諺譯《老朴》》與近代漢語語音系統研究
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摘要
目前漢語語言學者主要利用《廣韻》、《集韻》、《中原音韻》等文獻研究近代漢語語音，由於漢字不是表音文字，只能通過歷史比較法進行構擬當時的語音，具有一定的局限性。諺文作為音素文字具有很高的語音轉寫功能，通過研究朝鮮時期保留下來的漢朝對音韻書、辭書、漢語教科書等，我們可以從另一個角度獲取當時的語音系統——音類與音值。在這些對音文獻中，最值得一提的是諺文注音並注釋的《老乞大》、《朴通事》系列教科書（簡稱諺譯《老朴》）。作為語料，它們具有注音準確、連貫性好、口語化、諺文注釋等特點，是研究近代漢語的寶貴資料。
目前對諺譯《老朴》的研究主要對紙本進行案頭工作，由於諺譯《老朴》前後跨越近三百年，其中的漢字、諺文注音、聲調標點和諺文注釋均隨當時漢語的變化而發生變化，很難進行全面系統的歷時比較，所以大部分研究集中在某一個版本的斷代性研究上，亟需能夠涵蓋漢字、諺文注音、聲調標點、句子和諺文注釋的諺譯《老朴》數據庫，為綜合研究16世紀-18世紀近代漢語的語音、聲調、詞彙、語法乃至同時代韓語的發展變化提供一種方便、快捷、有效的工具。
為此，我們利用計算機技術對諺譯《老朴》4個系列共7本書（共計75萬5千餘字）進行文本數字化，按照不同體例和功能需求建立了完整的諺譯《老朴》數據庫，並與《廣韻》數據庫成功對接。通過該數據庫，可以根據實際需要，提取漢字、諺文左右注音、國際音標轉寫、韻書反切、音韻地位、聲調標點、句子、諺文注釋等詳細信息，利用這些成果對近代漢語或韓語的語音系統進行歷時和共時的分析和研究。由於時間和篇幅有限，本論文對《翻譯老乞大》、《翻譯朴通事》（簡稱翻譯《老朴》）聲母系統（左音和右音）進行了詳細的比較分析，根據所得的語音現象，對《翻譯老朴》聲母系統反映的近代漢語聲母系統進行了討論。得出以下主要結論：一、左音聲母系統
共31個聲母，基本保留“濁音”標記，尚能區分齒頭音和正齒音（拉長字母的左撇為齒頭音，拉長字母的右捺為正齒音）；“ts、ts、s、k”組一部分漢字出現“腭化”音變，如：“將、煎、些、喫”等；“知三章三昌三徹三穿三書三澄三禪三船三”開口合口均有不少漢字保留腭介音；“疑”母和“云以”母還沒有完全混並，1個疑母漢字“牛”已經歸為孃母；“影”母保留注音符號。
二、右音聲母系統
共22個聲母，11個濁音聲母全部清化，大部分“精、清、心”組字（包括濁音清化後合併的從組、邪組）出現“腭化”，“見、溪、曉”組字的腭化音變相對較晚，只有“喫”左音時代就完成“腭化”音變；右音系統中基本不分齒頭音和正齒音；“知三章三昌三徹三穿三書三生三澄三禪三船三”開口合口繼續保留腭介音；“微”、“疑”、“影”尚未完全與“云以”混並。
16世紀的漢語聲母系統主要特點表現為：濁音清化；不分齒頭音和正齒音；一部分腭化；“知三章三昌三徹三穿三書三生三澄三禪三船三”開口合口繼續保留腭介音；”微”、“疑”和“影”尚未完全與“云以”混並。
本文取得了如下一些創新點成果或貢獻：
1)諺譯《老朴》種類繁多，數量龐大，前賢研究都是對紙本進行案頭工作，有多種限制，無法進行全面系統的研究。我們利用計算機技術對目前已發現的諺譯《老朴》7本書進行文本數字化，建立首個諺譯《老朴》数据庫。該数据庫完整記錄諺譯《老朴》中漢語、諺文注音、諺文注釋，聲調符號等信息。
2)首次對諺譯《老朴》的漢字、諺文進行校勘，在計算機執行處理問題上進行了有益的探索，不僅為本研究打下堅實的基礎，而且對於其它詞彙語法研究有一定的參考價值。
3)首次實現了諺譯《老朴》數據庫與《廣韻》數據庫對接。
4)首次窮盡式地統計了《翻譯老朴》聲母的諺文注音、國際音標、音韻地位及出現次數，找出每個聲母的來源。發現《翻譯老朴》左音雖然保存中古全濁聲母，但也反映了部分“濁音清化”的現象；右音的全濁聲母全部消失，基本不分“齒頭音和正齒音”（拉長字母的左撇為齒頭音，拉長字母的右捺為正齒音），“微”、“疑”、“影”尚未完全與“云以”混並。
5)首次全面分析了《翻譯老朴》聲母注音中“不分齒頭音和正齒音”的原因。
6)首次收錄了《廣韻》、《集韻》未收的，或者讀音、用例早於已有記錄的朝漢注音漢字40多個，通過原文例句、諺文注音、國際音標、諺文註釋及漢語翻譯全面展示了這些漢字的語音及詞義，填補通行辞书有关收字、注音、用例的空白。
全文約9.2萬餘字，分8章。
第一章緒論，介紹研究的來源及意義，闡述國內外研究現狀，說明課題研究的方向及所採用的材料與方法及本文創新點；第二章諺譯《老朴》概述，介紹諺譯《老朴》各書的成書年代、編撰者、體例、流傳及版本等情況；第三章諺譯《老朴》數據庫的創建，介紹諺譯《老朴》的電子文本處理，數據庫的設計、查詢系統的研製及國際音標轉寫體系；第四章《翻譯老朴》左音聲母系統，左音聲母共31個，按照漢字、諺文注音、國際音標轉系、韻書反切、音韻地位、用例數的順序窮盡列舉了每個聲母的詳細信息，在此基礎上歸納出左音聲母系統的特點，保留“濁音”標記、尚能區分齒頭音和正齒音、小部分漢字有“腭化”音變、“知三”等保留腭介音、疑、影、云以的分合等；第五章《翻譯老朴》右音聲母系統，按照31個左音聲母對應的中古聲母窮盡列舉了每個聲母的詳細信息，歸納出右音聲母22個，其特點主要表現在全部完成“濁音清化”、精清心組字聲母的腭化現象、不分齒頭音和正齒音、“知三”等保留腭介音、微、疑、影尚未完全與云以合併等；第六章《翻譯老朴》的晚起字、多音字及其它，介紹了《廣韻》、《集韻》及其它韻書字書未收的晚起字，讀音用例比其它韻書字書更早的字，根據原文例句及諺文翻譯找出這些漢字讀音或用例的更早證據；第七章《翻譯老朴》反映的近代漢語聲母系統，主要歸納了“不分齒頭音和正齒音”的幾個原因；第八章結語，總結本文的研究成果，以及尚需努力的地方。
