动物寄生蠕虫的生物学与流行学的比较研究
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摘要
本论文包括两个部分:
1河南省蝙蝠消化道寄生蠕虫:
从2005年4月至2007年2月对河南省蝙蝠进行野外调查,采集13个产地454只蝙蝠,隶属于3科8属18种,雄性230只,雌性224只。通过蝙蝠的解剖,发现蝙蝠消化道内感染的蠕虫有吸虫、绦虫和线虫。其中吸虫13种,隶属于3科6属,梨形肠前腺吸虫和微棘刺囊吸虫为我国新纪录;绦虫3种,隶属于1科1属,东北蝙蝠绦虫为我国新记录;线虫3种,隶属于3科3属,比勒陀利亚圆钩线虫为我国新记录。
吸虫结构描述中,对平睾肠前腺吸虫的腹吸盘开口结构和生殖孔开口位置及中孔属排泄囊的形态进行了重新描述。吸虫的分布和感染方面,朝鲜斜睾吸虫为河南省广泛分布种,平睾肠前腺吸虫和中孔吸虫未定种的分布范围较为狭窄。吸虫感染率较高的是朝鲜斜睾吸虫和中孔吸虫未定种,分别是24.01%和17.40%;平均感染强度较高的是瓮形肠前腺吸虫、平睾肠前腺吸虫和中孔吸虫未定种,平均强度分别是77.9条、21.7条和14.33条。河南省不同产地中,济源市的蝙蝠感染吸虫的感染率较高,达到70.97%,桐柏县和新县分别为45.00%和45.71%。5种吸虫的11条ITS序列分析表明,朝鲜斜睾吸虫在不同宿主和不同产地中出现分化。斜睾科和枝腺科的亲缘关系较近。
蝙蝠感染绦虫的数量相对较少,感染率较高的是垦丁蝙蝠绦虫,受感染较高的蝙蝠是马铁菊头蝠。
线虫的调查结果表明:河南省线虫种类较少,本文仅发现3种,但蝙蝠总体感染线虫的感染率较高。分布较为广泛的是齿蝠夜圆线虫和Aonchotheca sp,但感染率最高的是比勒陀利亚圆钩线虫,感染率是33.26%,平均感染强度为7.2条;齿蝠夜圆线虫的感染率是17.40%,平均感染强度为5.1条。在蝙蝠中,受感染较高的普通长翼蝠和马铁菊头蝠,感染率分别是76.67%和71.57%,角菊头蝠和水鼠耳蝠的感染率也分别达到54.55%和43.48%。在采集的13个产地中,蝙蝠感染线虫的感染率超过50%的分别是济源市、商城县、桐柏县、新县、光山县和卢氏县。
河南省济源市马铁菊头蝠消化道寄生蠕虫的种群和群落结果显示,马铁菊头蝠感染寄生蠕虫的感染率达到91.27%,平均感染强度为17.82条。群落的多样性指数是1.15,均匀度指数0.72。6种蠕虫中,中孔吸虫未定种和比勒陀利亚圆钩线虫为优势种,朝鲜斜睾吸虫为次优势种。感染朝鲜斜睾吸虫、中孔吸虫未定种、比勒陀利亚圆钩线虫的感染率分别是36.51%、62.70%和64.29%,平均感染强度分别为5.15条、14.33条和6.73条。寄生蠕虫群落的季节变化中,秋季的感染率相对较高,夏季最低;平均强度和平均密度也是秋季最高,夏季最低。朝鲜斜睾吸虫、中孔吸虫未定种和比勒陀利亚圆钩线虫的种群动态也被分析,同时比较了不同越冬时间同一种群马铁菊头蝠寄生蠕虫群落的结构和不同种群相同越冬时间马铁菊头蝠寄生蠕虫群落的结构。
2西伯利亚棘球绦虫(Echinococcus multilocularis sibilicensis)和苏俄的多房棘球绦虫(Echinococcus sp.)棘球蚴的生物学观察
泡状棘球蚴在小白鼠体内发育的结果显示,西伯利亚棘球绦虫在宿主组织中主要以胚细胞团的形式侵染宿主组织,宿主组织包围胚细胞团形成雏囊,原头节在雏囊的内部由胚细胞团分化形成,囊泡内壁没有胚细胞层结构。苏俄的多房棘球绦虫在宿主组织中主要以具胚细胞层的囊泡向外增生形成新的囊泡,囊泡的内壁有一胚细胞层,原头节由胚细胞层分化形成。同时,两型泡状棘球蚴原头节的大小及顶突钩的数目和大小也进行了比较。泡状棘球蚴的ITS序列分析显示,同一型泡状棘球蚴的ITS序列有2种序列存在,序列复杂多变。西伯利亚多房棘球蚴和苏俄的多房棘球蚴之间存在差异。
There are two parts in the paper.
