国际经济合作对中国制造业集聚的影响研究
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摘要
随着经济全球化的深入发展，国际经济合作更加广泛、日益深入，呈现出一系列令人关注的新模式、新特点。特别是，中国经济自改革开放以来对外贸易、引进外商直接投资、对外直接投资发展势头迅猛，产业分布格局不断调整变化，产业集聚趋势日益显著。在这一过程中，国际经济合作的深化与制造业集聚的格局演变成为中国经济增长中的重要特征。
在现有研究中，对外开放对中国制造业产业集聚的积极影响已经基本得到肯定，但缺乏对国际经济合作与制造业产业集聚影响的专门、细致的研究。为此，本文在对相关资料进行搜集整理的前提下，对国际经济合作与制造业集聚的影响机制进行理论探讨，并进行了实证分析，为政策决策者提供参考。
理论方面，本文在总结国内外现有研究文献的基础上，梳理了关于对外贸易、国际直接投资、区域经济一体化对制造业产业集聚的影响机制的观点，分析、归纳了对国际经济合作与制造业产业集聚之间相互作用、相互影响、形成循环累积的因果关系。从长期看，国际经济合作与制造业产业集聚之间是一种倒U型的非线性关系。即，随着国际经济合作的程度的不断提高，制造业产业集聚表现为先上升后下降的趋势。
实证方面，本文从中国改革开放的实际出发，分阶段对中国国际经济合作、制造业产业集聚演变历程及特征，进行了对比考察。改革开放前，中国的国际经济合作以对外援助为主；对外开放之后，则表现为通过多种途径从发达国家引进资金和技术，与发展中国家开展合资经营，根据不同情况开展多种形式的对外经济合作；在现阶段，则积极推行与周边国家及地区的自贸区的建设。在此背景下，产业集聚方面在计划经济时期受政策制约而呈现出空间分布“遍地开花”的局面；在改革开放以来，则演变为以东部地区为中心的集聚模式；在现阶段，制造业空间分布延续了东部为主的格局，制造业集聚程度进一步提高。
在上述研究基础上，本文对中国国际经济合作与制造业产业集聚之间的内在联系进行了实证检验，分国家、区域两个层面对中国国际经济合作与制造业产业集聚的内在联系进行了研究。国家层面，通过相关性比较、回归性分析和因子分析进行了对比考察；区域层面，本文中作者以1991-2012年为时间序列，中国31个省份的集聚变动进行了相关性考察。结果表明，国际经济合作与中国制造业产业集聚的相关性显著，具有正向作用。具体而言，国际经济合作对中国制造业集聚的影响主要以外商直接投资和国际外包为形式发展的加工贸易为主要推动力，参与国际分割生产是制造业产业地理集聚的重要促进因素。目前，中国的制造业集聚程度不高，国际经济合作的深化尚未带来集聚的再分散，相反会推动制造业集聚程度的进一步提升。
最后，本文在理论及实证的基础上，对中国国际经济合作促进制造业集聚的作用提出具有可操作性的政策建议。第一，积极寻求和全面参与国际经济合作；第二，充分利用外资先进技术，打造新的低碳产业价值链；第三，培养技术内生能力和自主创新能力。
With the in-depth development of economic globalization, internationaleconomic cooperation more widely, deeply, shows new features in the new mode, aseries of concern. In particular, Chinese economy since the reform and opening up toforeign trade, foreign direct investment, foreign direct investment, the momentum ofrapid development, industrial structure continual readjustment change, industrialagglomeration of increasingly significant. In this process, the deepening andmanufacturing agglomeration pattern of international economic cooperation hasbecome an important feature of Chinese evolution in economic growth.This paperattempts to international economic cooperation effect mechanism Chinesemanufacturing industries were discussed, and the influence of international economiccooperation China manufacturing industrial agglomeration of empirical testing, sofrom two aspects of theory and empirical demonstration of the international economiccooperation on the positive impact of Chinese manufacturing industrialagglomeration, further put forward the proper use of the international economycooperation to promote manufacturing industry cluster policy suggestions, to providereference for policy making.
In the current study, the opening to the outside world manufacturing industrieson the positive impact China has basically been confirmed, but the lack of specializedresearch, detailed impact on international economic cooperation and theagglomeration of manufacturing industries. Therefore, in this paper the collection andcollation of information related to the premise, mechanism of the effect ofagglomeration on international economic cooperation and the manufacturing industrywere discussed, and the empirical analysis, provides the reference for the policymakers.
