人工湿地预处理引黄水库水的试验研究
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摘要
黄河流域内有50多个城市利用黄河水作为城市供水水源,在这些城市中,有的是直接从黄河取水作为城市供水原水,而大部分城市为解决黄河断流、洪峰、结冰以及水污染等影响城市正常供水的问题,修建了调蓄水库,在黄河水量足、水质好并且能够取水时,将黄河水提升到储蓄水库,保障城市连续稳定供水。经过对沿黄引黄水库的水质调查发现,近年来各水库普遍存在不同程度的水质超标问题,其中以耗氧量和总氮超标最突出。水的高耗氧量表明水已经受到有机物污染,其危害,一是造成饮用水感官指标变差,出现嗅味和浑浊等现象;二是引发传染病等疾病,人畜饮用会导致疾病;三是导致自来水中产生三致物质,如三卤甲烷等。而另一方面,随着人们生活水平的提高,对饮用水水质要求却越来越高,2007年7月1日,我国颁布了新的《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749—2006),检测指标从35项提高到了106项。目前我国给水处理工艺基本上采用混凝、沉淀、过滤和消毒工艺,该处理工艺的出水水质很难满足新的《生活饮用水卫生标准》,因此研究开发微污染水源,特别是受到有机污染的水源的新型给水处理技术与工艺是当务之急。
研究针对耗氧量和总氮超标的引黄水库水,采用人工湿地预处理,以降低原水中的耗氧量和总氮,减小后续工艺的处理负荷。考察了推流、往复流潜流和表流三种人工湿地对引黄水库水中耗氧量和总氮的处理效能;分析了人工湿地预处理引黄水库水的影响因素,从改善人工湿地生态系统条件的角度研究如何提高人工湿地系统的处理效能;通过对水中污染物在人工湿地系统中的去除规律、影响因素、植物生物量、氮、磷含量变化及人工湿地的基质分析,研究人工湿地去除污染物的机理,提出了人工湿地去除有机物、总氮和总磷的动力学模型;研究了人工湿地中微生物特征,筛选出了具有较强降解水中污染物性能的菌种,并通过DGGE技术探讨了微生物在人工湿地中的变化规律。
研究结果表明:人工湿地对微污染原水中的污染物有较好的处理效能,往复流、推流以及表流人工湿地对原水中耗氧量的去除率分别在31.37%~58.12%、27.10%~57.65%、17.10%~34.45%,往复流潜流人工湿地较推流潜流人工湿地处理效能稍好,而表流人工湿地的处理效能较差。三种人工湿地对原水中TN去除率大致与对耗氧量的去除率相当。在试验期,对TP的去除率在45%~80%之间。通过对往复流和推流两套潜流人工湿地处理不同污染物的规律研究建立了两套动力学模型。水力停留时间(HRT)对人工湿地去除污染物的效能影响较大;温度对人工湿地去除耗氧量、TN的影响较大。人工湿地处理微污染原水时,沿水流方向耗氧量、TN浓度、TP浓度逐渐降低,其中人工湿地前1/3床体的去除效能较好,约占整个系统总去除率的50%。潜流人工湿地中不同水体深度污染物的去除效能也不同,人工湿地床体上部去除效能好于中部,中部好于下部。人工湿地处理微污染原水的过程中,植物根系和基质的过滤、截留发挥了很大作用。研究表明,在推流、往复流潜流人工湿地和表流人工湿地中,微生物对污染物的去除起到重要作用,其对耗氧量的去除率在41%~51%之间,硝化菌的硝化速率介于0.642~0.689mg.L~(-1).d~(-1)之间,反硝化菌的反硝化速率为0.778~ 0.83mgL~(-1).d~(-1),聚磷菌的聚磷率在65%~88%之间。PCR-DGGE分析结果表明,人工湿地系统中前端微生物的种类和活性高于后端。
根据试验结果,利用推流式潜流人工湿地处理规模为10万m3/d引黄水库微污染水,每m3制水成本约为0.022元。
More than 50 cities along the Yellow River Valley rely on the river as their drinking water source. Among those cities, some directly take water from the Yellow River as the raw water, while most of them build reservoirs to prevent water-supply problems such as discontinuous flow, flood peak, freezing and water pollution. To do so, the Yellow River water was lifted into the reservoirs when the water supply is sufficient and the water quality is good and stable. The results of the investigations on the Yellow River reservoirs showed that the water quality of some reservoirs is far beyond the standard and the most prominent problem is the exceeding of dissolved oxgen (DO)and total nitrogen( TN). The high oxygen consumption of water indicates that the raw water has already been polluted by organic matters, which will result in a bad sensory index for the drinking water such as bad odor and turbidity. Furthermore, it can cause infectious disease for the people and livestock. Also, it is a factor to lead to the harmful substances, such as THMs. On the other hand, with the improvement of people’s living standard, the demand for the drinking water quality is becoming prompted. New Standards for Drinking Water Quality (GB5749-2006) was issued in our country on July 1st, 2007, in which the analysis indexes were increased from 35 items to 106 items. Currently, the water treatment process in China is generally composed of the coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection., which is difficult to meet the new standards. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new water treatment technologies and processes for micro-polluted water sources, especially for water sources polluted by organic matters.
