再生混凝土氯离子渗透性试验研究及细观数值模拟
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摘要
将废弃混凝土用作骨料、生产新的混凝土(即再生混凝土)可实现非再生资源天然砂、石等的循环再利用,具有出色的经济效益、环境效益以及社会效益,受到了人们密切的关注和研究。目前对再生混凝土研究较多,已有成果表明：通过再生骨料的强化以及合理的配合比设计等措施,再生混凝土能够满足建筑结构对混凝土工作性能和力学性能的基本要求。但再生混凝土耐久性较差,这常常成为制约其广泛应用于沿海、除冰盐等恶劣环境中结构混凝土的最大瓶颈。
本文以试验为主要手段,系统地研究了再生混凝土氯离子渗透性以及改善措施。其次本文从细观的角度,将再生骨料混凝土视为三相复合材料,由再生骨料、砂浆以及骨料和砂浆之间的界面区三相组成,由于此三相自身结构以及各自性能都相差较大,它们在再生混凝土中的分布状况会影响混凝土的渗透性。本文通过试验及数值分析方法,系统地研究了此三相的性能对再生混凝土氯离子渗透性的影响。主要研究成果如下：
(1)对现有的ASTMC1202加速氯离子渗透试验装置进行了改进,设计了多通道ACMT (Accelerated chloride Migration Test)加速氯离子渗透试验仪,研发了基于TM7709的数据自动采集系统；同时对NEL混凝土电导率法试验装置进行了改进。
(2)利用改进的加速氯离子渗透试验仪和改进的NEL试验装置对再生混凝土氯离子渗透进行了试验研究。试验结果表明：加速氯离子渗透试验中,电通量与氯离子渗透系数存在着很好的线性相关性,可以通过电通量评价混凝土氯离子渗透性；两种试验方法所测氯离子渗透系数存在着很好的线性相关性,为省时省力可采用NEL法快速判定混凝土氯离子渗透性。
(3)试验研究表明：随着再生骨料的替代率增加,混凝土氯离子渗透系数增加,抗渗透性降低,再生骨料替代率在25%以内时,对渗透性影响不是很大,但替代率为100%的全再生混凝土比天然骨料混凝土渗透系数增加的较多,约为2倍左右；随着水胶比的增加,混凝土氯离子渗透系数增加,抗渗透性降低,尤其是全再生混凝土随水胶比的增加抗氯离子渗透性降低越厉害。
(4)在再生混凝土中掺入活性掺和料,可改善再生混凝土界面过渡区的微结构,增加混凝土的密实性,从而显著提高混凝土的抗氯子渗透性。本文在再生混凝土中以25%的活性掺和料等量替代水泥,试验结果表明：三种掺和料(硅灰、粉煤灰、矿渣微粉)均较明显的降低氯离子渗透系数,其中,对全再生混凝土而言,用25%的硅灰替代等量的水泥,可以将氯离子渗透系数降低至同水胶比的天然骨料混凝土。所以用活性掺和料替代水泥是提高其抗氯离子渗透性的一个重要手段。
(5)本文从细观层次上试验研究了骨料和界面区分布以及活性掺和料粉煤灰对再生混凝土渗透性的影响同时与天然骨料混凝土渗透性进行对比。将粗骨料制作成规则的棱柱体形状,置入砂浆中,制作不同系列混凝土试块,使得这些试块具有不同的界面区含量。对试块进行氯离子渗透性试验,可得试块的渗透系数；假定试块中的粗骨料、砂浆及界面区均匀,各相渗透性保持一致,试验测出砂浆的渗透系数；同时试验测出基体混凝土的渗透系数作为再生粗骨料的渗透系数,从而可计算出界面区的渗透系数。试验结果表明：再生骨料混凝土的界面区的氯离子渗透系数比天然骨料混凝土的氯离子渗透系数大的多,约为天然骨料混凝土的7.7倍；活性掺和料粉煤灰的掺入使得界面区的渗透系数迅速降低至接近天然骨料混凝土。为分析骨料含量对再生混凝土氯离子渗透性的影响,本文设计不同粗骨料含量的各系列混凝土试块,并对试块进行氯离子渗透性试验,试验结果表明,天然骨料混凝土的氯离子渗透性随着天然骨料含量的增加而呈现出不断减小的趋势；可对于再生骨料混凝土,随着再生骨料含量的增加,混凝土的氯离子渗透性却呈现出增大的趋势；对于掺有粉煤灰的再生骨料混凝土,随着再生骨料含量的增加,混凝土的渗透性的趋势与天然骨料混凝土类似,但变化趋势不如天然骨料混凝土显著。
(6)本文利用数值模拟的方法研究了细观结构对再生混凝土氯离子渗透性的影响。首先,本文基于物理引擎PhysX. net建立了混凝土细观结构模型,编写了根据骨料分布特征输入相关参数、无骨料重叠、高骨料体积比的三维椭球体和凸多面体骨料的随机模型自动投放程序。在再生混凝土细观结构模型形成的基础上,采用有限元,对混凝土氯离子渗透进行了细观数值模拟,与试验结果相符。
Using of waste concrete as aggregate of new concrete (recycled concrete) can be realized the recycle of the nonrenewable resources—natural sand, stone, etc. It has attracted widely attention due to its distinguished environmental benefits, economic advantage and social returns. Current research on recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) suggests that It can meet the basic requirements of the concrete that building structures asked, such as, workability of flesh concrete and physic mechanics property of the harden concrete. Relatively low durability of RAC, however, often limit the extensive application to structural occasions in coast, de-icing salt and other harsh environments.
