大中城市老年居住设施初探及开发实践
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摘要
由于政治、经济、科学技术及文化的发展，人类生活水平在物质和精神领
域都取得了长足的进步，同时人类的寿命得到了延长。在20世纪，许多发达
国家和部分发展中国家陆续遇到了“老龄化”的社会问题，甚至步入了“老龄
化社会”。同时这一状况反过来又对这些国家和地区的政治、经济和文化产生
了深刻影响，产生了许多新课题及新市场， “老年居住设施”就是其中之一。
本论文的课题研究界定在我国现阶段大中城市中的老年居住设施方面，希
望通过研究相关因素，探索出我国当前社会、经济和文化(主要涉及道德伦理
方面)状况下，养老中“居住”这一重要方面的切实可行且较优的解决方法，
并引入工程实践中去。论文首先从人口学等相关学科资料及研究成果入手，剖
析“老龄化”问题及发展趋势。通过“老龄化”概念引入，我国老龄化现状与
特殊性、老龄化的经济因素及国内外对“老龄化”的对策等论述，深入分晰了
“老龄化”与社会的发展与稳定的关系，及课题研究的意义。建筑尤其是居住
设施与人的生活息息相关，并与人们生理、心理特征及行为相互影响。在第三
章中，通过相关学科研究成果，对老年人生理、心理及行为特征及与环境可能
的关系，进行了分析。同时特别论述了老年人医疗服务特征及相应的设施需
求。在第四章中，主要应用调研成果，展现了大中城市老人居住现状及需求，
证明了“老年居住设施”发展的迫切性和发展空间。论文的第五章在总结归纳
前面章节的背景资料的同时，对比分析国内外“老年居住设施”的得失，得出
现阶段我国大中城市适于“在宅养老”与“社会化养老服务”相结合的供养方
式这一结论，并明确了符合这一供养方式的两种建筑形式。在第六章中，论文
提出以中国城市正在形成的房地产市场作为解决“老年居住设施”开发与流通
的主要手段，并分析了这一方法的前景及优、缺点及其必须的政策法规、金融
运作等外部环境。其中特别借鉴加拿大CMHC住宅投资方式，建议采取类似方
式形成全民参与的社会化金融支持。在论文的最后部分中，课题深入到“老年
居住设施”的设计实践层面，结合我国专门规范和开发；设计过程，专述了设
计要素，如：无障碍设计和降低使用费用等问题，并列举了三个方案实例。
课题研究在养老居住形式及养老设施开发方式等方面提出了新的建议。
The recent development in the fields of politics, economics, culture, science, and technology has pushed forward our quality of life materialistically and spiritually. We have seen our life span extend dramatically during the Twentieth Century. Many nations in the developed and developing world have encountered what is seen as a by-product of this age of great technological leaps-population aging. This latest social Phenomenon, ironically, is making a profound impact on these regions' essential establishments and industries .It has stimulated new social topics and business market. "Elderly residential facilities" are one of them.
The topic research for this thesis hopes, through investigating related elements, discover an appropriate and practical solution for elderly living under the current social, economic and cultural situation within the existing facilities in large and medium sized cities in china.
The thesis directs the problem of population aging and its developing trends by first looking through related material such as humanities. Following the concept of population aging, it reveal china's particular aging situation and its related economic factors as well as discussions of Ones other countries' politics and actions on their aging problems. In depth, this theirs discloses the relationship between population aging and social development and stability, including the purpose of this research topic. If then shows peoples' lines are intertwined with their residential facilities, and further influenced are their psychological behaviors. In the third chapter, it will analyses the possible relations between the environment and the physical, psychological, and behavioral identities of the elderly, by looking at various research results. It also identifies the characteristics of elderly medical services and corresponding facilities requirement. The fourth chapter utilizes research results on the current liv
ing situation and the needs of the elderly in large and medium cities to identify the urgency and capacity of elderly residential facilities development. In summarizing the first bowl chapters background material, the fifth chapter compares and analyses the gains and losses of elderly residential facilities in other countries to conclude that its suitable for our large and medium sized cities to incorporate residential elderly-living with social elderly-living services. Two types of construction fitting this
Provision pattern are also classified here. In the sixth chapter, the thesis suggests a primary method of relying on the current development and flow in the methods prospects, financial operation and external factors. In it, the residential investment format of Canada's CMHC is used as an example to suggest a similar combination of mass participation and social financial support. In the last part of the thesis, we go into details on the design and application level of "elderly residential
facilities". Associating our own standards and development and design process, major elements like "non-obstruction" design and low operation cost are laid out. Though three special design, previous suggestion and conclusions are further explained. The first design tightly knick together housing and social elderly-living services to compliment the stipulated provision patterns in the research.
The topic research spawned new ideas in residential design for elderly-living and the development format for elderly residential facilities.
