高速光纤波分复用系统中偏振模色散研究
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摘要
偏振模色散被认为是光纤通信系统传输容量和传输性能的最终限制因素，对偏振模色散的深入认识以及如何消除其影响，是高速率和长距离光纤通信系统发展的一个重要内容。是当前国际上光纤通信领域研究的热点之一。
我国对偏振模色散的研究起步较晚，主要集中于偏振模色散测量方法的研究，以及分析偏振模色散对系统的影响。分析的理论模型限于单信道通信系统，对于波分复用系统中偏振模色散的研究还很少见。基于此本文把研究重点放在波分复用系统中的偏振模色散上，建立了波分复用系统中分析偏振模色散的数学模型，作为分析波分复用系统中偏振模色散的理论前提，为本文后面的仿真工作打下了理论基础。
本文采用分步傅立叶变换法求解耦合非线性薛定谔方程，对偏振模色散进行了数值模拟。通过数值解四波长波分复用系统的耦合非线性薛定谔方程，分析偏振模色散、信道间隔、入射功率对波分复用系统的综合影响，得到如下结论：偏振模色散限制了信道间隔，信道间隔越小，偏振模色散对系统的影响越大；入射功率的大小同样影响偏振模色散对系统作用的效果；另外，本文将孤子传输控制技术——滑频滤波器技术应用于波分复用系统，通过数值仿真，结果表明这种技术可以有效地抑制偏振模色散。
本文提出利用光脉冲传输自身特性抑制偏振模色散的方案，通过分析各种因素引起的啁啾，证实了这种方案的可行性；最后分析了交叉相位调制效应对波分复用系统中一阶偏振模色散补偿的影响。
Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) is regarded as a severe, ultimate limitation in optical communication systems. The inner comprehension to it and how to reduce its impacts is a vital subject in the development of high speed and long haul optical communication systems, which has become one hot reach topics of optical fiber communication systems.
In China the research on PMD mainly concentrates upon the measurements and the effects on the communication systems, whereas the model to analyze PMD limits in single channel systems and the study of PMD in wavelength-divided-multiplexing (WDM) systems seldom appears in papers. Based on this the thesis emphasizes on PMD in WDM systems. The model to analyze PMD in WDM systems is established, which is the premise of the numerical simulation.
In this thesis the coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equation is solved by means of split-step Fourier transform. The coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equation in four-channel WDM system is numerically solved and the effects of PMD on WDM system are analyzed, then the effects of channel separation and input power on WDM systems are analyzed synthetically. Conclusion is that PMD limits the channel separation, the shorter the channel separation, the more the effects, simultaneously input power may affect on the system. In addition, in this dissertation sliding-frequency filter is used in WDM system for the first time, and the numerical simulation shows that this method can restrain PMD effectively.
One method is put forward to restrain PMD, i.e. the characters of optical pulse transmission. During optical pulse transmission several factors result in chirp, and the theory of this scheme is explained in physics, the feasibility of this method is also proved. Finally the effect of XPM on first-order PMD compensation in WDM systems is analyzed.
我国对偏振模色散的研究起步较晚，主要集中于偏振模色散测量方法的研究，以及分析偏振模色散对系统的影响。分析的理论模型限于单信道通信系统，对于波分复用系统中偏振模色散的研究还很少见。基于此本文把研究重点放在波分复用系统中的偏振模色散上，建立了波分复用系统中分析偏振模色散的数学模型，作为分析波分复用系统中偏振模色散的理论前提，为本文后面的仿真工作打下了理论基础。
本文采用分步傅立叶变换法求解耦合非线性薛定谔方程，对偏振模色散进行了数值模拟。通过数值解四波长波分复用系统的耦合非线性薛定谔方程，分析偏振模色散、信道间隔、入射功率对波分复用系统的综合影响，得到如下结论：偏振模色散限制了信道间隔，信道间隔越小，偏振模色散对系统的影响越大；入射功率的大小同样影响偏振模色散对系统作用的效果；另外，本文将孤子传输控制技术——滑频滤波器技术应用于波分复用系统，通过数值仿真，结果表明这种技术可以有效地抑制偏振模色散。
本文提出利用光脉冲传输自身特性抑制偏振模色散的方案，通过分析各种因素引起的啁啾，证实了这种方案的可行性；最后分析了交叉相位调制效应对波分复用系统中一阶偏振模色散补偿的影响。
Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) is regarded as a severe, ultimate limitation in optical communication systems. The inner comprehension to it and how to reduce its impacts is a vital subject in the development of high speed and long haul optical communication systems, which has become one hot reach topics of optical fiber communication systems.