Firstly, in this paper, the chloride diffusivity of recycled aggregate concrete was systematically investigated by experiment. Secondly, concrete including recycled concrete, was analyzed as a composite consisting of coarse aggregate, mortar and interfacial transition zone (ITZ). Because permeability and mechanical properties of each phase are not the same, their distribution in concrete will affect the permeability of concrete. The effect of mortar, aggregate content and the distribution of ITZ in concrete were studied by experiment and numerical simulation. The main research results are as follows.
(1) There are several defects in the ASTM C1202accelerated chloride. A multi-channels chloride ion migration apparatus and an automatic data collection system based on TM7709were developed in this study to improve it. Some improvements are also put forward to NEL chloride ion migration apparatus.
(2) By the improved test apparatus and NEL test, the chloride diffusivity of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) was investigated. The experiment result shows that there is excellent linear relationship between charge passed and chloride diffusion coefficient from ACMT, so we can evaluate the chloride diffusivity of concrete through charge passed from specimen. It also shows that the chloride diffusion coefficients have excellent linear relationship from ACMT and NEL methods, so we can save time and labor by using of NEL method.
(3) The experiment result shows that the chloride diffusion coefficients are large with the increment of the replacement rate of recycled coarse aggregate. The replacement rate of recycled coarse aggregate being not surpass25%, has a little influence on permeability of concrete, but if the replacement rate is100%, the chloride diffusion coefficient of recycled concrete is about twice as that of natural concrete. It is also found that, the water-binder ratio is higher; the chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete is larger, irrespective of binder and aggregate type.
(4) An addition of activated admixture to the recycled aggregate concrete can improve property of interfacial transition zone and pore structure, concrete is compacter than ordinary concrete, and thus it can enhance the resistance to the chloride ion diffusion of the concrete. In this paper, the partial replacement with activated admixture such as fly ash, slag and silica fume is dramatically effective in decrease in the chloride diffusion coefficient. The usage of25%silica fume as partial cement substitution in the recycled aggregate concrete, the chloride diffusions of them are approximate to those of natural coarse concrete. So the partial replacement with activated admixture is effective way to enhance the resistance to the chloride ion diffusion of the recycled aggregate concrete.
(5) The effect of aggregate content and the distribution of ITZ in concrete were investigated in this paper. Shaped aggregates were put into the mortar in order that the chloride diffusion coefficient of each component was obtained by using the improved accelerated chloride migration test. The result show that, the diffusion coefficient of ITZ of RAC is about7.7times as that of natural aggregate concrete, the activated admixture, fly ash, can sharply decrease the chloride diffusion coefficient of ITZ in the recycled aggregate concrete. In order to investigate the effect of coarse aggregate content on the chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete, three series concrete specimen with different coarse aggregate volume fractions were tested by ACMT. The result indicate that:to natural aggregate concrete, the aggregate content is higher, the concrete chloride diffusion coefficient is smaller and there is same phenomenon to RAC concrete with fly ash, but to RCA concrete, the aggregate content is higher, the concrete chloride diffusion coefficient is larger.