At present, linguists of the Chinese language study modern Chinese phoneticsmainly by means of the references like Guangyun, Jiyun, Zhongyuan Yinyun and etc.Because Chinese character is not a phonography system, the job of reconstructing thephonemes of that time has been done through historical comparative analysis which hascertain limitations. As phonetic character, ancient Korean has very strong function ofphonetic transcription, through the research of phonology, dictionaries and Chineselanguage textbooks in Han Dynasty, which had been kept from Korean times, thephonetic system of sound category and phonetic value would be accessible. Among thosereferences on phone studies, considerable attention has been paid to the series oftextbooks—Laoqida and Piaotongshi (in short, the two series have been called YanyiLaopiao) which are provided with the phonetic notation of ancient Korean and thecorresponding annotations. As corpus, because of their remarkable features such asaccurate phonetic transcription, good cohesion, colloquial style and the annotations ofancient Korean, Laopiao provides valuable data for studying modern Chinese language.
The current research on Yany Laopiao has mainly centered on written paper work.Because Yany Laopiao has gone through three hundred years, the corresponding Chinesecharacters, phonetic notation, tones and punctuations and annotations of ancient Koreanhave changed a lot following the change of Chinese characters at that time. As a result, itis much difficult to conduct an all-level comprehensive diachronic comparison. Therefore,much research work has been focusing on certain edition during certain period. A moreeasier, convenient and effective corpus which is based on Yany Laopiao which coversChinese characters, phonetic notation of ancient Korean, tones and punctuations,sentences and annotations of ancient Korean is greatly needed for the comprehensivestudy of modern Chinese language from16thcentury to18thcentury in terms of itsphonetics, tones, word entries, grammar and even the development of the coexistentKorean language.