To deal with the Yellow River reservoirs whose oxygen consumption (CODMn) and total nitrogen( TN) indexes exceeding the standards, this study explored the constructed wetland technology for pretreatment to low CODMn and TN of the raw water and reduce the treatment load of the following processes. This study surveyed the treatment effect of such three constructed wetlands as push-subsurface-flow, reciprocating subsurface flow, and surface flow on CODMn and TN in the reservoirs. The influence factors of constructed wetlands pretreatment on the raw water were also analyzed. The methods of improving the treatment effect of the wetland system were further studied by adjusting the running conditions of wetland systems. The mechanisms of pollutants removal with the constructed wetlands were discussed based on the research of removal laws, the influence factors, plant biomass, changes of nitrogen and phosphorus concentration and substrate analysis of the constructed wetlands. The reaction dynamics models of organics, total nitrogen and total phosphorus removal with constructed wetlands were built. The bacteria with stronger degradation on the pollutants of constructed wetlands were selected and the characteristics of microbes were studied in detail. DGGE technology was applied to detect the change laws of microbes in the constructed wetlands.
The results showed that the constructed wetland had a good removal efficiency on pollutants of the micro-polluted raw water. CODMn removal efficiency by reciprocating subsurface flow, push-subsurface-flow and surface flow constructed wetland were 31.37%~58.12%, 27.10%~57.65% and 17.10%~34.45% respectively. The performance of reciprocating subsurface flow constructed wetland was better compared with push-subsurface-flow constructed wetland and the surface flow constructed wetland had little effect. The TN and CODMn removal efficiency in raw water with the three sets of constructed wetlands were almost equal. During the experiment period, the TP removal efficiency ranged from 45% to 80%. Based on the study of the law of pollutants removal with the two sets of reciprocating subsurface flow and push-subsurface-flow constructed wetland, two sets of dynamics models were constructed. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) had a significant influence on the effect of pollutants for the constructed wetlands. The temperature had a great influence on oxygen consumption, TN removal. When the micro-polluted raw water were pretreated with the constructed wetlands, the CODMn, TN and TP gradually reduced along the water flow direction,. The removal effect of the first 1/3 bed of the wetlands was better, which accounted for 50% of the total removal rate of the whole system. The removal effects of the pollutants were different in different water depth in the subsurface flow constructed wetlands. The removal effect of upper part of the wetland bed was better than that of the middle part which was better than that of the lower part. During the treatment of the micro-polluted raw water by the constructed wetland, the filtration and trapping of plant roots and substrate played an important role.