域都取得了长足的进步，同时人类的寿命得到了延长。在20世纪，许多发达
国家和部分发展中国家陆续遇到了“老龄化”的社会问题，甚至步入了“老龄
化社会”。同时这一状况反过来又对这些国家和地区的政治、经济和文化产生
了深刻影响，产生了许多新课题及新市场， “老年居住设施”就是其中之一。
本论文的课题研究界定在我国现阶段大中城市中的老年居住设施方面，希
望通过研究相关因素，探索出我国当前社会、经济和文化(主要涉及道德伦理
方面)状况下，养老中“居住”这一重要方面的切实可行且较优的解决方法，
并引入工程实践中去。论文首先从人口学等相关学科资料及研究成果入手，剖
析“老龄化”问题及发展趋势。通过“老龄化”概念引入，我国老龄化现状与
特殊性、老龄化的经济因素及国内外对“老龄化”的对策等论述，深入分晰了
“老龄化”与社会的发展与稳定的关系，及课题研究的意义。建筑尤其是居住
设施与人的生活息息相关，并与人们生理、心理特征及行为相互影响。在第三
章中，通过相关学科研究成果，对老年人生理、心理及行为特征及与环境可能
的关系，进行了分析。同时特别论述了老年人医疗服务特征及相应的设施需
求。在第四章中，主要应用调研成果，展现了大中城市老人居住现状及需求，
证明了“老年居住设施”发展的迫切性和发展空间。论文的第五章在总结归纳
前面章节的背景资料的同时，对比分析国内外“老年居住设施”的得失，得出
现阶段我国大中城市适于“在宅养老”与“社会化养老服务”相结合的供养方
式这一结论，并明确了符合这一供养方式的两种建筑形式。在第六章中，论文
提出以中国城市正在形成的房地产市场作为解决“老年居住设施”开发与流通
的主要手段，并分析了这一方法的前景及优、缺点及其必须的政策法规、金融
运作等外部环境。其中特别借鉴加拿大CMHC住宅投资方式，建议采取类似方
式形成全民参与的社会化金融支持。在论文的最后部分中，课题深入到“老年
居住设施”的设计实践层面，结合我国专门规范和开发；设计过程，专述了设
计要素，如：无障碍设计和降低使用费用等问题，并列举了三个方案实例。
课题研究在养老居住形式及养老设施开发方式等方面提出了新的建议。
The recent development in the fields of politics, economics, culture, science, and technology has pushed forward our quality of life materialistically and spiritually. We have seen our life span extend dramatically during the Twentieth Century. Many nations in the developed and developing world have encountered what is seen as a by-product of this age of great technological leaps-population aging. This latest social Phenomenon, ironically, is making a profound impact on these regions' essential establishments and industries .It has stimulated new social topics and business market. "Elderly residential facilities" are one of them.
The topic research for this thesis hopes, through investigating related elements, discover an appropriate and practical solution for elderly living under the current social, economic and cultural situation within the existing facilities in large and medium sized cities in china.
The thesis directs the problem of population aging and its developing trends by first looking through related material such as humanities. Following the concept of population aging, it reveal china's particular aging situation and its related economic factors as well as discussions of Ones other countries' politics and actions on their aging problems. In depth, this theirs discloses the relationship between population aging and social development and stability, including the purpose of this research topic. If then shows peoples' lines are intertwined with their residential facilities, and further influenced are their psychological behaviors. In the third chapter, it will analyses the possible relations between the environment and the physical, psychological, and behavioral identities of the elderly, by looking at various research results. It also identifies the characteristics of elderly medical services and corresponding facilities requirement. The fourth chapter utilizes research results on the current liv
ing situation and the needs of the elderly in large and medium cities to identify the urgency and capacity of elderly residential facilities development. In summarizing the first bowl chapters background material, the fifth chapter compares and analyses the gains and losses of elderly residential facilities in other countries to conclude that its suitable for our large and medium sized cities to incorporate residential elderly-living with social elderly-living services. Two types of construction fitting this
Provision pattern are also classified here. In the sixth chapter, the thesis suggests a primary method of relying on the current development and flow in the methods prospects, financial operation and external factors. In it, the residential investment format of Canada's CMHC is used as an example to suggest a similar combination of mass participation and social financial support. In the last part of the thesis, we go into details on the design and application level of "elderly residential
facilities". Associating our own standards and development and design process, major elements like "non-obstruction" design and low operation cost are laid out. Though three special design, previous suggestion and conclusions are further explained. The first design tightly knick together housing and social elderly-living services to compliment the stipulated provision patterns in the research.
The topic research spawned new ideas in residential design for elderly-living and the development format for elderly residential facilities.