Therefore, with the help of computer technology, the author makes Yany Laopiao digitized (including its four series, altogether seven books with755,000characters),build up a complete corpus according to different styles and functions, correspondingwith the corpus from Guangyun. The designed corpus can be used to extract Chinesecharacters, pronunciation of ancient Korean on left and right sides, transcription ofinternational phonetic alphabets, fanqie of rhyme books, phonology position, tones andpunctuations, sentences and annotations of ancient Korean. By means of this corpus, theanalysis and research on the phonetic system of modern Chinese and Korean will beaccessible through historical comparison and diachronic study. Due to space and timelimitation, this dissertation concentrates on detailed comparative analysis of the InitialConsonant System (on both left and right sides written in ancient Korean) which ischosen from the two books—Fanyi Laoqida and Fanyi piaotongshi (in short, the twoseries have been called Fanyi Laopiao). Based on the result of the phonetic phenomenon,further discussion on initial consonant system of modern Chinese characters reflectedfrom the two books—Fanyi Laopiao will be carried on. The conclusions are drawn asfollows.
1. The Initial Consonant System on Left Side
There’re altogether31initial consonants which basically maintain the mark of“voiced”. There is palatalization which has been derived from this group of “ts, tsh, s,kh”.
2. The Initial Consonant System on Right Side
There’re altogether22initial consonants, among which11voiced initial consonantsare all devoiced. Most groups of “Jing(精)，Qing(清)，Xin(心)” have “palatalization”; thegroup of “Jian(见), Xi(溪), Xiao(晓)” has palatalized phonetic change which appearquite late.
The major features of the initial consonant system in Chinese language in16thcentury are devoiced voiced consonants, no difference in left and right legs, partialpalatalized phonetics.
Some achievements and contributions have been made in this dissertation.
1) There are large numbers of Yanyi Laopiao. As for the previous research,attention has been paid to the written work of paper paintings which brings about some limitations. The author of this dissertation makes full use of computer technology andbuilds up the very first corpus which is based on Yanyi Laopiao.
2) It is the first time to collate Chinese characters in Yanyi Laopiao. A solidfoundation has been laid, not just for this research, but also for the benefit of furtherstudy on other entries and grammar with very important reference value.
3) The first successful docking of corpus of Yanyi Laopiao with the corpus ofGuangyun.
4) This attempt is quite an exhaustive study on phonetic notation of initialconsonants, international phonetic alphabets, phonology position and its occurrencenumber in Fanyi laopiao and the origin of every initial consonant has been traced.
5) A very comprehensive study of the reasons for such phenomenon in phoneticnotation of initial consonants of the book—Yanyi laopiao.
6) It is the very first time to collate more than40Chinese characters with thephonetic notation of ancient Korean which are absent in Guangyun and Jiyun. By theway of original examples, phonetic notation of ancient Korean, international alphabets,annotations of ancient Korean and ancient Korean translation, phonetics and theirmeanings have been fully presented.
This paper has been divided into eight chapters, with around90,000characters.
The first chapter is Introduction part, which is about the source and value of thisresearch, including literature review, methods being used and innovations in this paper.The second chapter gives a brief introduction of Yanyi Laopiao which has been discussedfrom the perspectives of the circulation age, compilers, style, circulation and editions.The third chapter introduces the foundation of the corpus of Yanyi Laopiao, briefing thetreatment of electronic text of Laopiao, designing of the corpus, establishment of itssearch system and the transcription system of international alphabets. Chapter4presentsthe system of initial consonants on left sides in Fanyi Laopiao. There are31initialconsonants on left sides. According to Chinese characters, phonetic notations in ancientKorean, transcription of international alphabets and etc, the detailed information of everyinitial consonant has been exemplified. Chapter5probes into the system of initialconsonants on right sides in Fanyi Laopiao. In accordance with the middle-aged initial consonants corresponding with the thirty-one initial consonants on right sides, theelaborate information of every initial consonant has been shown to summarize the factthat initial consonants on right sides have been simplified into22. Their maincharacteristics are “devoiced voiced sounds”. Chapter6discusses late-appearing wordsin Fanyi laopiao and also recommends other late-appearing words which have not beenincluded in Guangyun, Jiyun and other rhyme books and dictionaries. Chapter7exploresthe system of initial consonants which is reflected from Fanyi laopiao. Chapter8is theconclusion part which summarizes the research result of this paper and points out thepossibilities for further improvement.
