黄河三角洲重盐碱区植被耐盐性与绿化技术研究
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摘要
黄河三角洲高地下水位、高地下水矿化度和高蒸降比、植被稀少,环境日趋恶劣,严重制约了当地经济的发展。本文立足黄河三角洲的实际,在前期研究的基础上,有针对性地选择了极具代表性的15种盐生植物,利用植物对盐分的敏感时期,快速选择出适宜重盐碱区绿化的耐盐树、草、花卉等植被；分别在不同含盐量的黄河大堤堤顶、堤坡、护堤地进行不同的组合种植,从它们的生长情况以及对土壤的结构、肥力的影响等多方面进行研究,并进行了适宜耐盐植被的配套技术研究,解决了黄河三角洲重盐碱区的绿化难题。主要试验内容和结果如下：
1黄河下游大堤重盐碱区土壤含盐量有一定的分布规律
从胜利大桥起至黄河入海处含盐量依次增加,距离入海口越近含盐量越高；堤顶、堤坡和护坡地从上到下土壤含盐量依次递增。
2通过耐盐性试验筛选出了耐盐草、耐盐花卉和耐盐树等植被。
耐盐草：碱蓬、星星草、芦苇；
耐盐花卉：大叶补血草、马蔺、大花萱草；
耐盐树：柽柳、红花槐、绒毛白蜡。
3不同含盐量地段选择不同盐生植物组合的绿化模式
①含盐量1.0%以上重度盐碱护坡地绿化模式
采取种植耐盐能力强的柽柳、碱蓬、大叶补血草和马蔺进行绿化,柽柳做绿篱,碱蓬、大叶补血草和马蔺片植做花镜,堤坡呈现一片蓝色。
②含盐量0.6-1.0%中度盐碱区的护坡绿化模式
该试验区以红色大花萱草为主,大叶补血草、马蔺、萱草和芦苇为辅,护坡较低处种植芦苇,分区段配蓝色、红色、黄色、白色不同的组合。
③含盐量0.6%以下的轻盐碱区的护坡绿化模式
试验区段土壤含盐量相对较低,黄河大堤堤顶选择红花槐间作绒毛白蜡做为行道树,星星草作为地被植物的绿化模式进行大堤绿化。堤坡以黄色大花萱草为主,其它品种萱草和马蔺等多种颜色花卉按比例搭配种植,红花槐和绒毛白蜡做风景树,不均匀的点缀其中。
4选择耐盐植物组合进行绿化可促进盐碱土的脱盐
试验证明,种植耐盐植物,增加地面覆盖,减少地面水分蒸发,一定程度上抑制了土壤盐分的上升,促进土壤脱盐加速。耐重盐植物组合60cm土层内土壤脱盐率：0-20cm为10.49%,20-40cm为8.87%,40-60cm为4.35%；耐中度盐碱植物组合60cm土层内土壤脱盐率：0-20cm为12.23%,20-40cm为9.04%,40-60cm为4.76%；耐轻度盐碱植物组合60cm土层内土壤脱盐率：0-20cm为13.16%,20-40cm为9.56%,40-60cm为5.08%。
5选择耐盐植物组合进行绿化改善盐碱土壤的物理结构
试验证明,种植耐盐植物后,都会使土壤容重变小,孔隙度增加,为土壤微生物和作物根系提供呼吸条件,改良土壤结构。种植一年后,耐重盐植物组合使土壤容重减小0.07g/cm3,孔隙度增加6.2%；中度耐盐植物组合使土壤容重减小0.08g/cm3,孔隙度增加8.4%；轻度耐盐植物组合使土壤容重减小0.10g/cm3,孔隙度增加9.7%。
6选择耐盐植物组合进行绿化可提高盐碱土的肥力
试验证明,种植各种耐盐植物后,盐碱土壤的N、P、K水平和有机质含量均有不同程度的提高。耐重盐植物组合使土壤中的N增加42%,P增加34%,K增加15%,有机质含量比种植前的重盐碱地提高27.2%；中度耐盐植物组合使土壤中的N增加19%,P增加14%,K增加9%,有机质含量比种植前的重盐碱地提高21.4%；轻度耐盐植物组合使土壤中的N增加15%,P增加10%,K增加7%,有机质含量比种植前的重盐碱地提高17.3%。
同时结合试验进行适宜耐盐植被的配套技术研究,,为今后黄河三角洲的绿化提供一定的依据。
The reason of much soil which is formed by dropping back of sea, the water table, the rate of mineralization of groundwater and the ratio of evaporation and rainfall are high the sparse of vegetation, the environment is seriously pollutated day by day. So it was hampered the development of local economy seriously. This paper is based on the reality of Yellow River Delta, in the view of the present study, we choiced 15 kinds of representative halophyte, used the period of plants to salt-sensitive to quick select a saline and alkaline areas suitable for afforestation of salt-tolerant trees, grass, flowers and other vegetation. The different plants are used in different salt content of Yellow River dike, dipo, berm in combination. From their growth and on soil structure, soil fertility and other aspects were studied, and salt-tolerant vegetation suitable for the supporting technology. It has solved the green weight problems of Yellow River Delta area.Major test content and results are as follows:
1、Yellow River levee salt saline and alkaline soil has a certain distribution.