In theory, based on reviewing the existing researches at home and abroad, theinfluence mechanism analysis about foreign trade, international direct investment, regional economic integration on the agglomeration of manufacturing industry's pointof view, analysis, summed up the international economic cooperation and themanufacturing industry agglomeration interaction, mutual influence, forming acircular causality cumulative. In the long term, the industry of international economiccooperation and industry agglomeration is nonlinear relationship between an invertedU type. That, along with the international economic cooperation degree unceasingenhancement, manufacturing industry concentration decreased after rising trend.
The empirical research, this paper from the actual China of reform and openingup, the stages of Chinese international economic cooperation, manufacturing industrycluster evolution and features, studied. Before the reform and opening up, theinternational economic cooperation Chinese to foreign aid; after the opening, is theintroduction of capital and technology from developed countries through variouschannels, to carry out joint ventures and foreign economic cooperation in developingcountries, according to the different situation to carry out various forms of; at thepresent stage, is actively promoting the building and its neighboring countries andregions of the FTA the. In this context, industrial clustering and show the spatialdistribution of "blossom everywhere" situation subject to policy constraints in theplanned economy period; in the reform and opening up, the evolution of a model ofagglomeration in eastern region as the center; at the present stage, the spatialdistribution of manufacturing industries in the continuation of the East orientedpattern, further enhance the degree of agglomeration of manufacturing industries.
On the basis of the above study, this paper makes an empirical test on therelationship between the China international economic cooperation and theagglomeration of manufacturing industries, state, region two aspects of internalrelations China international economic cooperation and agglomeration ofmanufacturing industry is studied. The national level, through correlation, regressionanalysis and factor analysis were investigated; the regional level, this paper takes1991-2012years of time sequence, were investigated China agglomeration of31provinces. The results show that, significant correlation in international economiccooperation and industrial China agglomeration of manufacturing industries has apositive role. Specifically, the influence of international economic cooperation China manufacturing agglomeration mainly foreign direct investment and internationaloutsourcing for the processing trade development of form as the main driving force,to participate in the international division of production is an important factor topromote the manufacturing industry geographic agglomeration. At present, Chinamanufacturing agglomeration degree is not high, deepen international economiccooperation has not yet been brought to disperse agglomeration, further enhance theopposite will promote the manufacturing agglomeration degree.
Finally, based on the theoretical and empirical, workable policyrecommendations on Chinese international economic cooperation to promote themanufacturing agglomeration effects are proposed. First, actively sought andparticipate in international economic cooperation; second, make full use of foreignadvanced technology, to create a low carbon industry new value chain; third, trainingof endogenous technology ability and the ability of independent innovation.
在现有研究中，对外开放对中国制造业产业集聚的积极影响已经基本得到肯定，但缺乏对国际经济合作与制造业产业集聚影响的专门、细致的研究。为此，本文在对相关资料进行搜集整理的前提下，对国际经济合作与制造业集聚的影响机制进行理论探讨，并进行了实证分析，为政策决策者提供参考。
理论方面，本文在总结国内外现有研究文献的基础上，梳理了关于对外贸易、国际直接投资、区域经济一体化对制造业产业集聚的影响机制的观点，分析、归纳了对国际经济合作与制造业产业集聚之间相互作用、相互影响、形成循环累积的因果关系。从长期看，国际经济合作与制造业产业集聚之间是一种倒U型的非线性关系。即，随着国际经济合作的程度的不断提高，制造业产业集聚表现为先上升后下降的趋势。
实证方面，本文从中国改革开放的实际出发，分阶段对中国国际经济合作、制造业产业集聚演变历程及特征，进行了对比考察。改革开放前，中国的国际经济合作以对外援助为主；对外开放之后，则表现为通过多种途径从发达国家引进资金和技术，与发展中国家开展合资经营，根据不同情况开展多种形式的对外经济合作；在现阶段，则积极推行与周边国家及地区的自贸区的建设。在此背景下，产业集聚方面在计划经济时期受政策制约而呈现出空间分布“遍地开花”的局面；在改革开放以来，则演变为以东部地区为中心的集聚模式；在现阶段，制造业空间分布延续了东部为主的格局，制造业集聚程度进一步提高。
在上述研究基础上，本文对中国国际经济合作与制造业产业集聚之间的内在联系进行了实证检验，分国家、区域两个层面对中国国际经济合作与制造业产业集聚的内在联系进行了研究。国家层面，通过相关性比较、回归性分析和因子分析进行了对比考察；区域层面，本文中作者以1991-2012年为时间序列，中国31个省份的集聚变动进行了相关性考察。结果表明，国际经济合作与中国制造业产业集聚的相关性显著，具有正向作用。具体而言，国际经济合作对中国制造业集聚的影响主要以外商直接投资和国际外包为形式发展的加工贸易为主要推动力，参与国际分割生产是制造业产业地理集聚的重要促进因素。目前，中国的制造业集聚程度不高，国际经济合作的深化尚未带来集聚的再分散，相反会推动制造业集聚程度的进一步提升。
最后，本文在理论及实证的基础上，对中国国际经济合作促进制造业集聚的作用提出具有可操作性的政策建议。第一，积极寻求和全面参与国际经济合作；第二，充分利用外资先进技术，打造新的低碳产业价值链；第三，培养技术内生能力和自主创新能力。
