贵州喀斯特地区人类活动的洞穴动物效应——以黔西红林地区为例
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摘要
贵州作为中国乃至世界喀斯特分布面积最大片区的中心区，发育着一套最典型、显著的喀斯特洞穴，其结构复杂、类型多样，洞穴动物颇具特色。因此，世界喀斯特许多理论问题都有赖于中国南部喀斯特的研究而得到解决。这正是中外项目合作研究的基点，也是中国在洞穴动物研究的热点和闪光点。长期以来，由于人类对洞穴动物及其价值认识的不足，以致于人类的生产、生活活动影响已经达到或超过了洞穴动物的耐受力。人类直接和间接地对洞穴内外环境进行破坏、污染，致使洞穴的物能循环面貌和性质发生改变，各类型动物的自然组合和功能产生畸形，打破了动物与环境的自然协调关系，动物多样性发生明显变化，这对动物和人类环境都造成了重大损失。
根据贵州喀斯特洞内外环境和国内外洞穴动物研究现状，运用喀斯特学、环境学、生态学、动物学以及人地关系等相关理论，采取点面结合，特殊与一般结合，系统与要素结合，实查与访问结合，理论与实验结合的方法，选择贵阳、安顺、平坝、红林等人类活动强度大的区域进行面上动物和环境的调查，选择红林地区代表性的洞穴对洞内外环境、物种多样性及群落现状、动物对环境的适应等进行对比研究，理论分析人类活动对洞穴动物的影响和客观评判人类活动的洞穴动物效应与动物开发潜力。
理论分析表明，凡是能够引起地表和洞穴岩石、空气、水、土壤、生物等变化的一切人类活动都不可避免地使洞穴动物在分子、细胞器、细胞、组织、器官、系统、个体、种群、群落和生态系统各级层次上产生效应，这些效应具体表现在影响洞穴动物形态建成、行为、组织结构、新陈代谢、时空分布、生物节律、种群和群落结构、食物链结构、生物关系、种群和群落多样性以及各层次所表现的功能的多少、快慢、强弱等方面。
案例研究显示，定点调查地区的洞穴动物在人类活动的干扰下：种类组成与分布发生变化，蚊蝇类动物的数量发生变化，蝙蝠数量趋减与位移或迁移和红点髭蟾蝌蚪的数量与个体大小发生变异，蝙蝠致死与斑灶马形态发生变异，动物群落类型发生变化，生物关系发生变异，蝙蝠的生态功能削弱，动物产生特殊的适应形式。同时，研究还表明：调查洞穴的物种多样性与人口密度、水质成负相关；在一定范围内，物种多样性与化肥施用量、
土壤肥力成正相关，超过一定的值则成负相关;在人类对地表植被的高强度作用下，物种
多样性与植被覆盖率的相关性不明显;蚊蝇数量与土壤肥力基本上呈正相关;斑灶马数量
与植物种数呈正相关，斑灶马数量与在一定水质范围内与水质呈负相关，与土壤肥力呈负
相关;群落数与水质和土壤肥力、蚊蝇数量与水质都不能表现较好的相关性;研究认为，
可以选择斑灶马、蝙蝠、蚊蝇、红点囊蟾(或有尾类)、鱼类等作为指示动物对洞穴环境进
行监测。鉴于红林地区洞穴动物景观的特殊性—种类不丰富，数量少，且受人类活动的
影响大，该区动物尚不具备开发的潜力。相反，应加强区域洞穴和洞外环境的保护，以利
于保存和丰富洞穴的生物多样性。由于当地政府加大了退耕还林和植树造林的力度，地区
洞穴动物负面效应可望好转。
Guizhou, a province of southwest China, is located in the central part of the biggest karst area in China and even in the world, where lots of caves are developed with typical characteristics, complicated structure, various types and special cave animals. Therefore, answers to many karst theoretical problems in the world depend on the research of southern China karst, as is a basis for the cooperation between China and other countries, and also a hot and bright spot in the light of cave animal study for China. Due to inadequate understanding to cave animals and their value, effect of human's living and producing activities, for a long time, is close to or overruns the bearing capacity of cave animals. Human being, directly or indirectly, has made damage and pollution to cave animals, which leads to the change of flow and cycle of material and energy in cave, malformation of natural compounding and function of cave animals, destruction of harmonious state between cave animals and their environment, obvious ch
ange of cave animal's diversity, and they are momentous loss to both human being and cave animals.