The salt content from Victory Bridge to the Yellow River is increasing, the higher salinity, the nearer Estuary.
2、Screening the salt-tolerant grass, flowers and salt tolerant trees and other vegetation by the salt tolerance test. Form top to bottom of the dike, dipo and slope land, the soil salinity is ascending.
Salt-tolerant grass:Suaeda glauca Bge、Pucinellia temuiflora、Phragmites communis Trin
Salt flower:Limonium gmelinii (Wildl.) Kuntze、Iris ensata Thunb Chip、Hemerocallis fulva L.
Salt-tolerant tree:Tamarix chinensis Lour.、Robinia hispida L.、Fraxinus velutina Torrbie
3、Selecting the green mode in different halophytes at the lots of different salinity
①The green mode of heavy saline sloped, content salt of which is more than 1.0%.
Taking plants Tamarix chinensis Lour, Suaeda glauca Bge, Limonium gmelinii (Wildl.) Kuntze and Iris ensata Thunb Chip. Which have strong salt-tolerant ability to green. Tamarix chinensis Lour do hedge, Suaeda glauca Bge, Limonium gmelinii (Wildl.) Kuntze and Iris ensata Thunb Chip plant to do reading glasses. The dipo shows a blue.
②The green mode of moderate salt sloped, content salt of which is from 0.6% to 1.0%.
The test area was dominated by red Hemerocallis, Supplemented by Limonium gmelinii (Wildl.) Kuntze、Iris ensata Thunb Chip and Phragmites communis Trin. The section with according to the needs of color with blue, red, yellow, white for different combinations to form a variety of pure color landscape dipo.
③The green mode of moderate salt sloped, content salt of which is under 0.6%.
Salt contentof test section is relatively low, Cassia Yellow River dike choose Robinia hispida L. intercropping Fraxinus velutina Torr as a street tree. Pucinellia temuiflora as ground cover plants green mode for embankment afforestation, dipo mainly yellow Hemerocallis.Other varieties of Hemerocallis and Iris ensata Thunb Chipand other color flower with a growing proportion. Robinia hispida L and Fraxinus velutina Torr as landscape tree dotted where uneven.
4、Choice Combination of Halophyte to Promote Saline Soil Desalination
The result of this test showes the vegetation cover were more, and the evaporation was smaller after the planting halophyte. The increase of soil salt was restrained on certain level, and desalination the surface layer were speed up. The decrease of soil content combination of heavy pattern from 60cm are:10.49% for 0-20cm; 8.87% for 20-40cm;4.35% for 40-60cm; The decrease of soil content combination of moderate pattern from 60cm are:12.23% for 0-20cm; 9.04% for 20-40cm; 4.76% for 40-60cm; The decrease of soil content combination of light pattern from 60cm are:13.16% for 0-20cm,9.56% for 20-40cm,5.08% for 40-60cm.