1.Helminths parasitizing the alimentary tracts of bats in Henan Province
A survey of helminths parasitizing the alimentary tract of bats in Henan Province was carried out from April 2005 to February 2007.454 bats belonging to 3 families,8 genera,and 18 species were collected from 13 localities.By dissecting bats,Trematodes,cestodes and nematodes were observed in alimentary tracts.13 species of Trematodes in total belong to 6 genera of 3 families.Among them Prosthodendrium piriforme and Acanthatrium microcanthum are the new records in China.3 species of cestodes in total,belong to 1 genera of 1 families,in which Vampirolepis toohokuensis is a new record in china.Three species of nematodes in total belong to 3 genera of 3 families.Strongylacantha pretoriensis is a new record in China.
In Description of trematodes,the structure of acetabulum and the position of genital pore of Prosthodendrium parallelorchus,as well as the structure of excretory sac of Mesotretes sp.are redescribed.From the aspect of distribution and infection of trematodes,Plagiorchis koreanus is a wide-distributed species in Henan Province.Prosthodendrium parallelorchus and Mesotretes sp.are the confined-distributed species.Plagiorchis koreanus and Mesotretes sp.have high infection rates among these trematodes,which are 24.1%and 17.4%,respectively.The high average infection intensity of Prosthodendrium urna,Prosthodendrium parallelorchus and Mesotretes sp.are 77.9,21.7and 14.33 individuals,respectively.In these 13 different localities,the bats from Jiyuan City possess the highest trematodes infection rate,reaching 70.97%,whereas those from Tongbai county and Xinxian county have 45.00%and 45.71%of trematodes infection rate.The analysis of 11 ITS(Internal transcribed spacer) sequence of 5 trematodes shows that the ITS sequences of Plagiorchis koreanus differentiates in distinct hosts and localities.Plagiorchiidae and Lecithodenddidae have closed phylogentic relationship.
The quantity of cestodes infecting bats is relatively small,in which infection rate of Vampirolepis kengtingensis is the highest,while the Rhinolophus ferrumequinum is more frequently to be cestodesinfected bat.
Investigation shows that the species of nematodes of bats in Henan is rare.Only 3 species were observed,hut the total infection rate of bats nematodes is high.The Nycteridostrongylus uncicollis and Aonchotheea sp.are widely distributed,while the infection rate of Strongylaeantha pretoriensis is the highest among these nematodes,reaching 33.26%;the average infection intensity of Strongylacantha pretoriensis is 7.2 individuals;the infection rate of Nycteridostrongylus uncicollis is 17.40%,and its average intensity is 5.1 individuals.Miniopterus schreibersi and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum are more frequently found to be nematodes-infected bats,reaching 76.67%and 71.5%,respectively,while the infection rate in Rhinolophus cornutus and Myotis daubentonii is 54.55%and 43.48%,respectively.In these 13 different localities,Jiyuan City,Shangcheng county,Tongbai county,Xinxian county,Guangshan county and Lushi county are the localities in which the nematodes-infection rate in bats is over 50%.
