“中华第一井”遗址工程勘察技术与渗流稳定性研究
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摘要
“中华第一井”遗址是第五批国家重点文物保护单位,它是近百年来秦代考古最重要的发现之一,被誉为“进入21世纪以来最重大的发现之一”。然而,遗址自2002年部分发掘以来,改变了原来相对封闭的赋存环境,产生了各种环境地质病害,如渗水、发掘坑壁坍塌等,必须采取工程措施对遗址进行保护。同时,酉水河下游距遗址36.77km处碗米坡水库的蓄水,对遗址区存在很不利的影响。若不采取紧急措施进行抢救性保护,一号井将面临着被毁灭的威胁,抢救“中华第一井”刻不容缓。
抢救“中华第一井”遗址必须解决防渗防涝问题和井壁、井口坍塌的问题,同时必须防治其它各种环境地质病害。国内外未见其它遗址对文物井的防渗防涝保护研究先例、国内外其它遗址没有变水动力条件下文物防渗防涝保护研究、没有针对动水位下遗址文物的安全发掘深度和发掘方案优化研究。
本研究始终遵循文物保护利用的系统工程观念、保护和展示协调一致的观念,主要研究了遗址区工程地质条件、遗址工程的渗流机理、遗址稳定性和遗址保护对策。通过综合勘探,指出了现有的防渗防涝工程是失效的,确定了遗址区护城河及古池塘未发掘部分的空间分布。研究中研制开发了一种取芯轻便触探仪及其工艺,在确定与护城河和古池塘类似的古遗址的位置及深度时,该方法集物探的“保护文物”、钻探的“准确、直观”和轻便触探的“快速、轻便、不受电磁干扰和成本低廉”的优点于一身,具有传统方法不可比拟的优势。在遗址区工程勘察的基础上,首次对碗米坡水库蓄水及水位变化对遗址区的影响进行了深入系统的研究,得出了影响发掘安全的主要因素,确定了安全发掘深度,并对发掘方案进行了优化,评价了遗址发掘过程中护城河的击穿问题,并指出了护城壕和一号古井的危险部位。通过整个遗址区工程地质条件详细研究,针对具体条件提出了新的防渗防涝综合对策。这些研究成果对“中华第一井”遗址的保护、发掘和利用将具有深远的意义,其研究成果和方法对文物保护、防渗防涝、边坡分析、工程勘察、工程物探等方面的研究具有一定参考意义。
“No.1 Well in China” site, one of the most important discoveries on Qin dynastyarchaeology during the recent century, one of the greatest findings in the 21st century,belongs to the fifth batch of the state key cultural relic units. Because the relativelyclose preserving surroundings in the past have been changed by the local excavationsince 2002, kinds of environmental geological disasters in the site, such as seepageand pit-wall collapse, are led that must be taken engineering measures to conquer. Inaddition, some very bad effects to the site will be made by the swelling in YoushuiRiver because of Wanmipo reservoir downstream 36.77km away from the site. No.1Well is threatened by extermination without emergency measures to salvage, so theprotection for the well has no time to delay.
To salvage the site, the seepage and waterlog must be prevented from, and thecollapse of the wall and mouth of No.1 Well must be avoided. In the meantime otherenvironmental geological disasters should be cured. Overseas or at home, no examplefor research on preventing seepage & waterlog from site well except for this site, noexample for research on preventing seepage & waterlog from any site under proteanwater power, and no example for research on safe exhumation depth or optimalexhumation scheme in any site.
The systemic protection & use of cultural relic and the consistent preserve &exhibition of cultural relic are carried through this research. The engineeringgeological condition, the seepage mechanism, the stability and protecting measures ofthe site are studied in this research. Comprehensive exploration shows that theexisting seepage-proof engineering is not all-around and makes certain the spatiallocation of moat and unexcavated ancient pond in the site. A set of equipments andprocess for sampling cone test are developed to determine the positions of ancientsites like moats and ancient ponds, putting respective merits together including theinnocuity to cultural relic of physiological exploration, the precision and intuition ofdrilling, the speediness, portability, and low cost of portable cone test withoutelectromagnetic interference, unmatchable to traditional reconnaissance means. For
the first time, on the basis of site reconnaissance, the effects on site under the proteanwater powers of Wanmipo Reservoir are studied systemically, the main factorsdangerous to exhumation are found out, the safe exhumation depths are determined,the optimal exhumation scheme is projected, the puncturing possibility is evaluated,and the dangerous parts in the moat and No.1 Well are pointed out. By traversing theengineering geological conditions in the whole site, a set of new integrated protectingmeasures are brought forward to prevent from seepage & waterlog under the statusquo of the site. These protecting measures have far-reaching significance to preserve,exhume and utilize the site. These achievements and methods in this research can beused for reference in researches on cultural relic preservation, guarding againstinfiltration & waterlog, slope analysis, reconnaissance and geophysical explorationetc.