In China the research on PMD mainly concentrates upon the measurements and the effects on the communication systems, whereas the model to analyze PMD limits in single channel systems and the study of PMD in wavelength-divided-multiplexing (WDM) systems seldom appears in papers. Based on this the thesis emphasizes on PMD in WDM systems. The model to analyze PMD in WDM systems is established, which is the premise of the numerical simulation.
In this thesis the coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equation is solved by means of split-step Fourier transform. The coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equation in four-channel WDM system is numerically solved and the effects of PMD on WDM system are analyzed, then the effects of channel separation and input power on WDM systems are analyzed synthetically. Conclusion is that PMD limits the channel separation, the shorter the channel separation, the more the effects, simultaneously input power may affect on the system. In addition, in this dissertation sliding-frequency filter is used in WDM system for the first time, and the numerical simulation shows that this method can restrain PMD effectively.
One method is put forward to restrain PMD, i.e. the characters of optical pulse transmission. During optical pulse transmission several factors result in chirp, and the theory of this scheme is explained in physics, the feasibility of this method is also proved. Finally the effect of XPM on first-order PMD compensation in WDM systems is analyzed.
引文
[1] Bouthinon M , Monllor C, Chilo J. Electromagnetic waves for ferromagnetic conducting plates. Physica status solidi, 1973, 19(1): 279～287
[2] Poole C D, Wagner R E. Phenomenological approach to polarization dispersion in long single-mode fibers. Electron. Lett., 1986, 22 (19): 1024～1030
[3] Jopson R M, Eisenstein G, Hail K L etal. Polarization-dependent gain spectrum of a 1.5 um traveling-wave optical amplifier. Electron. Lett., 1986, 22 (21): 1105～1107
[4] Poole C D, Bergano N S., Wanger R E et al. Polarization mode dispersion and principal states in a 147-Km undersea lightwave cable. J. Iightwave tech., 2000, 6(7): 1185～1190
[5] Ono T, Yamazki S, Shimizu H et al. Polarization mode dispersion influence in optical transmission systems. J. Lightwave Technol., 1994, 12(5): 891～898
[6] Heffner, B L Automated measurement of polarization mode dispersion using Jones matrix eigenanalysis. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.,1992, 4(9): 1066～1069
[7] Foschini G J and Poole C D. Statistical theory of polarization dispersion in single mode fibers. J. Lightwave Technol., 1991, 9(11): 1439～1456
[8] Lanne S, Idler W, Thiery J P et al. Fully automatic PMD compensation at 40Gbit/s. Electron.let., 2002, 38(1): 40～41
[9] Hok Y P, Kumar P, Benyuan Z et al. An adaptive first-order polarization mode dispersion scrambling: theory and demonstration. J. lightwave tech., 2000, 18(6): 832～841
[10] Poole C D, David L F. Polarization-mode dispersion measurements based on transmission spectra through a polarizer. J.lightwave tech., 1994, 12(6): 917～929
