巢湖水体重金属污染评价及水中重金属污染的植物修复研究
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摘要
巢湖是我国五大淡水湖之一,对周边地区的经济发展和人民生活都起着举足轻重的作用。近年来,由于工农业生产的发展,巢湖水体污染日益严重,直接影响着人民的生活质量,威胁着人类健康。对巢湖水体的污染状况进行评价,已迫在眉睫。
为了了解巢湖水体重金属的污染现状,沉积物中各污染物的潜在生态危害程度,追溯水域污染历史,研究随年代变化的污染梯度及规律,本文通过对巢湖湖区及部分出入湖支流水、沉积物和水生植物中重金属元素(Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn、Mn、Fe)的含量进行了采样测定,评价了其污染状况。并对沉积物中重金属的空间分布进行了调查研究,利用潜在生态风险指数法对其进行了综合性评价分析。同时为了更好的了解表层沉积物中重金属的形态分布特征及其生物可利用性,研究其对生物的毒性大小,采用BCR三步提取法对巢湖水体表层沉积物中重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn、Fe、Mn)的形态分布特征及其生物可利用性进行了分析。
1.研究结果表明,巢湖流域水体中的重金属元素含量均未超出地表水环境质量标准Ⅲ类标准。水生植物对重金属元素也都有不同程度的富集能力,据富集系数评价表明,植物对Cd、Mn、Cu的富集能力相对强些;且对重金属的生物积累量随所处环境中该元素含量的增加而有所增大。
2.测定的巢湖水体沉积物重金属中,Zn、Cd的含量比背景值要高点,部分支流中的重金属含量比湖区要高,以西半湖的南淝河污染较为严重,并已出现复合污染的趋势。利用潜在生态风险指数法对沉积物中重金属污染的评价结果显示,对巢湖生态风险构成危害程度最大的重金属是Cd,少数样点属严重生态危害。多种重金属潜在生态危害指数则表明南淝河达到严重生态危害程度。同时沉积物中重金属的垂直分布特征研究表明,一般规律是在0-8cm段污染出现峰值,且随采样深度的增加重金属含量有递减的趋势。
3.形态分析表明,重金属元素Cu、Cr、Zn、Fe主要以残渣态存在,其中Cu、Fe平均占总量的60%以上。而Mn、Cd主要以水溶态、可交换态与碳酸盐结合态存在,Pb则以氧化物结合态和有机态为主。这种形态分布特征决定了Mn、Cd、Pb有较大的释放潜力,远远大于其他四种金属,生物可利用性较大,具有较大的潜在危害。另外,Zn的形态变化特征还表明,人类活动对其存在影响,可能存在点源污染。
4.重金属复合污染是主要水体污染类型之一。为了探明蜈蚣草修复水体重金属复合污染的能力,本文还采用水培试验研究了在分别添加不同浓度铅、镉、铬条件下三种重金属的积累以及对水体重金属的去除能力。结果表明:随着重金属离子供应浓度的增加,不同条件下,蜈蚣草体内重金属含量不同,均随着生长介质中重金属水平的提高而上升;表明蜈蚣草对这3种重金属离子有一定的耐受性,并有不同程度的吸收,pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Cr~(6+)去除率最高分别为38.9%、31.5%和35.2%。总的来看,蜈蚣草对三者的复合污染有一定的耐性。这说明,蜈蚣草是一种可能有潜力用于混合污染水体修复的耐性植物。
Chaohu Lake is one of the five largest fresh lakes in China.In order to know the pollution condition of heavy metals in the water,sediments and aquatic plants of Chaohu Lake,the spatial distribution of heavy metals and the potential ecological hazard in the sediments of Chaohu Lake,a survey was conducted to evaluate the contents of heavy metals(Cd,Cr,Pb,Cu,Zn,Mn,Fe) in the water,sediments and aquatic plants of Chaohu Lake.Pollution degree of heavy metals was also evaluated based on the Potential Ecological Risk Index.And for knowing the modality distribution characteristic of heavy metals in surface sediments of Chaohu Lake,a study was conducted to estimate the contents of heavy metals' different modalities.
The results indicated that the content of the heavy metals in the water in the investigated areas meet classⅢcriterion for surface water evaluation.Different kinds of aquatic plants in the sampling sites had different enrichment by the different heavy metals. According to the assessment of enrichment coefficient,the average enrichment coefficient of Cd,Cu,Mn contamination in aquatic plants was relatively higher than the other.
