡血清皮质醇（CORT）含量。热应激提高了各热应激时间点泰和乌骨鸡皮肤、胸肌和肝脏等组织中热休克蛋白70（HSP70） mRNA表达量，显著地提高了各热应激时间点泰和乌骨鸡皮肤、胸肌和肝脏等组织中HSP70的蛋白表达量。日粮添加硒不同程度地降低了皮肤、胸肌、肝脏HSP70mRNA表达量；日粮中添加硒一定程度地提高了其皮肤组织中HSP70的蛋白表达量，一定程度地降低热应激条件下泰和乌骨鸡胸肌和肝脏组织HSP70的蛋白表达量。
2.热应激不同程度降低泰和乌骨鸡皮肤、胸肌、肝脏和肾脏硒含量，显著降低热应激第1天和第7天胸肌硒含量（P<0.05）。日粮添加硒极显著提高了热应激条件下乌骨鸡肝脏、肾脏、皮肤、胸肌硒含量（P<0.01）。热应激极显著降低泰和乌骨鸡血清第1天清除O2·-能力和第14天血清抑制·OH能力（P<0.01）。日粮添加硒不同程度的提高热应激条件下乌骨鸡血清清除超氧阴离子能力和抑制羟自由基能力（P<0.05或P>0.05），日粮硒添加水平为0.3和0.5mg/kg时达到最佳值。热应激降低血清总抗氧化力（T-AOC）和谷胱甘肽（GSH）的含量（P<0.05）并不同程度降低肝、肾、皮肤和胸肌总超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性。日粮添加不同水平硒均可不同程度提高热应激下泰和乌骨鸡血清和各组织T-SOD、CAT和GSH-Px活性（P<0.05或P>0.05）。热应激显著提高第7天皮肤和胸肌丙二醛（MDA）含量（P<0.05），对其它热应激时间点各组织的MDA、H2O2、GSH含量和T-AOC无显著影响（P>0.05）。但日粮添加不同水平硒均可不同程度提高热应激下泰和乌骨鸡血清和组织GSH含量和T-AOC以及降低血清和组织MDA和H2O2含量（P<0.05或P>0.05）。以加硒0.3mg/kg-0.7mg/kg热应激处理组血清清除超氧阴离子能力和抑制羟自由基能力以及血清、各组织中T-SOD活性、CAT含量、GSH-Px活性、T-AOC活性和GSH含量最高，MDA含量H2O2含量最低（P<0.05）。
3.热应激具有降低泰和乌骨鸡下丘脑和血清α-黑素细胞刺激素（α-MSH）的含量的趋势，而日粮添加硒具有提高热应激乌骨鸡下丘脑和血清α-MSH的含量的趋势，日粮硒添加水平为0.5mg/kg时达到峰值。热应激具有降低乌骨鸡胸肌cAMP含量的趋势，日粮添加硒具有提高热应激条件下乌骨鸡胸肌含量cAMP的趋势。热应激降低乌骨鸡肝脏、皮肤和胸肌黑素皮质素受体1（MC1R）基因mRNA表达量，日粮添加硒可提高热应激条件下乌骨鸡这些组织MC1R基因mRNA表达，硒添加水平为0.5mg/kg时达到最大值。热应激具有降低泰和乌骨鸡组织α-MSH－MC1R－cAMP－TRP黑色素合成通路中α-MSH、MC1R和cAMP分泌、表达的趋势，而日粮添加适量硒可逆转持续高温应激对乌骨鸡黑色素合成相关分子的不利影响，其适宜添加量为0.5mg/kg。
4.热应激一定程度地降低了热应激条件下泰和乌骨鸡皮肤、胸肌和肝脏等组织中黑色素合成相关基因酪氨酸酶（TYR）、酪氨酸酶相关蛋白1（TYRP1）和酪氨酸酶相关蛋白2（TYRP2）的mRNA的表达量。日粮中添加硒具有提高热应激条件下泰和乌骨鸡皮肤、胸肌和肝脏等组织中黑色素合成相关基因TYR、TYRP1和TYRP2的mRNA的表达量的趋势，其表达量略高于常温组，其中日粮硒添加水平为0.3mg/kg和0.5mg/kg时效果较好。热应激极显著地降低了热应激条件下泰和乌骨鸡皮肤、胸肌和肝脏等组织中TYRP1的蛋白表达量，而日粮添加硒一定程度地提高了热应激条件下泰和乌骨鸡皮肤、胸肌和肝脏等组织中TYRP1的蛋白表达量（P<0.05或P<0.01），硒添加水平为0.5mg/kg时，TYRP1在各组织中的蛋白表达量最高（P<0.05或P<0.01）。热应激处一定程度地降低了热应激条件下泰和乌骨鸡皮肤、胸肌、肝脏和肾脏等组织酪氨酸酶活性和组织黑色素含量。日粮中添加硒可以一定程度地提高了热应激条件下泰和乌骨鸡皮肤、胸肌、肝脏和肾脏等组织酪氨酸酶活性和组织黑色素含量（P<0.05或P<0.01），其适宜添加量为0.3mg/kg和0.5mg/kg（P<0.05或P<0.01）。热应激降低泰和乌骨鸡组织中与黑色素合成相关的基因表达，并降低酪氨酸酶活性和组织黑色素合成，而日粮添加硒可缓解热应激对组织黑色素合成的不利影响，以添加0.5mg/kg硒效果较好。
综上结果：热应激会降低泰和乌骨鸡的生产性能并使其产生了一定程度的热应激效应，降低了泰和乌骨鸡抗氧化性能和组织中硒的含量，有降低泰和乌骨鸡组织α-MSH－MC1R－cAMP－TRP黑色素合成通路中α-MSH、MC1R和cAMP分泌、表达的趋势，导致黑色素合成相关基因的表达、乌骨鸡体内酪氨酸酶活性及黑色素的合成量下降。日粮中添加硒对热应激条件下的泰和乌骨生产性能具有一定的缓解和调节作用，可提高鸡机体的抗氧化能力和组织中硒的含量，逆转持续高温应激对乌骨鸡黑色素合成相关分子的不利影响，能较好的缓解热应激损伤。综合各指标，日粮硒最适宜添加量以0.5mg/kg-0.7mg/kg能缓解热应激对泰和乌骨鸡生产性能和黑色素合成的影响。
Taihe silky fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus brisson) is a special rare chicken withspecial nutritive and medicinal values, and is both consumed as a healthy food and usedparticularly as a kind of traditional Chinese medicine. The pharmacological property ofsilky fowl is mainly ascribable to the plentiful melanins distributed in its various internaltissues. The oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis is an important factor which affects melaninbiosynthesis in tissues. Research has demonstrated that oxidative stress resulted by heatstress is an important mediator for heat stress-induced damage. Whether heat stress couldinfluence melanin synthesis in tissues by affecting antioxidant capability of Taihe silkyfowls? The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of heat stress on melaninsynthesis in Taihe silky fowls and the regulation by selenium (Se) from the perspective ofheat stress-oxidative stress-melanin synthesis-related genes expression(α-MSH－MC1R－cAMP－TRP signaling pathway)-melanin synthesis. Experiments were conducted todetermine lipid peroxidation, antioxidative enzyme activity, tyrosinase activity, melanincontent and melanin synthesis-related genes expression in tissues fowls and effect ofdietary Se on these parameters in heat-stressed Taihe silky in this study.
A total of30045-day-old Taihe silky fowls were randomly allotted to5groups with4replicates per group and15birds per replicate. The birds were housed in atemperature-controlled room at either24℃(normal temperature, NT) or daily cyclichigh temperature24℃-37℃-24℃(heat stress treatment, HS) for21days. The birds werefed a corn-based basal diet (TN group) or the basal diet supplemented with0(HS),0.3(HS+0.3),0.5(HS+0.5) and0.7(HS+0.7) mg/kg Se. Blood, hypothalamus, skin, pectoralmuscle, liver and kidney were sampled from Taihe silky fowls for measurements forphysiological and biochemical parameters, melanin contents and gene expression on d0,1,7,14and21during the trial period. The results showed as follows:
1. Average daily feed intake (ADFI)(P<0.05or P<0.01) and average daily weightgain (ADG) on d8-14(P<0.01) were significantly decreased, and feed to gain ration(F/G) was increased by24℃—37℃—24℃cyclic heat stress during the experimentalperiod(P>0.05). Dietary Se supplementation significantly increased ADFI ofheat-stressed birds (P<0.05) as compared to heat-stressed birds fed basal diet. Nosignificant difference was observed between treatments with Se supplementation(P>0.05). ADG and F/G in heat-stressed birds were not influenced by dietary Sesupplementation (P>0.05). Serum T3concentration was not influenced by heat stress anddietary Se supplementation, but serum CORT concentration on d1and7during the trialperiod was significantly increased by cyclic heat stress (P<0.05). HSP70mRNA andprotein expression in skin, pectoral muscle and liver of Taihe silky fowls were increasedby heat stress, but decreased by dietary Se supplementation except for HSP70protein expression in skin.