[11] Poole C D. Measurement of polarization-mode dispersion in single-mode fibers with random mode coupling. Opt. lett., 1989, 14(10):523～526
[12] Magus K, Jonas B. Autocorrelation function of the polarization mode dispersion vector. Opt. lett., 1999, 24(14): 939～941
[13] 汤树成， 陶峰，李唐军．用琼斯矩阵本征分析法测量单模光纤偏振模色散．现代有线传输，2001，(3)：18～21
[14] Namihira Y, Maeda J. Comparison of various polarization mode dispersion measurement methods in optical fibers. Eletron. Lett., 1992, 28 (25): 2265～2266
[15] 龚岩栋，关雅莉，文冀萍等．用波长扫描法测量光纤偏振模色散及其研究．电子学报，1997，25(11)：82～84
[16] 高育选，萧越，李懋循．偏振模色散对单模光纤的影响．半导体光电，2000，21(1)：1～5
[17] Penninckx D, Lanne S. Reducing PMD impairments, in: Conference Optical Fiber communication, Techinical digesr series, 2001, 54(2): TuP1/1～TuP1/4
[18] Sunnerud H, Karlaaon M, Andrekson P A et al. Analytical theory for PMD compensation. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 2000, 12(1): 50～52
[19] Park K J, Kim H , Lee J H et al. Polarisation-mode dispersion monitoring technique based on polarization scrambling. Electron. lett.,2002, 38(2): 83～85
[20] Ivan T L J, Reza K, Paniz E et al. Comparison of polarization mode dispersion emulators. J. Lightwave tech., 2001, 19(12): 1872～1881
[21] 邓祖煜．单模光纤的偏振模色散和测试方法．现代有线传输，1998，(1)：5～8
[22] 邹林森，雷非．用光谱分析法测量单模光纤的偏振模色散．通信学报，1999，20(3)：75～78
[23] 刘秀敏，李朝阳，李荣华等．偏振复用孤子测量差分群时延．半导体光电，2001，22(5)：331～334
[24] 沈晓强，邵钟浩，于娟．光纤链路偏振模色散统计特性的数值仿真．光通信研究，2003，(1)：39～42
[25] 郭淑琴，杨荣草，周国生等．偏振模色散对200Gbit／s零路径色散控制光纤链的影响．中国激光，2002，29(5)：429～432
[26] Gisin N, Von der Weid J P, Pellaux J E Polarization mode dispersion of short and long single mode fibers. J. Lightwave Technol.,1991, 9(7): 821～827
[27] Gisin N , Passy R , Von der Weid J P. Definitions and measurements of polarization mode dispersion: interferometric versus fixed analyzer methods.
Photonics Technology lett., 1994, 6(6): 730～732
[28] Gisin N, Pellaux J P. Polarization mode dispersion: time versus frequency domain. Optics Commun., 1992, 89(2): 316～323
[29] Galtarossa A, Matera F, Schiano M. Polarization mode dispersion in long single-mode fiber links: A review. Fiber and integrated Optics, 1994, 13(2): 215～229
[30] 沈晓强．光纤偏振模色散：[南京邮电学院硕士学位论文]，2003
[31] 薛梦驰，陈述，俞根娥．单模光纤偏振模色散(PMD)的理论．光通信技术，1999．23(2)：119～125
[32] 王延恒．光纤通信技术基础．天津大学出版社．1990，41～52
[33] Lignie M C, Nagel H.G.J. Large polarization mode dispersion in fiber optic cables. J. Lightwave Technol., 1994, 12(8):1325～1329
[34] Jeunhomme L B著．周洋溢 译．单模纤维光纤原理与应用，广西师范大学
[35] Suetsugu Y, Kato T, Kakui M et al. Effects of random mode coupling on polarization mode dispersion and power penalty in single-mode fiber systems. Optical Fiber Technol., 1994, (1):81～86
[36] Heffner, B L. Accurate, automated measurement of differential group delay dispersion and principal state variation using Jones matrix eigenanalysis. IEEE Photonics Technology Lett., 1993,5(7): 816-817
[37] Shieh W. Principle states of polarization for an optical pulse. IEEE Photo. Technol. Lett., 1996, 11(6):677～679
[38] Penninkx D, Morenas V. Jones matrix of polarization mode dispersion. Opt. Lett., 1999, (24):875～877
[39] 刘剑飞，于晋龙，王剑等．偏振模色散引起的脉冲展宽对接收灵敏度及频谱的影响．光学学报，2003，23(2)：188～191
[40] Govind P. Agrawal. Nonlinear Fiber Optics. San Diego: Academic Press,1989.
