钾肥不同施用量对玉米主要生理、生化指标的影响研究
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摘要
玉米是我国的主要粮食作物,常年种植面积在3亿亩左右。由于玉米单产高、增产潜力大,所以它不仅是重要的粮食作物,而且又以其不可替代的特性成为生产肉、蛋、奶等畜产品的饲料来源,素有“饲料之王”之称。钾是作物生长发育不可缺少的营养元素之一。
大量的研究表明:在氮、磷充足的基础上施用钾肥,不但能够提高农作物的产量,而且能够改进农作物的品质。因此随着氮、磷肥料施用,单产的提高,钾已成为许多土壤继氮、磷之后的又一高产限制因子。在这种情形下,我们就有必要在兼顾产量和品质的前提下,深入探讨不同的施钾量时玉米基本的生理生化指标,以期对合理施肥有所帮助的同时,也能更加了解钾肥使玉米高产的生理机制。
通过对军单8和先玉335两个玉米品种在拔节期、大喇叭口期、灌浆期、乳熟期、蜡熟期等五个时期玉米叶片叶绿素、光合速率、可溶性糖、硝酸还原酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶活力、丙二醛的测定分析,发现军单8和先玉335两个玉米品种分别在钾肥用量(K2O)为90 kg hm-2和60 kg hm-2时,玉米叶片中叶绿素含量、光合速率、可溶性糖含量、硝酸还原酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶活力、丙二醛含量等生理生化指标较其它钾肥处理有更好的表现。而取得最佳经济效益时军单8钾肥施用量(K2O)为66.84 kg hm-2,先玉335的钾肥施用量(K2O)为55.19 kg hm-2。
Maize is China's main food crops in China, the year in 20 million hectares of cultivated area around, second only to rice (33 million hectares) and wheat (28 million hectares), its grain output accounts for more than 20% of the total output. Due to high maize yields, an increase of potential, so it is important not only food crops but also their characteristics can not be replaced as a production of meat, eggs, milk and other sources of animal feed, known as "Kings of feed" of. Faced with the growing population in today's society, the land gradually reduce, environmental degradation and resource consumption of a shortage of maize to meet the human consumption of grain growing demand, the use of scientific and technological means to achieve sustained yield potential of maize to enhance scientific research has become a vast number of research workers important issue.
In this study, Jilin University in 2008 to carry out tests of agricultural Engineering, variety selection with XY335 and JD8, planting density of 60,000 plant in each hectare, five potash rates, repeated three times, respectively, in the jointing, big trumpet stage, filling stage, milking stage, wax ripening stage of the district representative to select a consistent growth of functional leaves of maize, in the laboratory determination of seven major physiological and biochemical indexes, including chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, soluble sugar content, nitrate reductase activity, soluble protein content, superoxide dismutase activity MDA. Harvest, select the middle area of measuring 10 m2, after determination of the economic output of air-dried samples, measuring ear length, ear diameter, bare tip line, grains, grain weight, bulk density, weight of hundred seed, water content, water content of 14% conversion of public hectares of production. The experimental results show that:
(1) Chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate
Chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate after using potassium significantly increased the amount of potassium but not the better, XY335 in 60 kg hm-2 (K2O) when compared with a distinct advantage. JD8 in the amount of potash fertilizer 90 kg hm-2(K2O) at the time of chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate in the whole growth period at a high level.
(2) Soluble sugar content
Two different maize varieties in the potash fertilizer, the soluble sugar content showed a bimodal curve, by the jointing stage to large big trumpet stage declined slightly in the big trumpet stage soluble sugar content reached the minimum, and then gradually increased to achieve the highest milking stage to wax ripening stage also declined dramatically. XY335 in the application of potash 60 kg hm-2(K2O), the soluble sugar in the five main growth period of the content other than under the high potash fertilizer, JD8 in the capacity of potash fertilizer applied 90 kg hm-2(K2O), the soluble sugar content in the entire reproductive period, always at a high level.