引文
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[1] 曲海波．中国人口老龄化问题研究．长春：吉林大学出版社，1981
[2] 胡汝泉．中国城市老龄问题及对策研究．天津：天津教育出版社，1987
[3] 杜鹏．中国人口老龄化过程研究．北京：人民大学出版社，1984
[4] 萧振禹．养老你指望谁．北京：改革出版社，1998
[5] 刘洪玉．房地产开发．北京：经济学院出版社，1993
[6] 沈天行．人与物理环境．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1996
[7] 郭锦津．老人住宅．台北：中华报出版社，1984
[8] 出版社编，世界集合住宅．北京：中国建筑工业出版社， 1999
[9] 出版社编．建筑师设计手册(上)．北京：中国建筑工业出版社， 1995
[10] 羌苑．国外老年建筑设计．北京：中国建筑工业出版社， 1999
[11] 吴健宝．中国银色市场的潜力与特点．高级市场营销研究会年会，1995
[12] 罗文娣．小康型同堂居模式探讨．建筑师，1994．60
[13] 温秀．创造老年人的居住环境．东南大学学报，1990，9
[14] 胡仁禄．老龄化城市居住环境初探．建筑学报，1994，10
[15] 罗德启．世纪之交的老龄居住问题．建筑学报，1996，01
[16] 张剑敏．老龄化城市的住宅设计．时代建筑，1995，03
[17] 胡仁禄．中外老年居住建筑发展概况．世纪建筑，1995，03
[18] 宋泽方．日本的现代二纪同堂独院住宅．世纪建筑，1995，03
[19] 薛恩伦．澳大利亚老年人的居住与环境．世界建筑，1995，03
[20] 劳远游．西方国家的老人住宅．世界建筑，1982，05
[21] 开彦．老年住室研究的目标，任务和方法．住宅科技，1997，9
[22] 米川．林玉子的老龄生活环境学研究的实践．世界建筑，1998，3
[23] 张剑敏．适宜城市老人的户外环境研究．建筑学报，1997，9
[24] 王朝辉． 我国银色市场的研究与开发：[硕士学位论文]．沈阳：辽宁大学经济系，1996
[25] 王江萍． 城市老年人居住环境研究：[硕士学位论文]．武汉：武汉工业大学建筑系， 1998
[26] 张拓红． 北京城区老年人的医疗服务研究： [硕士学位论文]．北京： 北京医科大学 公共卫生学院。1991
[1] 曲海波．中国人口老龄化问题研究．长春：吉林大学出版社，1981
[2] 胡汝泉．中国城市老龄问题及对策研究．天津：天津教育出版社，1987
[3] 杜鹏．中国人口老龄化过程研究．北京：人民大学出版社，1984
[4] 萧振禹．养老你指望谁．北京：改革出版社，1998
[5] 刘洪玉．房地产开发．北京：经济学院出版社，1993
[6] 沈天行．人与物理环境．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1996
[7] 郭锦津．老人住宅．台北：中华报出版社，1984
[8] 出版社编，世界集合住宅．北京：中国建筑工业出版社， 1999
[9] 出版社编．建筑师设计手册(上)．北京：中国建筑工业出版社， 1995
[10] 羌苑．国外老年建筑设计．北京：中国建筑工业出版社， 1999
[11] 吴健宝．中国银色市场的潜力与特点．高级市场营销研究会年会，1995
[12] 罗文娣．小康型同堂居模式探讨．建筑师，1994．60
[13] 温秀．创造老年人的居住环境．东南大学学报，1990，9
[14] 胡仁禄．老龄化城市居住环境初探．建筑学报，1994，10
[15] 罗德启．世纪之交的老龄居住问题．建筑学报，1996，01
[16] 张剑敏．老龄化城市的住宅设计．时代建筑，1995，03
[17] 胡仁禄．中外老年居住建筑发展概况．世纪建筑，1995，03
[18] 宋泽方．日本的现代二纪同堂独院住宅．世纪建筑，1995，03
[19] 薛恩伦．澳大利亚老年人的居住与环境．世界建筑，1995，03
[20] 劳远游．西方国家的老人住宅．世界建筑，1982，05
[21] 开彦．老年住室研究的目标，任务和方法．住宅科技，1997，9
[22] 米川．林玉子的老龄生活环境学研究的实践．世界建筑，1998，3
[23] 张剑敏．适宜城市老人的户外环境研究．建筑学报，1997，9
[24] 王朝辉． 我国银色市场的研究与开发：[硕士学位论文]．沈阳：辽宁大学经济系，1996
[25] 王江萍． 城市老年人居住环境研究：[硕士学位论文]．武汉：武汉工业大学建筑系， 1998
[26] 张拓红． 北京城区老年人的医疗服务研究： [硕士学位论文]．北京： 北京医科大学 公共卫生学院。1991