2. Cyclic heat stress significantly reduced selenium contents in skin, kidney andpectoral muscle on d1(P<0.01), and liver on1and in pectoral muscle on d7(P<0.05)during the heat stress treatment period. Dietary Se supplementation significantlyincreased Se contents in these tissues of Taihe silky fowls under heat stress (P<0.01).Heat stress significantly depressed the ability of scavenging O2·-in serum on d1and theability of inhibiting·OH in serum on d14post-heat stress (P<0.01). Dietary Sesupplementation improved the abilities of scavenging O2·-and inhibiting·OH in serum toa certain extent ((P<0.05or P>0.05) with the optimum Se supplemental level being0.3and0.5mg/kg. Total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC) and glutathione (GSH) content inserum an total superoxide dismutase (T–SOD), catalase (CAT) activity, glutathioneperoxidase (GSH-Px) activity in liver, kidney, skin and pectoral muschle tended todecrease when compared with normal temperature group. Supplementation with Seimproved T-SOD, CAT and GSH-Px activities in serum and tissues of heat-stressed Taihesilky fowls (P<0.05or P>0.05). Malondialdehyde (MDA) content in skin and pectoralmuscle on d7during the trial period were increased by heat stress (P<0.05), whereasMDA, H2O2and GSH content and T-AOC in tissues on other heat stress treatment dayswere not influenced by heat stress (P>0.05). Dietary Se supplementation improved GSHcontent and T-AOC and reduced MDA and H2O2contents in serum and tissues ofheat-stressed birds (P<0.05or P>0.05). The maximal GSH content and T-AOC, and theminimal MDA and H2O2in serum, liver, kidney, skin and pectoral muscle ofheat-stressed birds were obtained when dietary Se supplemental level was0.5mg/kg.
3. Cyclic heat stress tended to reduce α-MSH content in hypothalamus and serum,and dietary Se supplementation tended to increase α-MSH content in these tissues withthe maximum amounts being observed in heat-stressed birds when dietary Sesupplemental level was0.5mg/kg. Heat stress tended to reduce cAMP content in pectoralmuscle, and dietary Se supplementation tended to increase the content in this tissue TheMC1R mRNA expression in liver, skin and pectoral muscle was decreased by heat stress,and dietary Se supplementation improved its expression in these tissues of Taihe silkyfowls exposed to long-term heat stress with the maximum expression being in0.5mg/kgSe supplementation birds. In conclusion, heat stress influenced α-MSH secretion andMC1R gene expression and then cAMP content which are associated with melaninbiosynthesis in Taihe silky fowls tissues. Dietary Se supplementation alleviates negativeeffects on these parameters caused by heat stress.
4. Cyclic heat stress reduced TYR, TYRP1and TYRP2mRNA expression in skin,pectoral muscle and liver of taihe silky fowls to a certain extent without significanteffects. Dietary Se supplementation tended to improved the mRNA expression of thesemelanin synthesin-related genes in tissues of heat-stressed birds with the better effects being observed when Se supplemental level was0.3~0.5mg/kg, in which the expressionwas higher than that of NT group. Cyclic heat stress significantly reduced TYRP1proteinexpression in skin, pectoral muscle and liver of Taihe silky fowls (P<0.05or P<0.01) ascompared to NT group, while dietary Se supplementation promoted its expression inthese tissues of heat-stressed birds in comparison with those of HS group (P<0.05orP<0.01). TYRP1protein expression in tissues of heat-stressed birds fed the dietssupplemented with Se was slightly lower on d1post-heat stress, and was higher than thatof NT group on d7,14and21post-heat stress with the highest expression beingobserved when Se supplemental level was0.5mg/kg (P<0.05or P<0.01). TYR activityand melanin contents in skin, pectoral muscle, liver and kidney were decreased to adifferent extent by cyclic heat stress, and were, however, increased with differentpotential by dietary Se supplementation at0.3and0.5mg/kg (P<0.05or P<0.01). Insummary, cyclic heat stress depresses melanin synthesis-related genes expression, andreduces TYR activity and melanin synthesis in tissues of Taihe silky fowls, whereasdietary supplementation with Se may alleviate the negative effects caused by heat stressand better beneficial effect can be obtained when Se supplemental level is0.5mg/kg.
In conclusion, heat stress reduced growth performance in Taihe silky fowls tissues,reduced antioxidant function and selenium contents in Taihe silky fowls tissues,heatstress influenced α-MSH secretion and MC1R gene expression and then cAMP contentwhich are associated with melanin biosynthesis in Taihe silky fowls tissues,heat stressdepresses melanin synthesis-related genes expression, and reduces TYR activity andmelanin synthesis in tissues of Taihe silky fowls. Dietary Se supplementation alleviatesnegative effects on these parameters caused by heat stress. So,dietary supplementationwith Se may alleviate the growth performance and melanin synthesis caused by heatstress when Se supplemental level is0.5mg/kg-0.7mg/kg.
引文
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