Results also indicated that, among the reciprocating subsurface flow, push-subsurface-flow and surface flow constructed wetland, the microbes played an important role in the removal of pollutants. The removal efficiency of CODMn was 41%~51%, while the nitration rate of the nitrobacteria was 0.642~0.689mg.L~(-1).d~(-1) and the denitrification rate of the denitrifying bacteria was 0.778~0.83mgL~(-1).d~(-1). The polyphosphate accumulation rate of PAO was 65%~88%. The analytical results of PCR-DGGE technology revealed that the microbial activity at the front end was higher than that at the back end.
According to the results of the study, the cost to run a push-subsurface-flow constructed wetland to pretreat micro-polluted water from Yellow River reservoirs was calculated and the cost to pretreat 1m3 raw water with a capability of 100,000 tons/day was about 0.022 Yuan RMB.
研究针对耗氧量和总氮超标的引黄水库水,采用人工湿地预处理,以降低原水中的耗氧量和总氮,减小后续工艺的处理负荷。考察了推流、往复流潜流和表流三种人工湿地对引黄水库水中耗氧量和总氮的处理效能;分析了人工湿地预处理引黄水库水的影响因素,从改善人工湿地生态系统条件的角度研究如何提高人工湿地系统的处理效能;通过对水中污染物在人工湿地系统中的去除规律、影响因素、植物生物量、氮、磷含量变化及人工湿地的基质分析,研究人工湿地去除污染物的机理,提出了人工湿地去除有机物、总氮和总磷的动力学模型;研究了人工湿地中微生物特征,筛选出了具有较强降解水中污染物性能的菌种,并通过DGGE技术探讨了微生物在人工湿地中的变化规律。
研究结果表明:人工湿地对微污染原水中的污染物有较好的处理效能,往复流、推流以及表流人工湿地对原水中耗氧量的去除率分别在31.37%~58.12%、27.10%~57.65%、17.10%~34.45%,往复流潜流人工湿地较推流潜流人工湿地处理效能稍好,而表流人工湿地的处理效能较差。三种人工湿地对原水中TN去除率大致与对耗氧量的去除率相当。在试验期,对TP的去除率在45%~80%之间。通过对往复流和推流两套潜流人工湿地处理不同污染物的规律研究建立了两套动力学模型。水力停留时间(HRT)对人工湿地去除污染物的效能影响较大;温度对人工湿地去除耗氧量、TN的影响较大。人工湿地处理微污染原水时,沿水流方向耗氧量、TN浓度、TP浓度逐渐降低,其中人工湿地前1/3床体的去除效能较好,约占整个系统总去除率的50%。潜流人工湿地中不同水体深度污染物的去除效能也不同,人工湿地床体上部去除效能好于中部,中部好于下部。人工湿地处理微污染原水的过程中,植物根系和基质的过滤、截留发挥了很大作用。研究表明,在推流、往复流潜流人工湿地和表流人工湿地中,微生物对污染物的去除起到重要作用,其对耗氧量的去除率在41%~51%之间,硝化菌的硝化速率介于0.642~0.689mg.L~(-1).d~(-1)之间,反硝化菌的反硝化速率为0.778~ 0.83mgL~(-1).d~(-1),聚磷菌的聚磷率在65%~88%之间。PCR-DGGE分析结果表明,人工湿地系统中前端微生物的种类和活性高于后端。
根据试验结果,利用推流式潜流人工湿地处理规模为10万m3/d引黄水库微污染水,每m3制水成本约为0.022元。
More than 50 cities along the Yellow River Valley rely on the river as their drinking water source. Among those cities, some directly take water from the Yellow River as the raw water, while most of them build reservoirs to prevent water-supply problems such as discontinuous flow, flood peak, freezing and water pollution. To do so, the Yellow River water was lifted into the reservoirs when the water supply is sufficient and the water quality is good and stable. The results of the investigations on the Yellow River reservoirs showed that the water quality of some reservoirs is far beyond the standard and the most prominent problem is the exceeding of dissolved oxgen (DO)and total nitrogen( TN). The high oxygen consumption of water indicates that the raw water has already been polluted by organic matters, which will result in a bad sensory index for the drinking water such as bad odor and turbidity. Furthermore, it can cause infectious disease for the people and livestock. Also, it is a factor to lead to the harmful substances, such as THMs. On the other hand, with the improvement of people’s living standard, the demand for the drinking water quality is becoming prompted. New Standards for Drinking Water Quality (GB5749-2006) was issued in our country on July 1st, 2007, in which the analysis indexes were increased from 35 items to 106 items. Currently, the water treatment process in China is generally composed of the coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection., which is difficult to meet the new standards. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new water treatment technologies and processes for micro-polluted water sources, especially for water sources polluted by organic matters.