The investigation on population and community of helminths parasitizing in the alimentary tract of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum in Henan Province shows that the nematodes-infection rate in bats reaches 91.27%,and the average infection intensity is 17.82 individuals.The index of population diversity is 1.15 while the equitability index is 0.72.In all these 6 helminths,Mesotretes sp.and Strongylacantha pretoriensis are dominant species,while Plagiorchis koreanus is subdominant species.The infection rate of Plagiorchis koreanus,Mesotretes sp.and Strongylacantha pretoriensis is 36.51%,62.70%and 64.29%, respectively,and the average intensity is 5.15,14.33 and 6.73 individuals,respectively.In the seasonal changes of helminths parasitizing in the bats,the infection rate is relatively high in autumn,and is the lowest in summer;the average intensity and the mean population density is also highest in autumn, whereas is lowest in summer.The dynamics of population of Plagiorchis koreanus,Mesotretes sp.,and Strongylacantha pretoriensis was analyzed.At the same time,the community composition and structure of helminths parasitizing in Rhinolophus ferrumequinum was compared between the the same population of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum in different overwintering and the different populations of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum in the same overwintering.
2.The biologic characters of Echinococcus multilocularis sibiricensis and Echinococcus sp.
The results of development of alveolar echimococcus in white mice shows that Echinococcus multilocularis sibiricensis infects host tissues by means of metastasis of germinal tissue,which is surrounded by host tissue forming brood capsules.Due to the absence of germinal cell layer on the inner surface of alveolar vesicle,Protoscoleces differentiate from germinal cell masses centre the brood capsules,Echinococcus sp.infects host tissues via proliferating outward to form brood capsules from germinal cells layer of mother cyst.The protoscoleces differentiates from the germinal cells layers on the inner surface of alveolar vesicle.At the same time,the protoscoleces sizes,and rostellum hooks number as well as their sizes of both TypeⅠand TypeⅡalverolar echinococcus were compared.The analysis of ITS sequences of alverolar echinococcus shows that there are two kinds of ITS sequences which are complicated and variable,present in the same type of alverolar echinococcus.There are differences existed in ITS sequences of Echinococcus multilocularis sibiricensis and Echinococcus sp.
