电器设备绝缘状态在线监测方法研究
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摘要
电器设备是电力系统中的重要元件，也是电力系统中使用量最大且耗资最多的一次设备，其可靠运行直接影响着电力系统的安全与稳定。随着电器设备的发展，固体绝缘材料以其优良的电气、化学、物理及力学特性大量的应用于电器设备中，固体绝缘结构件如灭弧筒、绝缘筒、绝缘子以及电器设备的出线套管等已经普遍的使用，根据其绝缘特点对于以大型固体绝缘结构为主绝缘体的电器设备统称为电容型电器设备。根据统计，绝缘故障是引发电器设备事故最重要的原因，因此研究电器设备绝缘状态在线监测具有十分重要意义。
电器设备绝缘状态在线监测的核心问题为绝缘状态评估准确度、各项绝缘特征量指标对于绝缘状态影响的权重、复杂条件下在线获取绝缘特征量的精度、绝缘材料老化过程中绝缘特征量变化和绝缘在线动态监测硬件设计。基于此，本文开展下述工作。
(1)针对电容型电器设备绝缘状态评估存在的受到多种外部、内部因素的随机性约束，建模复杂，影响评估结果的因素多，而且影响程度不同的困难，本文提出了改进加权灰靶理论对电容型电器设备绝缘状态进行评估，改进了传统灰靶理论靶心度计算过程中各项评估指标对于靶心度影响权重计算的不合理性，采用层次-熵权组合权重法计算各项指标对于绝缘状态的影响权重，利用层次分析法的主观优势结合熵权法的客观优势，确保权重计算更加科学合理，并针对电容型电器设备自身特点，给出了绝缘状态评估的分级策略，通过实验验证了该方法的有效性，为电容型电器设备检修提供可靠的参考。
(2)针对电容型电器设备绝缘介质损耗值在线监测存在着测量稳定性差、抗干扰能力差、精度要求高、硬件设计复杂等问题，提出瞬时功率变换方法结合综合相对测量法测量设备的介质损耗值，可跟踪电网频率并实现电阻性电流和电容性电流的分解，不需要获取电压或者电流的具体相位信息，有效克服了由于非同步采样和非整周期采样造成的频谱泄漏和栏栅效应带来的误差，并降低对硬件水平的苛刻要求，通过综合相对测量法能够极大地降低同相母线上多台设备的相似性干扰，从而提高监测精度。
(3)针对环氧树脂绝缘材料老化机理数据不完善，严重制约电容型电器设备绝缘状态在线监测，本文开展了数千小时的加速老化试验，系统的研究了环氧树脂绝缘材料在逐步老化过程中，绝缘特征量在老化过程中的变化规律。为电容型电器设备绝缘状态监测的评估以及故障诊断提供科学、可靠的数据支撑。
(4)针对电容型电器设备绝缘状态评估体系建立过程中需要同时监测8种指标，继而带来的在线监测项目繁多、采样路数众多和数据存储量大的难点，以固体环网柜为研究对象展开研究，提出DSP+CPLD+USB实时监测策略，在PCB电路板制作中充分考虑了抗电磁干扰能力，以此为基础完成了固体环网柜绝缘在线监测系统的研制，实现了各项指标的同时监测，保证了各项绝缘指标的精确度，为设备绝缘状态评估的准确性提供保证。
The apparatus equipment which is the largest amount usage and preliminary costequipment its reliable operation directly impacts the security and stability of the powersystem. Solid insulating material has an excellent electrical, chemical physical andmechanical property which is commonly used on apparatus equipment. According tostatistics, the insulation fault is the most important reason for capacitive electricalequipment, so the study of capacitive equipment insulating state monitoring has greatsignificance.
The capacitive apparatus equipment insulation status online dynamic monitoring hassuch core issues: accuracy of insulation condition assessment, different insulation indexweight coefficient affection problem; accuracy of online monitoring insulationcharacteristic under complex environment, insulation characteristic variation of insulationmaterial ageing process and hardware design of online monitoring system of capacitiveapparatus. This paper lannchs the reacherch from above described problems.