[41] Nam Q.Ngo, Le N.Binh, Xiada Dai. Optical dispersion eigen compensators for high-speed Long-haul IM/DD lightwave systems:computer simulation. J.Lightwave Technol., 1996,14(10):2097～2116
[42] Knox M, Forysiak W, Doran N J. 10Gbit/s soliton communication systems ove standard fiber at 1550nm and the use of dispersion compensation. IEEE/OSA J. Lightwave Technol., 1997, (13): 1995～1961
[43] 宋海燕．DWDM系统中光纤的重要参数及优化．电信科学，2002，(8)：53～56
[44] Mecozzi A, Moores J D, Haus A et al. Modulation and filtering control of soliton transmission. J. Op Soc Am B,1992, 9(8): 1350～1357
[45] Ono T, Yamazaki S, Shimizu H et al. Polarization control method for suppressing polarization mode dispersion influence in optic transmission systems. J.Lightwave Tech, 1994,12(5): 891～898
[2] Poole C D, Wagner R E. Phenomenological approach to polarization dispersion in long single-mode fibers. Electron. Lett., 1986, 22 (19): 1024～1030
[3] Jopson R M, Eisenstein G, Hail K L etal. Polarization-dependent gain spectrum of a 1.5 um traveling-wave optical amplifier. Electron. Lett., 1986, 22 (21): 1105～1107
[4] Poole C D, Bergano N S., Wanger R E et al. Polarization mode dispersion and principal states in a 147-Km undersea lightwave cable. J. Iightwave tech., 2000, 6(7): 1185～1190
[5] Ono T, Yamazki S, Shimizu H et al. Polarization mode dispersion influence in optical transmission systems. J. Lightwave Technol., 1994, 12(5): 891～898
[6] Heffner, B L Automated measurement of polarization mode dispersion using Jones matrix eigenanalysis. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.,1992, 4(9): 1066～1069
[7] Foschini G J and Poole C D. Statistical theory of polarization dispersion in single mode fibers. J. Lightwave Technol., 1991, 9(11): 1439～1456
[8] Lanne S, Idler W, Thiery J P et al. Fully automatic PMD compensation at 40Gbit/s. Electron.let., 2002, 38(1): 40～41
[9] Hok Y P, Kumar P, Benyuan Z et al. An adaptive first-order polarization mode dispersion scrambling: theory and demonstration. J. lightwave tech., 2000, 18(6): 832～841
[10] Poole C D, David L F. Polarization-mode dispersion measurements based on transmission spectra through a polarizer. J.lightwave tech., 1994, 12(6): 917～929
[11] Poole C D. Measurement of polarization-mode dispersion in single-mode fibers with random mode coupling. Opt. lett., 1989, 14(10):523～526
[12] Magus K, Jonas B. Autocorrelation function of the polarization mode dispersion vector. Opt. lett., 1999, 24(14): 939～941
[13] 汤树成， 陶峰，李唐军．用琼斯矩阵本征分析法测量单模光纤偏振模色散．现代有线传输，2001，(3)：18～21
[14] Namihira Y, Maeda J. Comparison of various polarization mode dispersion measurement methods in optical fibers. Eletron. Lett., 1992, 28 (25): 2265～2266
[15] 龚岩栋，关雅莉，文冀萍等．用波长扫描法测量光纤偏振模色散及其研究．电子学报，1997，25(11)：82～84
[16] 高育选，萧越，李懋循．偏振模色散对单模光纤的影响．半导体光电，2000，21(1)：1～5
[17] Penninckx D, Lanne S. Reducing PMD impairments, in: Conference Optical Fiber communication, Techinical digesr series, 2001, 54(2): TuP1/1～TuP1/4
[18] Sunnerud H, Karlaaon M, Andrekson P A et al. Analytical theory for PMD compensation. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 2000, 12(1): 50～52
[19] Park K J, Kim H , Lee J H et al. Polarisation-mode dispersion monitoring technique based on polarization scrambling. Electron. lett.,2002, 38(2): 83～85
[20] Ivan T L J, Reza K, Paniz E et al. Comparison of polarization mode dispersion emulators. J. Lightwave tech., 2001, 19(12): 1872～1881
[21] 邓祖煜．单模光纤的偏振模色散和测试方法．现代有线传输，1998，(1)：5～8
[22] 邹林森，雷非．用光谱分析法测量单模光纤的偏振模色散．通信学报，1999，20(3)：75～78
[23] 刘秀敏，李朝阳，李荣华等．偏振复用孤子测量差分群时延．半导体光电，2001，22(5)：331～334
[24] 沈晓强，邵钟浩，于娟．光纤链路偏振模色散统计特性的数值仿真．光通信研究，2003，(1)：39～42
[25] 郭淑琴，杨荣草，周国生等．偏振模色散对200Gbit／s零路径色散控制光纤链的影响．中国激光，2002，29(5)：429～432
[26] Gisin N, Von der Weid J P, Pellaux J E Polarization mode dispersion of short and long single mode fibers. J. Lightwave Technol.,1991, 9(7): 821～827
[27] Gisin N , Passy R , Von der Weid J P. Definitions and measurements of polarization mode dispersion: interferometric versus fixed analyzer methods.