1河南省蝙蝠消化道寄生蠕虫:
从2005年4月至2007年2月对河南省蝙蝠进行野外调查,采集13个产地454只蝙蝠,隶属于3科8属18种,雄性230只,雌性224只。通过蝙蝠的解剖,发现蝙蝠消化道内感染的蠕虫有吸虫、绦虫和线虫。其中吸虫13种,隶属于3科6属,梨形肠前腺吸虫和微棘刺囊吸虫为我国新纪录;绦虫3种,隶属于1科1属,东北蝙蝠绦虫为我国新记录;线虫3种,隶属于3科3属,比勒陀利亚圆钩线虫为我国新记录。
吸虫结构描述中,对平睾肠前腺吸虫的腹吸盘开口结构和生殖孔开口位置及中孔属排泄囊的形态进行了重新描述。吸虫的分布和感染方面,朝鲜斜睾吸虫为河南省广泛分布种,平睾肠前腺吸虫和中孔吸虫未定种的分布范围较为狭窄。吸虫感染率较高的是朝鲜斜睾吸虫和中孔吸虫未定种,分别是24.01%和17.40%;平均感染强度较高的是瓮形肠前腺吸虫、平睾肠前腺吸虫和中孔吸虫未定种,平均强度分别是77.9条、21.7条和14.33条。河南省不同产地中,济源市的蝙蝠感染吸虫的感染率较高,达到70.97%,桐柏县和新县分别为45.00%和45.71%。5种吸虫的11条ITS序列分析表明,朝鲜斜睾吸虫在不同宿主和不同产地中出现分化。斜睾科和枝腺科的亲缘关系较近。
蝙蝠感染绦虫的数量相对较少,感染率较高的是垦丁蝙蝠绦虫,受感染较高的蝙蝠是马铁菊头蝠。
线虫的调查结果表明:河南省线虫种类较少,本文仅发现3种,但蝙蝠总体感染线虫的感染率较高。分布较为广泛的是齿蝠夜圆线虫和Aonchotheca sp,但感染率最高的是比勒陀利亚圆钩线虫,感染率是33.26%,平均感染强度为7.2条;齿蝠夜圆线虫的感染率是17.40%,平均感染强度为5.1条。在蝙蝠中,受感染较高的普通长翼蝠和马铁菊头蝠,感染率分别是76.67%和71.57%,角菊头蝠和水鼠耳蝠的感染率也分别达到54.55%和43.48%。在采集的13个产地中,蝙蝠感染线虫的感染率超过50%的分别是济源市、商城县、桐柏县、新县、光山县和卢氏县。
河南省济源市马铁菊头蝠消化道寄生蠕虫的种群和群落结果显示,马铁菊头蝠感染寄生蠕虫的感染率达到91.27%,平均感染强度为17.82条。群落的多样性指数是1.15,均匀度指数0.72。6种蠕虫中,中孔吸虫未定种和比勒陀利亚圆钩线虫为优势种,朝鲜斜睾吸虫为次优势种。感染朝鲜斜睾吸虫、中孔吸虫未定种、比勒陀利亚圆钩线虫的感染率分别是36.51%、62.70%和64.29%,平均感染强度分别为5.15条、14.33条和6.73条。寄生蠕虫群落的季节变化中,秋季的感染率相对较高,夏季最低;平均强度和平均密度也是秋季最高,夏季最低。朝鲜斜睾吸虫、中孔吸虫未定种和比勒陀利亚圆钩线虫的种群动态也被分析,同时比较了不同越冬时间同一种群马铁菊头蝠寄生蠕虫群落的结构和不同种群相同越冬时间马铁菊头蝠寄生蠕虫群落的结构。
2西伯利亚棘球绦虫(Echinococcus multilocularis sibilicensis)和苏俄的多房棘球绦虫(Echinococcus sp.)棘球蚴的生物学观察
泡状棘球蚴在小白鼠体内发育的结果显示,西伯利亚棘球绦虫在宿主组织中主要以胚细胞团的形式侵染宿主组织,宿主组织包围胚细胞团形成雏囊,原头节在雏囊的内部由胚细胞团分化形成,囊泡内壁没有胚细胞层结构。苏俄的多房棘球绦虫在宿主组织中主要以具胚细胞层的囊泡向外增生形成新的囊泡,囊泡的内壁有一胚细胞层,原头节由胚细胞层分化形成。同时,两型泡状棘球蚴原头节的大小及顶突钩的数目和大小也进行了比较。泡状棘球蚴的ITS序列分析显示,同一型泡状棘球蚴的ITS序列有2种序列存在,序列复杂多变。西伯利亚多房棘球蚴和苏俄的多房棘球蚴之间存在差异。
There are two parts in the paper.
1.Helminths parasitizing the alimentary tracts of bats in Henan Province
A survey of helminths parasitizing the alimentary tract of bats in Henan Province was carried out from April 2005 to February 2007.454 bats belonging to 3 families,8 genera,and 18 species were collected from 13 localities.By dissecting bats,Trematodes,cestodes and nematodes were observed in alimentary tracts.13 species of Trematodes in total belong to 6 genera of 3 families.Among them Prosthodendrium piriforme and Acanthatrium microcanthum are the new records in China.3 species of cestodes in total,belong to 1 genera of 1 families,in which Vampirolepis toohokuensis is a new record in china.Three species of nematodes in total belong to 3 genera of 3 families.Strongylacantha pretoriensis is a new record in China.