(3) Nitrate reductase activity
Two different maize varieties in the potash fertilizer, the nitrate reductase showed a single peak of the dynamic curve, by the jointing stage to large period of rapidly increasing big trumpet stage, big trumpet stage achieve the most, and then gradually decreased, wax maturity to a minimum. Application of potash fertilizer can significantly improve the activity of nitrate reductase, but the two species of potash requirements are limited to XY335 of jade in the amount of potash 60 kg hm-2 (K2O)f when the activity of nitrate reductase in the entire growth period were higher JD8 in the amount of potash 90 kg hm-2 (K2O)enzyme activity when better.
(4) Soluble protein content
Two different maize varieties in the potash fertilizer, the soluble protein content showed a single peak curve, from the beginning of jointing stage gradually increased to achieve the greatest big trumpet stage, followed by a sharp decrease to the minimum wax ripening stage. Application of potash fertilizer can significantly increase the content of soluble protein. XY335 potash consumption in the 60 kg hm-2 (K2O) for the soluble protein content when the largest increase, while JD8 species in 90 kg hm-2 (K2O) when soluble protein content in the reproductive age are at a high level.
(5) Activity of SOD
Two different maize varieties in the potash fertilizer, the activity of superoxide dismutase in the whole growth period showed a single peak curve, from the jointing stage to the period of rapid increase in big trumpet stage, big trumpet stage to achieve the most, with the plant after continued growth, continue to lower the activity of enzyme, to minimize wax ripening stage. Comparison of enzyme activity at different growth stages of the change in the amount of potash fertilizer 60 kg hm-2(K2O), the XY335 SOD higher levels of activity, the JD8, in the amount of potash fertilizer application 90 kg hm-2 when, SOD levels in the dynamic whole growth period in the fertilizer than any other activity under the generally high.
(6) MDA
Two different maize varieties in the potash fertilizer, the MDA has been a constant increase in the whole growth period, the application of potash fertilizer of maize plants could make the antioxidant capacity, reduced the degree of membrane injury, the delayed leaf senescence, the functional period, light and a corresponding increase in the product will help improve the quality and yield. However, the optimal fertilization of different varieties of different antioxidant capacity from the perspective of, XY335 potash consumption in the 60 kg hm-2 (K2O) for the better when, and JD8 in the amount of potash fertilizer 90 kg hm-2(K2O) more excellent.
(7) Different potassium fertilizer on yield
Respectively, the two varieties of potassium in different production capacity to do under the linear regression analysis, XY335 in potassium (K2O) to 64.76 kg hm-2 for the largest yield 10114.61 kg hm-2. The best at the time of the effectiveness of fertilizer (K2O) to 55.19 kg hm-2, production at this time 10087.29kg hm-2.
JD8 in a single volume of potassium (K2O) to 83.26 kg hm-2, the output of the largest 10793.07 kg hm-2. The best value for money when the amount of potassium (K2O) to 66.84 kg hm-2, production at this time 10746.16 kg hm-2.
Over potash and study on the relationship between maize yield can be drawn, maize plants in the appropriate planting density conditions, increasing potash can increase the quality of grain production. Integrated physiological and biochemical indicators of the findings, we conclude that the appropriate amount of potash fertilizer can increase crop chlorophyll content, thereby increasing the amount of light products, increased soluble sugar content. It also enables dynamic increase of nitrate reductase, which makes the amount of soluble protein increased, so as to improve the light efficiency crop to lay the foundation. Appropriate application of potash fertilizer, the activity of anti-aging also significantly improve the ability to delay leaf senescence, thus extending the time for light to increase light product, improving crop yields.
Input and output in view of the practical problems, the results recommend the application in the actual production of the best value for money or a slight increase in fertilizer, that is: JD8 application rate of potassium to 66.84 kg hm-2(K2O), XY335 appropriate fertilizer potash to 55.19 kg hm-2(K2O). At the same time, in order to ensure stable, but also combined with regular soil testing methods Fertilization, timely information on soil fertility status, fertilizer reasonable adjustments to enable farmers to be more effective at the same time also be able to guarantee high and stable yield, for our food provide security.