Photonics Technology lett., 1994, 6(6): 730～732
[28] Gisin N, Pellaux J P. Polarization mode dispersion: time versus frequency domain. Optics Commun., 1992, 89(2): 316～323
[29] Galtarossa A, Matera F, Schiano M. Polarization mode dispersion in long single-mode fiber links: A review. Fiber and integrated Optics, 1994, 13(2): 215～229
[30] 沈晓强．光纤偏振模色散：[南京邮电学院硕士学位论文]，2003
[31] 薛梦驰，陈述，俞根娥．单模光纤偏振模色散(PMD)的理论．光通信技术，1999．23(2)：119～125
[32] 王延恒．光纤通信技术基础．天津大学出版社．1990，41～52
[33] Lignie M C, Nagel H.G.J. Large polarization mode dispersion in fiber optic cables. J. Lightwave Technol., 1994, 12(8):1325～1329
[34] Jeunhomme L B著．周洋溢 译．单模纤维光纤原理与应用，广西师范大学
[35] Suetsugu Y, Kato T, Kakui M et al. Effects of random mode coupling on polarization mode dispersion and power penalty in single-mode fiber systems. Optical Fiber Technol., 1994, (1):81～86
[36] Heffner, B L. Accurate, automated measurement of differential group delay dispersion and principal state variation using Jones matrix eigenanalysis. IEEE Photonics Technology Lett., 1993,5(7): 816-817
[37] Shieh W. Principle states of polarization for an optical pulse. IEEE Photo. Technol. Lett., 1996, 11(6):677～679
[38] Penninkx D, Morenas V. Jones matrix of polarization mode dispersion. Opt. Lett., 1999, (24):875～877
[39] 刘剑飞，于晋龙，王剑等．偏振模色散引起的脉冲展宽对接收灵敏度及频谱的影响．光学学报，2003，23(2)：188～191
[40] Govind P. Agrawal. Nonlinear Fiber Optics. San Diego: Academic Press,1989.
[41] Nam Q.Ngo, Le N.Binh, Xiada Dai. Optical dispersion eigen compensators for high-speed Long-haul IM/DD lightwave systems:computer simulation. J.Lightwave Technol., 1996,14(10):2097～2116
[42] Knox M, Forysiak W, Doran N J. 10Gbit/s soliton communication systems ove standard fiber at 1550nm and the use of dispersion compensation. IEEE/OSA J. Lightwave Technol., 1997, (13): 1995～1961
[43] 宋海燕．DWDM系统中光纤的重要参数及优化．电信科学，2002，(8)：53～56
[44] Mecozzi A, Moores J D, Haus A et al. Modulation and filtering control of soliton transmission. J. Op Soc Am B,1992, 9(8): 1350～1357
[45] Ono T, Yamazaki S, Shimizu H et al. Polarization control method for suppressing polarization mode dispersion influence in optic transmission systems. J.Lightwave Tech, 1994,12(5): 891～898