兰州市园林树种综合评价分级选择
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摘要
根据所收集的资料和实地调查数据,运用园林树木学、森林生态学、园林树木栽培学、景观美学等学科的基本理论和层次分析的原理与方法,对兰州市167种园林树种进行了植物区系分析、物候观测和综合评价分级选择。研究结果表明:
(1)兰州市现有园林树种51科,96属,167种,67变种,14变型,12常见栽培变种。
(2)通过植物区系分析,表明兰州市园林树种区系有多种区系成分汇集而成,蔷薇科(13属33种)、木犀科(6属12种)、松科(5属10种)、豆科(7属9种)、柏科(3属8种)和杨柳科(2属8种)6个科在兰州市园林树种区系中的优势明显,共36属80种,占总科数的11.8%、总属数的37.5%、总种数的47.9%;各类温带属(包括中国特有属)共有71属,含133种,占总属数的79.8%,温带性质十分显著,而其中北温带成分属有34属、82种。
(3)通过园林树木的物候观测,掌握了兰州市园林落叶树种的展叶期、花期、果熟期、叶变色期、绿期和落叶期。统计分析出展叶期集中在4月上、中旬,果熟始期集中在8～9月,落叶始期集中在10月上、中旬;观花树种始花期集中在4月及5月上旬;绿期180天左右。
(4)兰州市园林树种综合评价指标体系可分为三个层次。目标层(OB):兰州市园林树种综合评价。准则层(A):生态适应性、生态效益和观赏性。指标层(B):耐旱性、耐碱性、耐瘠薄、耐寒性、耐阴性、耐水湿、抗风力、抗病虫害能力、叶量、绿期、吸收有毒气体能力、杀菌能力、滞尘能力、花的特色、叶的特色、果实特色、树形特色和干皮特色共18个具体评价指标。
(5)根据层次分析法得出的园林树种综合评价体系权重结果,准则层中生态适应性的权重最大,说明其在园林树种综合评价占最重要的地位,是园林树种选择的首选条件。其次为观赏性,在园林树种选择、应用中应作为重点考虑的因子。权重值最小的为生态效益,说明生态效益对园林树种评价影响最小。在指标层中,耐旱性、花的特色、叶的特色和树形特色的权重明显大于其它指标,可以被认为是影响兰州市园林树种综合评价体系的重要指标。对兰州市园林树种综合评价体系影响较小的是耐水湿和滞尘能力。
(6)以层次分析法得到的各项评价指标评权重,按公式:y=∑w_iY_i(w_i表示第i项指标的权重;Y_i为第i项指标得分值)计算每个园林树种的综合指数;再按综合指数的分布情况和实践经验,将兰州市园林树种划分为四个等级。其中,Ⅰ级为46种,Ⅱ级为72种,Ⅲ级为37种,Ⅳ级为9种。
本文初步建立的兰州市园林树种综合评价指标体系及评估模型还有待于进一步完善,以便为兰州市乃至干旱、半干旱区城市园林树种规划和应用、外来树种的引进以及城市森林的经营管理提供科学依据。
On the basis of gathering and overall investigating the relevant date of the trees for urban landscaping and exploiting on the spot in Lanzhou, applying theories of landscape dendrology, forest ecology, the culture and mangementment of landscape trees, landscape aesthetics and methods of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), flora analysis, phenological observation and comprehensive evaluation, selection and graduation were made on 167 species of the trees for urban landscaping in lanzhou. The results and conclusion are summarized as follows:
(1)There are 51 families, 96 genera, 167 species, 67 varieties, 14 forms, 12 cultivated varieties of the current trees for urban landscaping in Lanzhou.
(2)It indicates that numerous floral elements compose in the trees in Lanzhou through flora analysis. Six families, including Rosaceae(13 genera, 33 species), Oleaceae(6 genera, 12 species), Pinaceae(5 genera, 10 species), Leguminosae(7 genera, 9 species), Cupressaceae(3 genera, 8 species), and Salicaceae(2 genera, 8 species), are considered as obviously advantage families in trees for urban landscaping and the total is 36 genera, 80 species, each accounting for 11.8%, 37.5% and 47.9% of total number of families, genera and species. Temperate genera, including Sino-genera, north temperate genera(34 genera, 82 species) have 71 genera and 133 species altogether and all kinds of them, accounting for 79.8% of total number of genera, are provided with outstanding temperate characteristics.