(1) According to the insulated condition evaluation problem of solid-insulated ringmain unit, a new method which can assess insulated condition of solid-insulated ring mainunit when there was no standard fault model is proposed. Through improving traditionalgrey target theory, improved weighted grey target approaching degree calculation methodis derived. The different affection of insulation index problem is solved by analytichierarchy process-entropy method weight coefficient calculation method. The insulatingstate classification strategy is given by solid-insulated ring main unit characteristics.Experiments show that this method can objectively and reasonably assess solid-insulatedring main unit insulating state, providing a reference for insulated condition evaluation ofsolid-insulated ring main unit.
(2) Considering problems of poor anti-interference ability, synchronous samplingcriterion strictly and low calculation resolution in the present dielectric loss onlinemonitoring on solid-insulated ring main unit, a new method which applies instantaneouspower transforms theory to solve the above mentioned problems is proposed in this paper.Resistive current and capacitive current can be instantaneously extracted by signaldecomposition to realize dielectric loss monitoring, combining with the filter design andmonitoring system hardware design to make sure the high monitoring accuracy. Finally,the method is verified by experiments with high monitoring accuracy, effectivelyovercoming the spectral leakage and fence effect caused by asynchronous and non-integral period sampling, providing a reference for solid-insulated ring main unit dielectric lossonline monitoring.
(3) Considering the imperfection data of epoxy material aging mechanism seriouslyhampering the capacitive apparatus insulated condition assessment, thousands of hours ofaging experiment is done on switchgear, systematic study various electrical characteristicsvariation law on the gradual aging process of epoxy resin insulation materials. Therefore,study on the aging characteristics of switchgear insulation and its lifetime estimationmethod is the key technology to understand aging mechanism better, search for new faultdiagnostic method and the way to extend the useful lifetime of switchgear.
(4) Considering the difficulties of many index simultaneous sampling, large memorycapacity, serious electromagnetic interference, this paper uses solid-insulated ring mainunits as an example, put forward DSP+CPLD+USB real-time monitoring strategy,consider the immunity to electromagnetic interference at PCB design process. Lastly, thispaper realizes online monitoring system of capacitive apparatus equipment, providing areference for insulated condition evaluation of solid-insulated ring main unit.
电器设备绝缘状态在线监测的核心问题为绝缘状态评估准确度、各项绝缘特征量指标对于绝缘状态影响的权重、复杂条件下在线获取绝缘特征量的精度、绝缘材料老化过程中绝缘特征量变化和绝缘在线动态监测硬件设计。基于此，本文开展下述工作。
(1)针对电容型电器设备绝缘状态评估存在的受到多种外部、内部因素的随机性约束，建模复杂，影响评估结果的因素多，而且影响程度不同的困难，本文提出了改进加权灰靶理论对电容型电器设备绝缘状态进行评估，改进了传统灰靶理论靶心度计算过程中各项评估指标对于靶心度影响权重计算的不合理性，采用层次-熵权组合权重法计算各项指标对于绝缘状态的影响权重，利用层次分析法的主观优势结合熵权法的客观优势，确保权重计算更加科学合理，并针对电容型电器设备自身特点，给出了绝缘状态评估的分级策略，通过实验验证了该方法的有效性，为电容型电器设备检修提供可靠的参考。
(2)针对电容型电器设备绝缘介质损耗值在线监测存在着测量稳定性差、抗干扰能力差、精度要求高、硬件设计复杂等问题，提出瞬时功率变换方法结合综合相对测量法测量设备的介质损耗值，可跟踪电网频率并实现电阻性电流和电容性电流的分解，不需要获取电压或者电流的具体相位信息，有效克服了由于非同步采样和非整周期采样造成的频谱泄漏和栏栅效应带来的误差，并降低对硬件水平的苛刻要求，通过综合相对测量法能够极大地降低同相母线上多台设备的相似性干扰，从而提高监测精度。
(3)针对环氧树脂绝缘材料老化机理数据不完善，严重制约电容型电器设备绝缘状态在线监测，本文开展了数千小时的加速老化试验，系统的研究了环氧树脂绝缘材料在逐步老化过程中，绝缘特征量在老化过程中的变化规律。为电容型电器设备绝缘状态监测的评估以及故障诊断提供科学、可靠的数据支撑。
(4)针对电容型电器设备绝缘状态评估体系建立过程中需要同时监测8种指标，继而带来的在线监测项目繁多、采样路数众多和数据存储量大的难点，以固体环网柜为研究对象展开研究，提出DSP+CPLD+USB实时监测策略，在PCB电路板制作中充分考虑了抗电磁干扰能力，以此为基础完成了固体环网柜绝缘在线监测系统的研制，实现了各项指标的同时监测，保证了各项绝缘指标的精确度，为设备绝缘状态评估的准确性提供保证。