(6) The effect of mesoscopic structure to the chloride diffusivity of recycled aggregate concrete was investigated by numerical simulation. Firstly based on physical engineer (PhysX.net), the mesoscopic structure models of concrete were established. The program of the model were developed where the3-D ellipsoid and spatial convex polyhedral aggregates can be random distributed and automatic generated. Based on the3-D aggregate distribution model, the chloride diffusion numerical model was established which contain mortar, aggregate and ITZ. The concrete models of chloride penetration with different coarse aggregate volume fractions, different type of binder and different distribution of ITZ were simulated utilizing the finite element method. The results are consistent with the experimental results.
本文以试验为主要手段,系统地研究了再生混凝土氯离子渗透性以及改善措施。其次本文从细观的角度,将再生骨料混凝土视为三相复合材料,由再生骨料、砂浆以及骨料和砂浆之间的界面区三相组成,由于此三相自身结构以及各自性能都相差较大,它们在再生混凝土中的分布状况会影响混凝土的渗透性。本文通过试验及数值分析方法,系统地研究了此三相的性能对再生混凝土氯离子渗透性的影响。主要研究成果如下：
(1)对现有的ASTMC1202加速氯离子渗透试验装置进行了改进,设计了多通道ACMT (Accelerated chloride Migration Test)加速氯离子渗透试验仪,研发了基于TM7709的数据自动采集系统；同时对NEL混凝土电导率法试验装置进行了改进。
(2)利用改进的加速氯离子渗透试验仪和改进的NEL试验装置对再生混凝土氯离子渗透进行了试验研究。试验结果表明：加速氯离子渗透试验中,电通量与氯离子渗透系数存在着很好的线性相关性,可以通过电通量评价混凝土氯离子渗透性；两种试验方法所测氯离子渗透系数存在着很好的线性相关性,为省时省力可采用NEL法快速判定混凝土氯离子渗透性。
(3)试验研究表明：随着再生骨料的替代率增加,混凝土氯离子渗透系数增加,抗渗透性降低,再生骨料替代率在25%以内时,对渗透性影响不是很大,但替代率为100%的全再生混凝土比天然骨料混凝土渗透系数增加的较多,约为2倍左右；随着水胶比的增加,混凝土氯离子渗透系数增加,抗渗透性降低,尤其是全再生混凝土随水胶比的增加抗氯离子渗透性降低越厉害。
(4)在再生混凝土中掺入活性掺和料,可改善再生混凝土界面过渡区的微结构,增加混凝土的密实性,从而显著提高混凝土的抗氯子渗透性。本文在再生混凝土中以25%的活性掺和料等量替代水泥,试验结果表明：三种掺和料(硅灰、粉煤灰、矿渣微粉)均较明显的降低氯离子渗透系数,其中,对全再生混凝土而言,用25%的硅灰替代等量的水泥,可以将氯离子渗透系数降低至同水胶比的天然骨料混凝土。所以用活性掺和料替代水泥是提高其抗氯离子渗透性的一个重要手段。
(5)本文从细观层次上试验研究了骨料和界面区分布以及活性掺和料粉煤灰对再生混凝土渗透性的影响同时与天然骨料混凝土渗透性进行对比。将粗骨料制作成规则的棱柱体形状,置入砂浆中,制作不同系列混凝土试块,使得这些试块具有不同的界面区含量。对试块进行氯离子渗透性试验,可得试块的渗透系数；假定试块中的粗骨料、砂浆及界面区均匀,各相渗透性保持一致,试验测出砂浆的渗透系数；同时试验测出基体混凝土的渗透系数作为再生粗骨料的渗透系数,从而可计算出界面区的渗透系数。试验结果表明：再生骨料混凝土的界面区的氯离子渗透系数比天然骨料混凝土的氯离子渗透系数大的多,约为天然骨料混凝土的7.7倍；活性掺和料粉煤灰的掺入使得界面区的渗透系数迅速降低至接近天然骨料混凝土。为分析骨料含量对再生混凝土氯离子渗透性的影响,本文设计不同粗骨料含量的各系列混凝土试块,并对试块进行氯离子渗透性试验,试验结果表明,天然骨料混凝土的氯离子渗透性随着天然骨料含量的增加而呈现出不断减小的趋势；可对于再生骨料混凝土,随着再生骨料含量的增加,混凝土的氯离子渗透性却呈现出增大的趋势；对于掺有粉煤灰的再生骨料混凝土,随着再生骨料含量的增加,混凝土的渗透性的趋势与天然骨料混凝土类似,但变化趋势不如天然骨料混凝土显著。
(6)本文利用数值模拟的方法研究了细观结构对再生混凝土氯离子渗透性的影响。首先,本文基于物理引擎PhysX. net建立了混凝土细观结构模型,编写了根据骨料分布特征输入相关参数、无骨料重叠、高骨料体积比的三维椭球体和凸多面体骨料的随机模型自动投放程序。在再生混凝土细观结构模型形成的基础上,采用有限元,对混凝土氯离子渗透进行了细观数值模拟,与试验结果相符。
Using of waste concrete as aggregate of new concrete (recycled concrete) can be realized the recycle of the nonrenewable resources—natural sand, stone, etc. It has attracted widely attention due to its distinguished environmental benefits, economic advantage and social returns. Current research on recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) suggests that It can meet the basic requirements of the concrete that building structures asked, such as, workability of flesh concrete and physic mechanics property of the harden concrete. Relatively low durability of RAC, however, often limit the extensive application to structural occasions in coast, de-icing salt and other harsh environments.