(3)The leaf expansion period, flowering period, fruit riping period, leaf discolour period, green period and abscission period of the landscape trees in Lanzhou have been known through the phonological observation. The conclusion is that the leaf expansion period groups in the first and middle ten days of April, fruit riping period groups in August and September, abscission period groups in the first and middle ten days of October, and flowering period of the trees admiring the beauty of flowers groups in the first ten days of April and May. Green period holds 180 days or so.
(4)In Lanzhou, the comprehensive evaluation system of landscape trees can be established from three hierarchies. The goal layer (OB): the comprehensive evaluation of Lanzhou landscape trees; The criteria layer(A):ecological adaptability, ecological effects and ornamental effects; The variable layer(B): including 18 evaluation factors, they are drought endurance; alkali endurance; barren endurance; cold endurance; shade endurance; water endurance; anti-wind; resistance to plant diseases; total area of leaf; green period; absorption ability of toxic gas; fungicidal effectiveness; sluggish dust ability; characteristic of flower; characteristic of leaf; characteristic of fruit; characteristic of tree's style; and characteristic of bark.
(5)According to the result of the weight of comprehensive evaluation system of landscape trees by means of AHP, the weight value of ecological adaptability is the highest in criterion layer, and the result indicates that ecological adaptability is the most important part of landscape trees comprehensive evaluation system and the first choice of choosing landscape trees. Ornamental effect is less important, which will be a considerable factor of choosing and using landscape trees. The last is ecological effect, which shows that ecological effect has least influence on comprehensive evaluation system. The weight values of drought endurance, characteristic of flower, characteristic of leaf and characteristic of tree's style in variable layer are obviously higher than the others. It can be regarded that those factors have important influence on the comprehensive evaluation of landscape trees in Lanzhou. The factors of water endurance and sluggish dust ability have slight influence on the comprehensive evaluation of landscape trees in Lanzhou.
(6)After having got the weight value of various evaluation from AHP, the comprehensive index of each landscape trees can be calculated in accordance with formula: Y=∑w_iY_i(w_i means the weight value of factor i; and Y_i means the results of factor i) . Then, with the distribution of various comprehensive index and practical experience, four grades of landscape trees in Lanzhou can be determined. The results show that the number of first class trees is 46, the second is 72, the third is 37, and the fourth is 9, all of them are graded according to their integral performance.
The comprehensive evaluation factor system and models of landscape trees in Lanzhou district are established tentatively. It should be being perfected so that it can provide scientific basis for the planning and using landscape trees, introducing denizens and managing city forest in Lanzhou, arid land and semi-arid land.
(1)兰州市现有园林树种51科,96属,167种,67变种,14变型,12常见栽培变种。
(2)通过植物区系分析,表明兰州市园林树种区系有多种区系成分汇集而成,蔷薇科(13属33种)、木犀科(6属12种)、松科(5属10种)、豆科(7属9种)、柏科(3属8种)和杨柳科(2属8种)6个科在兰州市园林树种区系中的优势明显,共36属80种,占总科数的11.8%、总属数的37.5%、总种数的47.9%;各类温带属(包括中国特有属)共有71属,含133种,占总属数的79.8%,温带性质十分显著,而其中北温带成分属有34属、82种。
(3)通过园林树木的物候观测,掌握了兰州市园林落叶树种的展叶期、花期、果熟期、叶变色期、绿期和落叶期。统计分析出展叶期集中在4月上、中旬,果熟始期集中在8～9月,落叶始期集中在10月上、中旬;观花树种始花期集中在4月及5月上旬;绿期180天左右。
(4)兰州市园林树种综合评价指标体系可分为三个层次。目标层(OB):兰州市园林树种综合评价。准则层(A):生态适应性、生态效益和观赏性。指标层(B):耐旱性、耐碱性、耐瘠薄、耐寒性、耐阴性、耐水湿、抗风力、抗病虫害能力、叶量、绿期、吸收有毒气体能力、杀菌能力、滞尘能力、花的特色、叶的特色、果实特色、树形特色和干皮特色共18个具体评价指标。
(5)根据层次分析法得出的园林树种综合评价体系权重结果,准则层中生态适应性的权重最大,说明其在园林树种综合评价占最重要的地位,是园林树种选择的首选条件。其次为观赏性,在园林树种选择、应用中应作为重点考虑的因子。权重值最小的为生态效益,说明生态效益对园林树种评价影响最小。在指标层中,耐旱性、花的特色、叶的特色和树形特色的权重明显大于其它指标,可以被认为是影响兰州市园林树种综合评价体系的重要指标。对兰州市园林树种综合评价体系影响较小的是耐水湿和滞尘能力。
(6)以层次分析法得到的各项评价指标评权重,按公式:y=∑w_iY_i(w_i表示第i项指标的权重;Y_i为第i项指标得分值)计算每个园林树种的综合指数;再按综合指数的分布情况和实践经验,将兰州市园林树种划分为四个等级。其中,Ⅰ级为46种,Ⅱ级为72种,Ⅲ级为37种,Ⅳ级为9种。
本文初步建立的兰州市园林树种综合评价指标体系及评估模型还有待于进一步完善,以便为兰州市乃至干旱、半干旱区城市园林树种规划和应用、外来树种的引进以及城市森林的经营管理提供科学依据。
On the basis of gathering and overall investigating the relevant date of the trees for urban landscaping and exploiting on the spot in Lanzhou, applying theories of landscape dendrology, forest ecology, the culture and mangementment of landscape trees, landscape aesthetics and methods of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), flora analysis, phenological observation and comprehensive evaluation, selection and graduation were made on 167 species of the trees for urban landscaping in lanzhou. The results and conclusion are summarized as follows:
(1)There are 51 families, 96 genera, 167 species, 67 varieties, 14 forms, 12 cultivated varieties of the current trees for urban landscaping in Lanzhou.