大量的研究表明:在氮、磷充足的基础上施用钾肥,不但能够提高农作物的产量,而且能够改进农作物的品质。因此随着氮、磷肥料施用,单产的提高,钾已成为许多土壤继氮、磷之后的又一高产限制因子。在这种情形下,我们就有必要在兼顾产量和品质的前提下,深入探讨不同的施钾量时玉米基本的生理生化指标,以期对合理施肥有所帮助的同时,也能更加了解钾肥使玉米高产的生理机制。
通过对军单8和先玉335两个玉米品种在拔节期、大喇叭口期、灌浆期、乳熟期、蜡熟期等五个时期玉米叶片叶绿素、光合速率、可溶性糖、硝酸还原酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶活力、丙二醛的测定分析,发现军单8和先玉335两个玉米品种分别在钾肥用量(K2O)为90 kg hm-2和60 kg hm-2时,玉米叶片中叶绿素含量、光合速率、可溶性糖含量、硝酸还原酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶活力、丙二醛含量等生理生化指标较其它钾肥处理有更好的表现。而取得最佳经济效益时军单8钾肥施用量(K2O)为66.84 kg hm-2,先玉335的钾肥施用量(K2O)为55.19 kg hm-2。
Maize is China's main food crops in China, the year in 20 million hectares of cultivated area around, second only to rice (33 million hectares) and wheat (28 million hectares), its grain output accounts for more than 20% of the total output. Due to high maize yields, an increase of potential, so it is important not only food crops but also their characteristics can not be replaced as a production of meat, eggs, milk and other sources of animal feed, known as "Kings of feed" of. Faced with the growing population in today's society, the land gradually reduce, environmental degradation and resource consumption of a shortage of maize to meet the human consumption of grain growing demand, the use of scientific and technological means to achieve sustained yield potential of maize to enhance scientific research has become a vast number of research workers important issue.
In this study, Jilin University in 2008 to carry out tests of agricultural Engineering, variety selection with XY335 and JD8, planting density of 60,000 plant in each hectare, five potash rates, repeated three times, respectively, in the jointing, big trumpet stage, filling stage, milking stage, wax ripening stage of the district representative to select a consistent growth of functional leaves of maize, in the laboratory determination of seven major physiological and biochemical indexes, including chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, soluble sugar content, nitrate reductase activity, soluble protein content, superoxide dismutase activity MDA. Harvest, select the middle area of measuring 10 m2, after determination of the economic output of air-dried samples, measuring ear length, ear diameter, bare tip line, grains, grain weight, bulk density, weight of hundred seed, water content, water content of 14% conversion of public hectares of production. The experimental results show that:
(1) Chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate
Chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate after using potassium significantly increased the amount of potassium but not the better, XY335 in 60 kg hm-2 (K2O) when compared with a distinct advantage. JD8 in the amount of potash fertilizer 90 kg hm-2(K2O) at the time of chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate in the whole growth period at a high level.
(2) Soluble sugar content
Two different maize varieties in the potash fertilizer, the soluble sugar content showed a bimodal curve, by the jointing stage to large big trumpet stage declined slightly in the big trumpet stage soluble sugar content reached the minimum, and then gradually increased to achieve the highest milking stage to wax ripening stage also declined dramatically. XY335 in the application of potash 60 kg hm-2(K2O), the soluble sugar in the five main growth period of the content other than under the high potash fertilizer, JD8 in the capacity of potash fertilizer applied 90 kg hm-2(K2O), the soluble sugar content in the entire reproductive period, always at a high level.