With the in-depth development of economic globalization, internationaleconomic cooperation more widely, deeply, shows new features in the new mode, aseries of concern. In particular, Chinese economy since the reform and opening up toforeign trade, foreign direct investment, foreign direct investment, the momentum ofrapid development, industrial structure continual readjustment change, industrialagglomeration of increasingly significant. In this process, the deepening andmanufacturing agglomeration pattern of international economic cooperation hasbecome an important feature of Chinese evolution in economic growth.This paperattempts to international economic cooperation effect mechanism Chinesemanufacturing industries were discussed, and the influence of international economiccooperation China manufacturing industrial agglomeration of empirical testing, sofrom two aspects of theory and empirical demonstration of the international economiccooperation on the positive impact of Chinese manufacturing industrialagglomeration, further put forward the proper use of the international economycooperation to promote manufacturing industry cluster policy suggestions, to providereference for policy making.
In the current study, the opening to the outside world manufacturing industrieson the positive impact China has basically been confirmed, but the lack of specializedresearch, detailed impact on international economic cooperation and theagglomeration of manufacturing industries. Therefore, in this paper the collection andcollation of information related to the premise, mechanism of the effect ofagglomeration on international economic cooperation and the manufacturing industrywere discussed, and the empirical analysis, provides the reference for the policymakers.
In theory, based on reviewing the existing researches at home and abroad, theinfluence mechanism analysis about foreign trade, international direct investment, regional economic integration on the agglomeration of manufacturing industry's pointof view, analysis, summed up the international economic cooperation and themanufacturing industry agglomeration interaction, mutual influence, forming acircular causality cumulative. In the long term, the industry of international economiccooperation and industry agglomeration is nonlinear relationship between an invertedU type. That, along with the international economic cooperation degree unceasingenhancement, manufacturing industry concentration decreased after rising trend.
The empirical research, this paper from the actual China of reform and openingup, the stages of Chinese international economic cooperation, manufacturing industrycluster evolution and features, studied. Before the reform and opening up, theinternational economic cooperation Chinese to foreign aid; after the opening, is theintroduction of capital and technology from developed countries through variouschannels, to carry out joint ventures and foreign economic cooperation in developingcountries, according to the different situation to carry out various forms of; at thepresent stage, is actively promoting the building and its neighboring countries andregions of the FTA the. In this context, industrial clustering and show the spatialdistribution of "blossom everywhere" situation subject to policy constraints in theplanned economy period; in the reform and opening up, the evolution of a model ofagglomeration in eastern region as the center; at the present stage, the spatialdistribution of manufacturing industries in the continuation of the East orientedpattern, further enhance the degree of agglomeration of manufacturing industries.
On the basis of the above study, this paper makes an empirical test on therelationship between the China international economic cooperation and theagglomeration of manufacturing industries, state, region two aspects of internalrelations China international economic cooperation and agglomeration ofmanufacturing industry is studied. The national level, through correlation, regressionanalysis and factor analysis were investigated; the regional level, this paper takes1991-2012years of time sequence, were investigated China agglomeration of31provinces. The results show that, significant correlation in international economiccooperation and industrial China agglomeration of manufacturing industries has apositive role. Specifically, the influence of international economic cooperation China manufacturing agglomeration mainly foreign direct investment and internationaloutsourcing for the processing trade development of form as the main driving force,to participate in the international division of production is an important factor topromote the manufacturing industry geographic agglomeration. At present, Chinamanufacturing agglomeration degree is not high, deepen international economiccooperation has not yet been brought to disperse agglomeration, further enhance theopposite will promote the manufacturing agglomeration degree.
Finally, based on the theoretical and empirical, workable policyrecommendations on Chinese international economic cooperation to promote themanufacturing agglomeration effects are proposed. First, actively sought andparticipate in international economic cooperation; second, make full use of foreignadvanced technology, to create a low carbon industry new value chain; third, trainingof endogenous technology ability and the ability of independent innovation.
引文
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