目前對諺譯《老朴》的研究主要對紙本進行案頭工作，由於諺譯《老朴》前後跨越近三百年，其中的漢字、諺文注音、聲調標點和諺文注釋均隨當時漢語的變化而發生變化，很難進行全面系統的歷時比較，所以大部分研究集中在某一個版本的斷代性研究上，亟需能夠涵蓋漢字、諺文注音、聲調標點、句子和諺文注釋的諺譯《老朴》數據庫，為綜合研究16世紀-18世紀近代漢語的語音、聲調、詞彙、語法乃至同時代韓語的發展變化提供一種方便、快捷、有效的工具。
為此，我們利用計算機技術對諺譯《老朴》4個系列共7本書（共計75萬5千餘字）進行文本數字化，按照不同體例和功能需求建立了完整的諺譯《老朴》數據庫，並與《廣韻》數據庫成功對接。通過該數據庫，可以根據實際需要，提取漢字、諺文左右注音、國際音標轉寫、韻書反切、音韻地位、聲調標點、句子、諺文注釋等詳細信息，利用這些成果對近代漢語或韓語的語音系統進行歷時和共時的分析和研究。由於時間和篇幅有限，本論文對《翻譯老乞大》、《翻譯朴通事》（簡稱翻譯《老朴》）聲母系統（左音和右音）進行了詳細的比較分析，根據所得的語音現象，對《翻譯老朴》聲母系統反映的近代漢語聲母系統進行了討論。得出以下主要結論：一、左音聲母系統
共31個聲母，基本保留“濁音”標記，尚能區分齒頭音和正齒音（拉長字母的左撇為齒頭音，拉長字母的右捺為正齒音）；“ts、ts、s、k”組一部分漢字出現“腭化”音變，如：“將、煎、些、喫”等；“知三章三昌三徹三穿三書三澄三禪三船三”開口合口均有不少漢字保留腭介音；“疑”母和“云以”母還沒有完全混並，1個疑母漢字“牛”已經歸為孃母；“影”母保留注音符號。
二、右音聲母系統
共22個聲母，11個濁音聲母全部清化，大部分“精、清、心”組字（包括濁音清化後合併的從組、邪組）出現“腭化”，“見、溪、曉”組字的腭化音變相對較晚，只有“喫”左音時代就完成“腭化”音變；右音系統中基本不分齒頭音和正齒音；“知三章三昌三徹三穿三書三生三澄三禪三船三”開口合口繼續保留腭介音；“微”、“疑”、“影”尚未完全與“云以”混並。
16世紀的漢語聲母系統主要特點表現為：濁音清化；不分齒頭音和正齒音；一部分腭化；“知三章三昌三徹三穿三書三生三澄三禪三船三”開口合口繼續保留腭介音；”微”、“疑”和“影”尚未完全與“云以”混並。
本文取得了如下一些創新點成果或貢獻：
1)諺譯《老朴》種類繁多，數量龐大，前賢研究都是對紙本進行案頭工作，有多種限制，無法進行全面系統的研究。我們利用計算機技術對目前已發現的諺譯《老朴》7本書進行文本數字化，建立首個諺譯《老朴》数据庫。該数据庫完整記錄諺譯《老朴》中漢語、諺文注音、諺文注釋，聲調符號等信息。
2)首次對諺譯《老朴》的漢字、諺文進行校勘，在計算機執行處理問題上進行了有益的探索，不僅為本研究打下堅實的基礎，而且對於其它詞彙語法研究有一定的參考價值。
3)首次實現了諺譯《老朴》數據庫與《廣韻》數據庫對接。
4)首次窮盡式地統計了《翻譯老朴》聲母的諺文注音、國際音標、音韻地位及出現次數，找出每個聲母的來源。發現《翻譯老朴》左音雖然保存中古全濁聲母，但也反映了部分“濁音清化”的現象；右音的全濁聲母全部消失，基本不分“齒頭音和正齒音”（拉長字母的左撇為齒頭音，拉長字母的右捺為正齒音），“微”、“疑”、“影”尚未完全與“云以”混並。
5)首次全面分析了《翻譯老朴》聲母注音中“不分齒頭音和正齒音”的原因。
6)首次收錄了《廣韻》、《集韻》未收的，或者讀音、用例早於已有記錄的朝漢注音漢字40多個，通過原文例句、諺文注音、國際音標、諺文註釋及漢語翻譯全面展示了這些漢字的語音及詞義，填補通行辞书有关收字、注音、用例的空白。
全文約9.2萬餘字，分8章。
第一章緒論，介紹研究的來源及意義，闡述國內外研究現狀，說明課題研究的方向及所採用的材料與方法及本文創新點；第二章諺譯《老朴》概述，介紹諺譯《老朴》各書的成書年代、編撰者、體例、流傳及版本等情況；第三章諺譯《老朴》數據庫的創建，介紹諺譯《老朴》的電子文本處理，數據庫的設計、查詢系統的研製及國際音標轉寫體系；第四章《翻譯老朴》左音聲母系統，左音聲母共31個，按照漢字、諺文注音、國際音標轉系、韻書反切、音韻地位、用例數的順序窮盡列舉了每個聲母的詳細信息，在此基礎上歸納出左音聲母系統的特點，保留“濁音”標記、尚能區分齒頭音和正齒音、小部分漢字有“腭化”音變、“知三”等保留腭介音、疑、影、云以的分合等；第五章《翻譯老朴》右音聲母系統，按照31個左音聲母對應的中古聲母窮盡列舉了每個聲母的詳細信息，歸納出右音聲母22個，其特點主要表現在全部完成“濁音清化”、精清心組字聲母的腭化現象、不分齒頭音和正齒音、“知三”等保留腭介音、微、疑、影尚未完全與云以合併等；第六章《翻譯老朴》的晚起字、多音字及其它，介紹了《廣韻》、《集韻》及其它韻書字書未收的晚起字，讀音用例比其它韻書字書更早的字，根據原文例句及諺文翻譯找出這些漢字讀音或用例的更早證據；第七章《翻譯老朴》反映的近代漢語聲母系統，主要歸納了“不分齒頭音和正齒音”的幾個原因；第八章結語，總結本文的研究成果，以及尚需努力的地方。