According to the environment features inside and outside caves in Guizhou and current development of cave creature study home and abroad, making use of karstology, environment science, ecology, zoology and the theory of human-land relation, and through combining microscale with macroscale, component with system, field investigation with interview, and theory with experiment, the author chooses Guiyang, Anshun, Pingba and Honglin, where human activities are frequent and strong, to make a macroscopical investigation on animals and environment, and selects some typical caves in Honglin to make a comparison study on environment features inside and outside the caves, biodiversity and present situation of plant society, and adaptability of cave animals to environment, and analyzes theoretically the effects of human activities on the cave animals and evaluates objectively the development potential of cave animal resource.
The theoretical analysis shows that any human activities, responsible for the changes of rock, air, water, soil and biology inside or outside the caves, will influence inevitably cave
animals in terms of such levels as molecule, cell organelle, cell, tissue, organ, system, individual, population, society and ecosystem. These effects can be observed on cave animal's shape-building, activity, tissue structure, metabolism, space-time distribution, biothythm, structure of population and society, food chain, bio-relation, diversity of population and society, and function of the above-mentioned levels.
The case study shows that the compounding and distribution of the cave animals has changed under the interference of human activities in the studied area, in detail, the change of the amount of such animals as mosquito and fly, the reduction of the amount of bat, the aberrance of the amount and body size of Oreolalaxrhohostig metu stadpole, the death of bat, the shape change of Diestrammena marmorata, the change of population and community, the change of bio-relation, the weakening of eco-function, and some special adaptive form. Meanwhile, the study also shows that the diversity of studied cave animals is inversely proportional to human population density and water quality; and bio-diversity, to some extent, is proportional to soil fertility and amount of chemical fertilizer, but inversely when excessive; the correlativity between bio-diversity and vegetation cover rate is not obvious, when ground vegetation is strongly interfered by human being; the amount of Diestrammena marmorata is proportional to the d
iversity of plant, and inversely proportional to soil fertility, and in a way, to water quality; and the correlativity between community and water quality and soil fertility, and between water quality and the amount of mosquito and fly, is not as good as expected. The author points out that Diestrammena marmorata, bat, mosquito, fly, Oreolalaxrhohostig metus (or Cudata), and fish can be ch
根据贵州喀斯特洞内外环境和国内外洞穴动物研究现状，运用喀斯特学、环境学、生态学、动物学以及人地关系等相关理论，采取点面结合，特殊与一般结合，系统与要素结合，实查与访问结合，理论与实验结合的方法，选择贵阳、安顺、平坝、红林等人类活动强度大的区域进行面上动物和环境的调查，选择红林地区代表性的洞穴对洞内外环境、物种多样性及群落现状、动物对环境的适应等进行对比研究，理论分析人类活动对洞穴动物的影响和客观评判人类活动的洞穴动物效应与动物开发潜力。
理论分析表明，凡是能够引起地表和洞穴岩石、空气、水、土壤、生物等变化的一切人类活动都不可避免地使洞穴动物在分子、细胞器、细胞、组织、器官、系统、个体、种群、群落和生态系统各级层次上产生效应，这些效应具体表现在影响洞穴动物形态建成、行为、组织结构、新陈代谢、时空分布、生物节律、种群和群落结构、食物链结构、生物关系、种群和群落多样性以及各层次所表现的功能的多少、快慢、强弱等方面。
案例研究显示，定点调查地区的洞穴动物在人类活动的干扰下：种类组成与分布发生变化，蚊蝇类动物的数量发生变化，蝙蝠数量趋减与位移或迁移和红点髭蟾蝌蚪的数量与个体大小发生变异，蝙蝠致死与斑灶马形态发生变异，动物群落类型发生变化，生物关系发生变异，蝙蝠的生态功能削弱，动物产生特殊的适应形式。同时，研究还表明：调查洞穴的物种多样性与人口密度、水质成负相关；在一定范围内，物种多样性与化肥施用量、
土壤肥力成正相关，超过一定的值则成负相关;在人类对地表植被的高强度作用下，物种
多样性与植被覆盖率的相关性不明显;蚊蝇数量与土壤肥力基本上呈正相关;斑灶马数量
与植物种数呈正相关，斑灶马数量与在一定水质范围内与水质呈负相关，与土壤肥力呈负
相关;群落数与水质和土壤肥力、蚊蝇数量与水质都不能表现较好的相关性;研究认为，
可以选择斑灶马、蝙蝠、蚊蝇、红点囊蟾(或有尾类)、鱼类等作为指示动物对洞穴环境进
行监测。鉴于红林地区洞穴动物景观的特殊性—种类不丰富，数量少，且受人类活动的
影响大，该区动物尚不具备开发的潜力。相反，应加强区域洞穴和洞外环境的保护，以利
于保存和丰富洞穴的生物多样性。由于当地政府加大了退耕还林和植树造林的力度，地区
洞穴动物负面效应可望好转。