抢救“中华第一井”遗址必须解决防渗防涝问题和井壁、井口坍塌的问题,同时必须防治其它各种环境地质病害。国内外未见其它遗址对文物井的防渗防涝保护研究先例、国内外其它遗址没有变水动力条件下文物防渗防涝保护研究、没有针对动水位下遗址文物的安全发掘深度和发掘方案优化研究。
本研究始终遵循文物保护利用的系统工程观念、保护和展示协调一致的观念,主要研究了遗址区工程地质条件、遗址工程的渗流机理、遗址稳定性和遗址保护对策。通过综合勘探,指出了现有的防渗防涝工程是失效的,确定了遗址区护城河及古池塘未发掘部分的空间分布。研究中研制开发了一种取芯轻便触探仪及其工艺,在确定与护城河和古池塘类似的古遗址的位置及深度时,该方法集物探的“保护文物”、钻探的“准确、直观”和轻便触探的“快速、轻便、不受电磁干扰和成本低廉”的优点于一身,具有传统方法不可比拟的优势。在遗址区工程勘察的基础上,首次对碗米坡水库蓄水及水位变化对遗址区的影响进行了深入系统的研究,得出了影响发掘安全的主要因素,确定了安全发掘深度,并对发掘方案进行了优化,评价了遗址发掘过程中护城河的击穿问题,并指出了护城壕和一号古井的危险部位。通过整个遗址区工程地质条件详细研究,针对具体条件提出了新的防渗防涝综合对策。这些研究成果对“中华第一井”遗址的保护、发掘和利用将具有深远的意义,其研究成果和方法对文物保护、防渗防涝、边坡分析、工程勘察、工程物探等方面的研究具有一定参考意义。
“No.1 Well in China” site, one of the most important discoveries on Qin dynastyarchaeology during the recent century, one of the greatest findings in the 21st century,belongs to the fifth batch of the state key cultural relic units. Because the relativelyclose preserving surroundings in the past have been changed by the local excavationsince 2002, kinds of environmental geological disasters in the site, such as seepageand pit-wall collapse, are led that must be taken engineering measures to conquer. Inaddition, some very bad effects to the site will be made by the swelling in YoushuiRiver because of Wanmipo reservoir downstream 36.77km away from the site. No.1Well is threatened by extermination without emergency measures to salvage, so theprotection for the well has no time to delay.
To salvage the site, the seepage and waterlog must be prevented from, and thecollapse of the wall and mouth of No.1 Well must be avoided. In the meantime otherenvironmental geological disasters should be cured. Overseas or at home, no examplefor research on preventing seepage & waterlog from site well except for this site, noexample for research on preventing seepage & waterlog from any site under proteanwater power, and no example for research on safe exhumation depth or optimalexhumation scheme in any site.
The systemic protection & use of cultural relic and the consistent preserve &exhibition of cultural relic are carried through this research. The engineeringgeological condition, the seepage mechanism, the stability and protecting measures ofthe site are studied in this research. Comprehensive exploration shows that theexisting seepage-proof engineering is not all-around and makes certain the spatiallocation of moat and unexcavated ancient pond in the site. A set of equipments andprocess for sampling cone test are developed to determine the positions of ancientsites like moats and ancient ponds, putting respective merits together including theinnocuity to cultural relic of physiological exploration, the precision and intuition ofdrilling, the speediness, portability, and low cost of portable cone test withoutelectromagnetic interference, unmatchable to traditional reconnaissance means. For
the first time, on the basis of site reconnaissance, the effects on site under the proteanwater powers of Wanmipo Reservoir are studied systemically, the main factorsdangerous to exhumation are found out, the safe exhumation depths are determined,the optimal exhumation scheme is projected, the puncturing possibility is evaluated,and the dangerous parts in the moat and No.1 Well are pointed out. By traversing theengineering geological conditions in the whole site, a set of new integrated protectingmeasures are brought forward to prevent from seepage & waterlog under the statusquo of the site. These protecting measures have far-reaching significance to preserve,exhume and utilize the site. These achievements and methods in this research can beused for reference in researches on cultural relic preservation, guarding againstinfiltration & waterlog, slope analysis, reconnaissance and geophysical explorationetc.
引文
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