At present, linguists of the Chinese language study modern Chinese phoneticsmainly by means of the references like Guangyun, Jiyun, Zhongyuan Yinyun and etc.Because Chinese character is not a phonography system, the job of reconstructing thephonemes of that time has been done through historical comparative analysis which hascertain limitations. As phonetic character, ancient Korean has very strong function ofphonetic transcription, through the research of phonology, dictionaries and Chineselanguage textbooks in Han Dynasty, which had been kept from Korean times, thephonetic system of sound category and phonetic value would be accessible. Among thosereferences on phone studies, considerable attention has been paid to the series oftextbooks—Laoqida and Piaotongshi (in short, the two series have been called YanyiLaopiao) which are provided with the phonetic notation of ancient Korean and thecorresponding annotations. As corpus, because of their remarkable features such asaccurate phonetic transcription, good cohesion, colloquial style and the annotations ofancient Korean, Laopiao provides valuable data for studying modern Chinese language.
The current research on Yany Laopiao has mainly centered on written paper work.Because Yany Laopiao has gone through three hundred years, the corresponding Chinesecharacters, phonetic notation, tones and punctuations and annotations of ancient Koreanhave changed a lot following the change of Chinese characters at that time. As a result, itis much difficult to conduct an all-level comprehensive diachronic comparison. Therefore,much research work has been focusing on certain edition during certain period. A moreeasier, convenient and effective corpus which is based on Yany Laopiao which coversChinese characters, phonetic notation of ancient Korean, tones and punctuations,sentences and annotations of ancient Korean is greatly needed for the comprehensivestudy of modern Chinese language from16thcentury to18thcentury in terms of itsphonetics, tones, word entries, grammar and even the development of the coexistentKorean language.