The results also indicated that the sediments in rivers(esp.the Nanfei River) flowing into lakes were polluted more seriously than that in lakes by heavy metals.In the terms of concentration,the analyzed heavy metals followed a decreasing order of Fe＞Mn＞Zn＞Cr＞Pb＞Cu＞Cd.The potential ecologic risk index was used to evaluate metals pollution in the sediments of Chaohu Lake.By means of the risk assessment methodology,based on available data,it was demonstrated that Nanfei River was exposed to a very high potential ecological risk.Among the analyzed heavy metals Cd exhibited the highest pollution degree.Few section belonged to very high potential ecology risk.And the vertical distributions of pollutants in sediments were investigated.The highest concentration was in layer 0-8cm in depth.The results showed that the heavy metals concentration decreased with the increasing sampling depth.
This paper investigated the speciation of heavy metals in selected contaminated surface sediments from water body by the BCR three-step sequential extraction procedure. The results showed that heavy metals(Cu,Cr,Zn,Fe) were associated mainly with residual form.Among these heavy metals,more than 60%of Cu,Fe.Pb were associated mainly with the Fe-Mn oxides bound form and the organic form.And more easily mobilized forms(the acid exchangeable form and the carbonate bound form) of Mn,Cd were dominant.While the percentage of the exchangeable Cd that was easily bioavailable was the highest.Compared with other metals,Cd,Mn and Pb in Lake Chaohu were more bioavailable,though the total concentrations of the three metals were not higher than others. It also found that the modality distribution of Zn was obviously influenced by human activities.
Combination contamination of heavy metals is one of the important soil contamination types.A greenhouse experiment was carried out to determine the degree of tolerance of Pteris vittata L.to Pb,Cd and Cr and whether it could be applied to phytoremediation an revegetation of water contaminated with heavy metals.Results shown that:Concentrations of heavy metals in Pteris vittata L.all increased progressively with the increase of supply levels.Pteris vittata L.had good tolerance and could absorb the heavy metals mentioned above in various degrees.The Pb~(2+),Cd~(2+),and Cr~(6+) removal rates were 38.9%,31.5%and 35.2%.So,it was suggested that Pteris vittata L.was a potential pant for remedy Pb,Cd and Cr contaminated water.
为了了解巢湖水体重金属的污染现状,沉积物中各污染物的潜在生态危害程度,追溯水域污染历史,研究随年代变化的污染梯度及规律,本文通过对巢湖湖区及部分出入湖支流水、沉积物和水生植物中重金属元素(Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn、Mn、Fe)的含量进行了采样测定,评价了其污染状况。并对沉积物中重金属的空间分布进行了调查研究,利用潜在生态风险指数法对其进行了综合性评价分析。同时为了更好的了解表层沉积物中重金属的形态分布特征及其生物可利用性,研究其对生物的毒性大小,采用BCR三步提取法对巢湖水体表层沉积物中重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn、Fe、Mn)的形态分布特征及其生物可利用性进行了分析。
1.研究结果表明,巢湖流域水体中的重金属元素含量均未超出地表水环境质量标准Ⅲ类标准。水生植物对重金属元素也都有不同程度的富集能力,据富集系数评价表明,植物对Cd、Mn、Cu的富集能力相对强些;且对重金属的生物积累量随所处环境中该元素含量的增加而有所增大。
2.测定的巢湖水体沉积物重金属中,Zn、Cd的含量比背景值要高点,部分支流中的重金属含量比湖区要高,以西半湖的南淝河污染较为严重,并已出现复合污染的趋势。利用潜在生态风险指数法对沉积物中重金属污染的评价结果显示,对巢湖生态风险构成危害程度最大的重金属是Cd,少数样点属严重生态危害。多种重金属潜在生态危害指数则表明南淝河达到严重生态危害程度。同时沉积物中重金属的垂直分布特征研究表明,一般规律是在0-8cm段污染出现峰值,且随采样深度的增加重金属含量有递减的趋势。
3.形态分析表明,重金属元素Cu、Cr、Zn、Fe主要以残渣态存在,其中Cu、Fe平均占总量的60%以上。而Mn、Cd主要以水溶态、可交换态与碳酸盐结合态存在,Pb则以氧化物结合态和有机态为主。这种形态分布特征决定了Mn、Cd、Pb有较大的释放潜力,远远大于其他四种金属,生物可利用性较大,具有较大的潜在危害。另外,Zn的形态变化特征还表明,人类活动对其存在影响,可能存在点源污染。
4.重金属复合污染是主要水体污染类型之一。为了探明蜈蚣草修复水体重金属复合污染的能力,本文还采用水培试验研究了在分别添加不同浓度铅、镉、铬条件下三种重金属的积累以及对水体重金属的去除能力。结果表明:随着重金属离子供应浓度的增加,不同条件下,蜈蚣草体内重金属含量不同,均随着生长介质中重金属水平的提高而上升;表明蜈蚣草对这3种重金属离子有一定的耐受性,并有不同程度的吸收,pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Cr~(6+)去除率最高分别为38.9%、31.5%和35.2%。总的来看,蜈蚣草对三者的复合污染有一定的耐性。这说明,蜈蚣草是一种可能有潜力用于混合污染水体修复的耐性植物。