Firstly, in this paper, the chloride diffusivity of recycled aggregate concrete was systematically investigated by experiment. Secondly, concrete including recycled concrete, was analyzed as a composite consisting of coarse aggregate, mortar and interfacial transition zone (ITZ). Because permeability and mechanical properties of each phase are not the same, their distribution in concrete will affect the permeability of concrete. The effect of mortar, aggregate content and the distribution of ITZ in concrete were studied by experiment and numerical simulation. The main research results are as follows.
(1) There are several defects in the ASTM C1202accelerated chloride. A multi-channels chloride ion migration apparatus and an automatic data collection system based on TM7709were developed in this study to improve it. Some improvements are also put forward to NEL chloride ion migration apparatus.
(2) By the improved test apparatus and NEL test, the chloride diffusivity of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) was investigated. The experiment result shows that there is excellent linear relationship between charge passed and chloride diffusion coefficient from ACMT, so we can evaluate the chloride diffusivity of concrete through charge passed from specimen. It also shows that the chloride diffusion coefficients have excellent linear relationship from ACMT and NEL methods, so we can save time and labor by using of NEL method.
(3) The experiment result shows that the chloride diffusion coefficients are large with the increment of the replacement rate of recycled coarse aggregate. The replacement rate of recycled coarse aggregate being not surpass25%, has a little influence on permeability of concrete, but if the replacement rate is100%, the chloride diffusion coefficient of recycled concrete is about twice as that of natural concrete. It is also found that, the water-binder ratio is higher; the chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete is larger, irrespective of binder and aggregate type.
(4) An addition of activated admixture to the recycled aggregate concrete can improve property of interfacial transition zone and pore structure, concrete is compacter than ordinary concrete, and thus it can enhance the resistance to the chloride ion diffusion of the concrete. In this paper, the partial replacement with activated admixture such as fly ash, slag and silica fume is dramatically effective in decrease in the chloride diffusion coefficient. The usage of25%silica fume as partial cement substitution in the recycled aggregate concrete, the chloride diffusions of them are approximate to those of natural coarse concrete. So the partial replacement with activated admixture is effective way to enhance the resistance to the chloride ion diffusion of the recycled aggregate concrete.
(5) The effect of aggregate content and the distribution of ITZ in concrete were investigated in this paper. Shaped aggregates were put into the mortar in order that the chloride diffusion coefficient of each component was obtained by using the improved accelerated chloride migration test. The result show that, the diffusion coefficient of ITZ of RAC is about7.7times as that of natural aggregate concrete, the activated admixture, fly ash, can sharply decrease the chloride diffusion coefficient of ITZ in the recycled aggregate concrete. In order to investigate the effect of coarse aggregate content on the chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete, three series concrete specimen with different coarse aggregate volume fractions were tested by ACMT. The result indicate that:to natural aggregate concrete, the aggregate content is higher, the concrete chloride diffusion coefficient is smaller and there is same phenomenon to RAC concrete with fly ash, but to RCA concrete, the aggregate content is higher, the concrete chloride diffusion coefficient is larger.
(6) The effect of mesoscopic structure to the chloride diffusivity of recycled aggregate concrete was investigated by numerical simulation. Firstly based on physical engineer (PhysX.net), the mesoscopic structure models of concrete were established. The program of the model were developed where the3-D ellipsoid and spatial convex polyhedral aggregates can be random distributed and automatic generated. Based on the3-D aggregate distribution model, the chloride diffusion numerical model was established which contain mortar, aggregate and ITZ. The concrete models of chloride penetration with different coarse aggregate volume fractions, different type of binder and different distribution of ITZ were simulated utilizing the finite element method. The results are consistent with the experimental results.
引文
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