(2)It indicates that numerous floral elements compose in the trees in Lanzhou through flora analysis. Six families, including Rosaceae(13 genera, 33 species), Oleaceae(6 genera, 12 species), Pinaceae(5 genera, 10 species), Leguminosae(7 genera, 9 species), Cupressaceae(3 genera, 8 species), and Salicaceae(2 genera, 8 species), are considered as obviously advantage families in trees for urban landscaping and the total is 36 genera, 80 species, each accounting for 11.8%, 37.5% and 47.9% of total number of families, genera and species. Temperate genera, including Sino-genera, north temperate genera(34 genera, 82 species) have 71 genera and 133 species altogether and all kinds of them, accounting for 79.8% of total number of genera, are provided with outstanding temperate characteristics.
(3)The leaf expansion period, flowering period, fruit riping period, leaf discolour period, green period and abscission period of the landscape trees in Lanzhou have been known through the phonological observation. The conclusion is that the leaf expansion period groups in the first and middle ten days of April, fruit riping period groups in August and September, abscission period groups in the first and middle ten days of October, and flowering period of the trees admiring the beauty of flowers groups in the first ten days of April and May. Green period holds 180 days or so.
(4)In Lanzhou, the comprehensive evaluation system of landscape trees can be established from three hierarchies. The goal layer (OB): the comprehensive evaluation of Lanzhou landscape trees; The criteria layer(A):ecological adaptability, ecological effects and ornamental effects; The variable layer(B): including 18 evaluation factors, they are drought endurance; alkali endurance; barren endurance; cold endurance; shade endurance; water endurance; anti-wind; resistance to plant diseases; total area of leaf; green period; absorption ability of toxic gas; fungicidal effectiveness; sluggish dust ability; characteristic of flower; characteristic of leaf; characteristic of fruit; characteristic of tree's style; and characteristic of bark.
(5)According to the result of the weight of comprehensive evaluation system of landscape trees by means of AHP, the weight value of ecological adaptability is the highest in criterion layer, and the result indicates that ecological adaptability is the most important part of landscape trees comprehensive evaluation system and the first choice of choosing landscape trees. Ornamental effect is less important, which will be a considerable factor of choosing and using landscape trees. The last is ecological effect, which shows that ecological effect has least influence on comprehensive evaluation system. The weight values of drought endurance, characteristic of flower, characteristic of leaf and characteristic of tree's style in variable layer are obviously higher than the others. It can be regarded that those factors have important influence on the comprehensive evaluation of landscape trees in Lanzhou. The factors of water endurance and sluggish dust ability have slight influence on the comprehensive evaluation of landscape trees in Lanzhou.
(6)After having got the weight value of various evaluation from AHP, the comprehensive index of each landscape trees can be calculated in accordance with formula: Y=∑w_iY_i(w_i means the weight value of factor i; and Y_i means the results of factor i) . Then, with the distribution of various comprehensive index and practical experience, four grades of landscape trees in Lanzhou can be determined. The results show that the number of first class trees is 46, the second is 72, the third is 37, and the fourth is 9, all of them are graded according to their integral performance.
The comprehensive evaluation factor system and models of landscape trees in Lanzhou district are established tentatively. It should be being perfected so that it can provide scientific basis for the planning and using landscape trees, introducing denizens and managing city forest in Lanzhou, arid land and semi-arid land.
引文
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