Guizhou, a province of southwest China, is located in the central part of the biggest karst area in China and even in the world, where lots of caves are developed with typical characteristics, complicated structure, various types and special cave animals. Therefore, answers to many karst theoretical problems in the world depend on the research of southern China karst, as is a basis for the cooperation between China and other countries, and also a hot and bright spot in the light of cave animal study for China. Due to inadequate understanding to cave animals and their value, effect of human's living and producing activities, for a long time, is close to or overruns the bearing capacity of cave animals. Human being, directly or indirectly, has made damage and pollution to cave animals, which leads to the change of flow and cycle of material and energy in cave, malformation of natural compounding and function of cave animals, destruction of harmonious state between cave animals and their environment, obvious ch
ange of cave animal's diversity, and they are momentous loss to both human being and cave animals.
According to the environment features inside and outside caves in Guizhou and current development of cave creature study home and abroad, making use of karstology, environment science, ecology, zoology and the theory of human-land relation, and through combining microscale with macroscale, component with system, field investigation with interview, and theory with experiment, the author chooses Guiyang, Anshun, Pingba and Honglin, where human activities are frequent and strong, to make a macroscopical investigation on animals and environment, and selects some typical caves in Honglin to make a comparison study on environment features inside and outside the caves, biodiversity and present situation of plant society, and adaptability of cave animals to environment, and analyzes theoretically the effects of human activities on the cave animals and evaluates objectively the development potential of cave animal resource.
The theoretical analysis shows that any human activities, responsible for the changes of rock, air, water, soil and biology inside or outside the caves, will influence inevitably cave
animals in terms of such levels as molecule, cell organelle, cell, tissue, organ, system, individual, population, society and ecosystem. These effects can be observed on cave animal's shape-building, activity, tissue structure, metabolism, space-time distribution, biothythm, structure of population and society, food chain, bio-relation, diversity of population and society, and function of the above-mentioned levels.
The case study shows that the compounding and distribution of the cave animals has changed under the interference of human activities in the studied area, in detail, the change of the amount of such animals as mosquito and fly, the reduction of the amount of bat, the aberrance of the amount and body size of Oreolalaxrhohostig metu stadpole, the death of bat, the shape change of Diestrammena marmorata, the change of population and community, the change of bio-relation, the weakening of eco-function, and some special adaptive form. Meanwhile, the study also shows that the diversity of studied cave animals is inversely proportional to human population density and water quality; and bio-diversity, to some extent, is proportional to soil fertility and amount of chemical fertilizer, but inversely when excessive; the correlativity between bio-diversity and vegetation cover rate is not obvious, when ground vegetation is strongly interfered by human being; the amount of Diestrammena marmorata is proportional to the d
iversity of plant, and inversely proportional to soil fertility, and in a way, to water quality; and the correlativity between community and water quality and soil fertility, and between water quality and the amount of mosquito and fly, is not as good as expected. The author points out that Diestrammena marmorata, bat, mosquito, fly, Oreolalaxrhohostig metus (or Cudata), and fish can be ch
引文
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