In Description of trematodes,the structure of acetabulum and the position of genital pore of Prosthodendrium parallelorchus,as well as the structure of excretory sac of Mesotretes sp.are redescribed.From the aspect of distribution and infection of trematodes,Plagiorchis koreanus is a wide-distributed species in Henan Province.Prosthodendrium parallelorchus and Mesotretes sp.are the confined-distributed species.Plagiorchis koreanus and Mesotretes sp.have high infection rates among these trematodes,which are 24.1%and 17.4%,respectively.The high average infection intensity of Prosthodendrium urna,Prosthodendrium parallelorchus and Mesotretes sp.are 77.9,21.7and 14.33 individuals,respectively.In these 13 different localities,the bats from Jiyuan City possess the highest trematodes infection rate,reaching 70.97%,whereas those from Tongbai county and Xinxian county have 45.00%and 45.71%of trematodes infection rate.The analysis of 11 ITS(Internal transcribed spacer) sequence of 5 trematodes shows that the ITS sequences of Plagiorchis koreanus differentiates in distinct hosts and localities.Plagiorchiidae and Lecithodenddidae have closed phylogentic relationship.
The quantity of cestodes infecting bats is relatively small,in which infection rate of Vampirolepis kengtingensis is the highest,while the Rhinolophus ferrumequinum is more frequently to be cestodesinfected bat.
Investigation shows that the species of nematodes of bats in Henan is rare.Only 3 species were observed,hut the total infection rate of bats nematodes is high.The Nycteridostrongylus uncicollis and Aonchotheea sp.are widely distributed,while the infection rate of Strongylaeantha pretoriensis is the highest among these nematodes,reaching 33.26%;the average infection intensity of Strongylacantha pretoriensis is 7.2 individuals;the infection rate of Nycteridostrongylus uncicollis is 17.40%,and its average intensity is 5.1 individuals.Miniopterus schreibersi and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum are more frequently found to be nematodes-infected bats,reaching 76.67%and 71.5%,respectively,while the infection rate in Rhinolophus cornutus and Myotis daubentonii is 54.55%and 43.48%,respectively.In these 13 different localities,Jiyuan City,Shangcheng county,Tongbai county,Xinxian county,Guangshan county and Lushi county are the localities in which the nematodes-infection rate in bats is over 50%.
The investigation on population and community of helminths parasitizing in the alimentary tract of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum in Henan Province shows that the nematodes-infection rate in bats reaches 91.27%,and the average infection intensity is 17.82 individuals.The index of population diversity is 1.15 while the equitability index is 0.72.In all these 6 helminths,Mesotretes sp.and Strongylacantha pretoriensis are dominant species,while Plagiorchis koreanus is subdominant species.The infection rate of Plagiorchis koreanus,Mesotretes sp.and Strongylacantha pretoriensis is 36.51%,62.70%and 64.29%, respectively,and the average intensity is 5.15,14.33 and 6.73 individuals,respectively.In the seasonal changes of helminths parasitizing in the bats,the infection rate is relatively high in autumn,and is the lowest in summer;the average intensity and the mean population density is also highest in autumn, whereas is lowest in summer.The dynamics of population of Plagiorchis koreanus,Mesotretes sp.,and Strongylacantha pretoriensis was analyzed.At the same time,the community composition and structure of helminths parasitizing in Rhinolophus ferrumequinum was compared between the the same population of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum in different overwintering and the different populations of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum in the same overwintering.
2.The biologic characters of Echinococcus multilocularis sibiricensis and Echinococcus sp.
The results of development of alveolar echimococcus in white mice shows that Echinococcus multilocularis sibiricensis infects host tissues by means of metastasis of germinal tissue,which is surrounded by host tissue forming brood capsules.Due to the absence of germinal cell layer on the inner surface of alveolar vesicle,Protoscoleces differentiate from germinal cell masses centre the brood capsules,Echinococcus sp.infects host tissues via proliferating outward to form brood capsules from germinal cells layer of mother cyst.The protoscoleces differentiates from the germinal cells layers on the inner surface of alveolar vesicle.At the same time,the protoscoleces sizes,and rostellum hooks number as well as their sizes of both TypeⅠand TypeⅡalverolar echinococcus were compared.The analysis of ITS sequences of alverolar echinococcus shows that there are two kinds of ITS sequences which are complicated and variable,present in the same type of alverolar echinococcus.There are differences existed in ITS sequences of Echinococcus multilocularis sibiricensis and Echinococcus sp.
引文
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