The apparatus equipment which is the largest amount usage and preliminary costequipment its reliable operation directly impacts the security and stability of the powersystem. Solid insulating material has an excellent electrical, chemical physical andmechanical property which is commonly used on apparatus equipment. According tostatistics, the insulation fault is the most important reason for capacitive electricalequipment, so the study of capacitive equipment insulating state monitoring has greatsignificance.
The capacitive apparatus equipment insulation status online dynamic monitoring hassuch core issues: accuracy of insulation condition assessment, different insulation indexweight coefficient affection problem; accuracy of online monitoring insulationcharacteristic under complex environment, insulation characteristic variation of insulationmaterial ageing process and hardware design of online monitoring system of capacitiveapparatus. This paper lannchs the reacherch from above described problems.
(1) According to the insulated condition evaluation problem of solid-insulated ringmain unit, a new method which can assess insulated condition of solid-insulated ring mainunit when there was no standard fault model is proposed. Through improving traditionalgrey target theory, improved weighted grey target approaching degree calculation methodis derived. The different affection of insulation index problem is solved by analytichierarchy process-entropy method weight coefficient calculation method. The insulatingstate classification strategy is given by solid-insulated ring main unit characteristics.Experiments show that this method can objectively and reasonably assess solid-insulatedring main unit insulating state, providing a reference for insulated condition evaluation ofsolid-insulated ring main unit.
(2) Considering problems of poor anti-interference ability, synchronous samplingcriterion strictly and low calculation resolution in the present dielectric loss onlinemonitoring on solid-insulated ring main unit, a new method which applies instantaneouspower transforms theory to solve the above mentioned problems is proposed in this paper.Resistive current and capacitive current can be instantaneously extracted by signaldecomposition to realize dielectric loss monitoring, combining with the filter design andmonitoring system hardware design to make sure the high monitoring accuracy. Finally,the method is verified by experiments with high monitoring accuracy, effectivelyovercoming the spectral leakage and fence effect caused by asynchronous and non-integral period sampling, providing a reference for solid-insulated ring main unit dielectric lossonline monitoring.
(3) Considering the imperfection data of epoxy material aging mechanism seriouslyhampering the capacitive apparatus insulated condition assessment, thousands of hours ofaging experiment is done on switchgear, systematic study various electrical characteristicsvariation law on the gradual aging process of epoxy resin insulation materials. Therefore,study on the aging characteristics of switchgear insulation and its lifetime estimationmethod is the key technology to understand aging mechanism better, search for new faultdiagnostic method and the way to extend the useful lifetime of switchgear.
(4) Considering the difficulties of many index simultaneous sampling, large memorycapacity, serious electromagnetic interference, this paper uses solid-insulated ring mainunits as an example, put forward DSP+CPLD+USB real-time monitoring strategy,consider the immunity to electromagnetic interference at PCB design process. Lastly, thispaper realizes online monitoring system of capacitive apparatus equipment, providing areference for insulated condition evaluation of solid-insulated ring main unit.
引文
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