Therefore, with the help of computer technology, the author makes Yany Laopiao digitized (including its four series, altogether seven books with755,000characters),build up a complete corpus according to different styles and functions, correspondingwith the corpus from Guangyun. The designed corpus can be used to extract Chinesecharacters, pronunciation of ancient Korean on left and right sides, transcription ofinternational phonetic alphabets, fanqie of rhyme books, phonology position, tones andpunctuations, sentences and annotations of ancient Korean. By means of this corpus, theanalysis and research on the phonetic system of modern Chinese and Korean will beaccessible through historical comparison and diachronic study. Due to space and timelimitation, this dissertation concentrates on detailed comparative analysis of the InitialConsonant System (on both left and right sides written in ancient Korean) which ischosen from the two books—Fanyi Laoqida and Fanyi piaotongshi (in short, the twoseries have been called Fanyi Laopiao). Based on the result of the phonetic phenomenon,further discussion on initial consonant system of modern Chinese characters reflectedfrom the two books—Fanyi Laopiao will be carried on. The conclusions are drawn asfollows.
1. The Initial Consonant System on Left Side
There’re altogether31initial consonants which basically maintain the mark of“voiced”. There is palatalization which has been derived from this group of “ts, tsh, s,kh”.
2. The Initial Consonant System on Right Side
There’re altogether22initial consonants, among which11voiced initial consonantsare all devoiced. Most groups of “Jing(精)，Qing(清)，Xin(心)” have “palatalization”; thegroup of “Jian(见), Xi(溪), Xiao(晓)” has palatalized phonetic change which appearquite late.
The major features of the initial consonant system in Chinese language in16thcentury are devoiced voiced consonants, no difference in left and right legs, partialpalatalized phonetics.
Some achievements and contributions have been made in this dissertation.
1) There are large numbers of Yanyi Laopiao. As for the previous research,attention has been paid to the written work of paper paintings which brings about some limitations. The author of this dissertation makes full use of computer technology andbuilds up the very first corpus which is based on Yanyi Laopiao.
2) It is the first time to collate Chinese characters in Yanyi Laopiao. A solidfoundation has been laid, not just for this research, but also for the benefit of furtherstudy on other entries and grammar with very important reference value.
3) The first successful docking of corpus of Yanyi Laopiao with the corpus ofGuangyun.
4) This attempt is quite an exhaustive study on phonetic notation of initialconsonants, international phonetic alphabets, phonology position and its occurrencenumber in Fanyi laopiao and the origin of every initial consonant has been traced.
5) A very comprehensive study of the reasons for such phenomenon in phoneticnotation of initial consonants of the book—Yanyi laopiao.
6) It is the very first time to collate more than40Chinese characters with thephonetic notation of ancient Korean which are absent in Guangyun and Jiyun. By theway of original examples, phonetic notation of ancient Korean, international alphabets,annotations of ancient Korean and ancient Korean translation, phonetics and theirmeanings have been fully presented.
This paper has been divided into eight chapters, with around90,000characters.
The first chapter is Introduction part, which is about the source and value of thisresearch, including literature review, methods being used and innovations in this paper.The second chapter gives a brief introduction of Yanyi Laopiao which has been discussedfrom the perspectives of the circulation age, compilers, style, circulation and editions.The third chapter introduces the foundation of the corpus of Yanyi Laopiao, briefing thetreatment of electronic text of Laopiao, designing of the corpus, establishment of itssearch system and the transcription system of international alphabets. Chapter4presentsthe system of initial consonants on left sides in Fanyi Laopiao. There are31initialconsonants on left sides. According to Chinese characters, phonetic notations in ancientKorean, transcription of international alphabets and etc, the detailed information of everyinitial consonant has been exemplified. Chapter5probes into the system of initialconsonants on right sides in Fanyi Laopiao. In accordance with the middle-aged initial consonants corresponding with the thirty-one initial consonants on right sides, theelaborate information of every initial consonant has been shown to summarize the factthat initial consonants on right sides have been simplified into22. Their maincharacteristics are “devoiced voiced sounds”. Chapter6discusses late-appearing wordsin Fanyi laopiao and also recommends other late-appearing words which have not beenincluded in Guangyun, Jiyun and other rhyme books and dictionaries. Chapter7exploresthe system of initial consonants which is reflected from Fanyi laopiao. Chapter8is theconclusion part which summarizes the research result of this paper and points out thepossibilities for further improvement.
引文
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