(3) Nitrate reductase activity
Two different maize varieties in the potash fertilizer, the nitrate reductase showed a single peak of the dynamic curve, by the jointing stage to large period of rapidly increasing big trumpet stage, big trumpet stage achieve the most, and then gradually decreased, wax maturity to a minimum. Application of potash fertilizer can significantly improve the activity of nitrate reductase, but the two species of potash requirements are limited to XY335 of jade in the amount of potash 60 kg hm-2 (K2O)f when the activity of nitrate reductase in the entire growth period were higher JD8 in the amount of potash 90 kg hm-2 (K2O)enzyme activity when better.
(4) Soluble protein content
Two different maize varieties in the potash fertilizer, the soluble protein content showed a single peak curve, from the beginning of jointing stage gradually increased to achieve the greatest big trumpet stage, followed by a sharp decrease to the minimum wax ripening stage. Application of potash fertilizer can significantly increase the content of soluble protein. XY335 potash consumption in the 60 kg hm-2 (K2O) for the soluble protein content when the largest increase, while JD8 species in 90 kg hm-2 (K2O) when soluble protein content in the reproductive age are at a high level.
(5) Activity of SOD
Two different maize varieties in the potash fertilizer, the activity of superoxide dismutase in the whole growth period showed a single peak curve, from the jointing stage to the period of rapid increase in big trumpet stage, big trumpet stage to achieve the most, with the plant after continued growth, continue to lower the activity of enzyme, to minimize wax ripening stage. Comparison of enzyme activity at different growth stages of the change in the amount of potash fertilizer 60 kg hm-2(K2O), the XY335 SOD higher levels of activity, the JD8, in the amount of potash fertilizer application 90 kg hm-2 when, SOD levels in the dynamic whole growth period in the fertilizer than any other activity under the generally high.
(6) MDA
Two different maize varieties in the potash fertilizer, the MDA has been a constant increase in the whole growth period, the application of potash fertilizer of maize plants could make the antioxidant capacity, reduced the degree of membrane injury, the delayed leaf senescence, the functional period, light and a corresponding increase in the product will help improve the quality and yield. However, the optimal fertilization of different varieties of different antioxidant capacity from the perspective of, XY335 potash consumption in the 60 kg hm-2 (K2O) for the better when, and JD8 in the amount of potash fertilizer 90 kg hm-2(K2O) more excellent.
(7) Different potassium fertilizer on yield
Respectively, the two varieties of potassium in different production capacity to do under the linear regression analysis, XY335 in potassium (K2O) to 64.76 kg hm-2 for the largest yield 10114.61 kg hm-2. The best at the time of the effectiveness of fertilizer (K2O) to 55.19 kg hm-2, production at this time 10087.29kg hm-2.
JD8 in a single volume of potassium (K2O) to 83.26 kg hm-2, the output of the largest 10793.07 kg hm-2. The best value for money when the amount of potassium (K2O) to 66.84 kg hm-2, production at this time 10746.16 kg hm-2.
Over potash and study on the relationship between maize yield can be drawn, maize plants in the appropriate planting density conditions, increasing potash can increase the quality of grain production. Integrated physiological and biochemical indicators of the findings, we conclude that the appropriate amount of potash fertilizer can increase crop chlorophyll content, thereby increasing the amount of light products, increased soluble sugar content. It also enables dynamic increase of nitrate reductase, which makes the amount of soluble protein increased, so as to improve the light efficiency crop to lay the foundation. Appropriate application of potash fertilizer, the activity of anti-aging also significantly improve the ability to delay leaf senescence, thus extending the time for light to increase light product, improving crop yields.
Input and output in view of the practical problems, the results recommend the application in the actual production of the best value for money or a slight increase in fertilizer, that is: JD8 application rate of potassium to 66.84 kg hm-2(K2O), XY335 appropriate fertilizer potash to 55.19 kg hm-2(K2O). At the same time, in order to ensure stable, but also combined with regular soil testing methods Fertilization, timely information on soil fertility status, fertilizer reasonable adjustments to enable farmers to be more effective at the same time also be able to guarantee high and stable yield, for our food provide security.
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