To deal with the Yellow River reservoirs whose oxygen consumption (CODMn) and total nitrogen( TN) indexes exceeding the standards, this study explored the constructed wetland technology for pretreatment to low CODMn and TN of the raw water and reduce the treatment load of the following processes. This study surveyed the treatment effect of such three constructed wetlands as push-subsurface-flow, reciprocating subsurface flow, and surface flow on CODMn and TN in the reservoirs. The influence factors of constructed wetlands pretreatment on the raw water were also analyzed. The methods of improving the treatment effect of the wetland system were further studied by adjusting the running conditions of wetland systems. The mechanisms of pollutants removal with the constructed wetlands were discussed based on the research of removal laws, the influence factors, plant biomass, changes of nitrogen and phosphorus concentration and substrate analysis of the constructed wetlands. The reaction dynamics models of organics, total nitrogen and total phosphorus removal with constructed wetlands were built. The bacteria with stronger degradation on the pollutants of constructed wetlands were selected and the characteristics of microbes were studied in detail. DGGE technology was applied to detect the change laws of microbes in the constructed wetlands.
The results showed that the constructed wetland had a good removal efficiency on pollutants of the micro-polluted raw water. CODMn removal efficiency by reciprocating subsurface flow, push-subsurface-flow and surface flow constructed wetland were 31.37%~58.12%, 27.10%~57.65% and 17.10%~34.45% respectively. The performance of reciprocating subsurface flow constructed wetland was better compared with push-subsurface-flow constructed wetland and the surface flow constructed wetland had little effect. The TN and CODMn removal efficiency in raw water with the three sets of constructed wetlands were almost equal. During the experiment period, the TP removal efficiency ranged from 45% to 80%. Based on the study of the law of pollutants removal with the two sets of reciprocating subsurface flow and push-subsurface-flow constructed wetland, two sets of dynamics models were constructed. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) had a significant influence on the effect of pollutants for the constructed wetlands. The temperature had a great influence on oxygen consumption, TN removal. When the micro-polluted raw water were pretreated with the constructed wetlands, the CODMn, TN and TP gradually reduced along the water flow direction,. The removal effect of the first 1/3 bed of the wetlands was better, which accounted for 50% of the total removal rate of the whole system. The removal effects of the pollutants were different in different water depth in the subsurface flow constructed wetlands. The removal effect of upper part of the wetland bed was better than that of the middle part which was better than that of the lower part. During the treatment of the micro-polluted raw water by the constructed wetland, the filtration and trapping of plant roots and substrate played an important role.
Results also indicated that, among the reciprocating subsurface flow, push-subsurface-flow and surface flow constructed wetland, the microbes played an important role in the removal of pollutants. The removal efficiency of CODMn was 41%~51%, while the nitration rate of the nitrobacteria was 0.642~0.689mg.L~(-1).d~(-1) and the denitrification rate of the denitrifying bacteria was 0.778~0.83mgL~(-1).d~(-1). The polyphosphate accumulation rate of PAO was 65%~88%. The analytical results of PCR-DGGE technology revealed that the microbial activity at the front end was higher than that at the back end.
According to the results of the study, the cost to run a push-subsurface-flow constructed wetland to pretreat micro-polluted water from Yellow River reservoirs was calculated and the cost to pretreat 1m3 raw water with a capability of 100,000 tons/day was about 0.022 Yuan RMB.
引文
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