Chaohu Lake is one of the five largest fresh lakes in China.In order to know the pollution condition of heavy metals in the water,sediments and aquatic plants of Chaohu Lake,the spatial distribution of heavy metals and the potential ecological hazard in the sediments of Chaohu Lake,a survey was conducted to evaluate the contents of heavy metals(Cd,Cr,Pb,Cu,Zn,Mn,Fe) in the water,sediments and aquatic plants of Chaohu Lake.Pollution degree of heavy metals was also evaluated based on the Potential Ecological Risk Index.And for knowing the modality distribution characteristic of heavy metals in surface sediments of Chaohu Lake,a study was conducted to estimate the contents of heavy metals' different modalities.
The results indicated that the content of the heavy metals in the water in the investigated areas meet classⅢcriterion for surface water evaluation.Different kinds of aquatic plants in the sampling sites had different enrichment by the different heavy metals. According to the assessment of enrichment coefficient,the average enrichment coefficient of Cd,Cu,Mn contamination in aquatic plants was relatively higher than the other.
The results also indicated that the sediments in rivers(esp.the Nanfei River) flowing into lakes were polluted more seriously than that in lakes by heavy metals.In the terms of concentration,the analyzed heavy metals followed a decreasing order of Fe＞Mn＞Zn＞Cr＞Pb＞Cu＞Cd.The potential ecologic risk index was used to evaluate metals pollution in the sediments of Chaohu Lake.By means of the risk assessment methodology,based on available data,it was demonstrated that Nanfei River was exposed to a very high potential ecological risk.Among the analyzed heavy metals Cd exhibited the highest pollution degree.Few section belonged to very high potential ecology risk.And the vertical distributions of pollutants in sediments were investigated.The highest concentration was in layer 0-8cm in depth.The results showed that the heavy metals concentration decreased with the increasing sampling depth.
This paper investigated the speciation of heavy metals in selected contaminated surface sediments from water body by the BCR three-step sequential extraction procedure. The results showed that heavy metals(Cu,Cr,Zn,Fe) were associated mainly with residual form.Among these heavy metals,more than 60%of Cu,Fe.Pb were associated mainly with the Fe-Mn oxides bound form and the organic form.And more easily mobilized forms(the acid exchangeable form and the carbonate bound form) of Mn,Cd were dominant.While the percentage of the exchangeable Cd that was easily bioavailable was the highest.Compared with other metals,Cd,Mn and Pb in Lake Chaohu were more bioavailable,though the total concentrations of the three metals were not higher than others. It also found that the modality distribution of Zn was obviously influenced by human activities.
Combination contamination of heavy metals is one of the important soil contamination types.A greenhouse experiment was carried out to determine the degree of tolerance of Pteris vittata L.to Pb,Cd and Cr and whether it could be applied to phytoremediation an revegetation of water contaminated with heavy metals.Results shown that:Concentrations of heavy metals in Pteris vittata L.all increased progressively with the increase of supply levels.Pteris vittata L.had good tolerance and could absorb the heavy metals mentioned above in various degrees.The Pb~(2+),Cd~(2+),and Cr~(6+) removal rates were 38.9%,31.5%and 35.2%.So,it was suggested that Pteris vittata L.was a potential pant for remedy Pb,Cd and Cr contaminated water.
引文
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