5、Choosing combination of salt-tolerant plants for landscaping improvements the physical structure of soil
The result showes the unit weight of soil would turn light, and porosity would increase after the planted halophyte. It is better for providing the respiratory condition for soil microorganism and root of crop at the same time, and improving the construction of soil. One year later, the combination of halophyte of heavy, moderate, light, the unit weight to decrease 0.07g/cm3,0.08g/cm3,0.10g/cm3, and the porosity to increase 6.2%,8.4%,9.7% respectively.
6、Choicing Combination of Halophyte to Afforest San Improve the Fertility of Saline Soil
The result showes the content of N,P,K and organic matter were all increased in different level after the kinds of planted halophyte.The content of N,P,K and organic matter increased 42%,34%,15%,27.2% respectively. The combination of moderate of halophyte improved the N is 19%, the content of P increased 14%, K increased 9% and organic matter increased 21.4%respectively; The combination of light of halophyte improved the N is 15%,the content of P increased 10%, K increased 7%and organic matter increased 17.3% respectively.
At the same time, it was combined with testing conduct technology of supporting the appropriate salt-tolerant vegetation.
1黄河下游大堤重盐碱区土壤含盐量有一定的分布规律
从胜利大桥起至黄河入海处含盐量依次增加,距离入海口越近含盐量越高；堤顶、堤坡和护坡地从上到下土壤含盐量依次递增。
2通过耐盐性试验筛选出了耐盐草、耐盐花卉和耐盐树等植被。
耐盐草：碱蓬、星星草、芦苇；
耐盐花卉：大叶补血草、马蔺、大花萱草；
耐盐树：柽柳、红花槐、绒毛白蜡。
3不同含盐量地段选择不同盐生植物组合的绿化模式
①含盐量1.0%以上重度盐碱护坡地绿化模式
采取种植耐盐能力强的柽柳、碱蓬、大叶补血草和马蔺进行绿化,柽柳做绿篱,碱蓬、大叶补血草和马蔺片植做花镜,堤坡呈现一片蓝色。
②含盐量0.6-1.0%中度盐碱区的护坡绿化模式
该试验区以红色大花萱草为主,大叶补血草、马蔺、萱草和芦苇为辅,护坡较低处种植芦苇,分区段配蓝色、红色、黄色、白色不同的组合。
③含盐量0.6%以下的轻盐碱区的护坡绿化模式
试验区段土壤含盐量相对较低,黄河大堤堤顶选择红花槐间作绒毛白蜡做为行道树,星星草作为地被植物的绿化模式进行大堤绿化。堤坡以黄色大花萱草为主,其它品种萱草和马蔺等多种颜色花卉按比例搭配种植,红花槐和绒毛白蜡做风景树,不均匀的点缀其中。
4选择耐盐植物组合进行绿化可促进盐碱土的脱盐
试验证明,种植耐盐植物,增加地面覆盖,减少地面水分蒸发,一定程度上抑制了土壤盐分的上升,促进土壤脱盐加速。耐重盐植物组合60cm土层内土壤脱盐率：0-20cm为10.49%,20-40cm为8.87%,40-60cm为4.35%；耐中度盐碱植物组合60cm土层内土壤脱盐率：0-20cm为12.23%,20-40cm为9.04%,40-60cm为4.76%；耐轻度盐碱植物组合60cm土层内土壤脱盐率：0-20cm为13.16%,20-40cm为9.56%,40-60cm为5.08%。
5选择耐盐植物组合进行绿化改善盐碱土壤的物理结构
试验证明,种植耐盐植物后,都会使土壤容重变小,孔隙度增加,为土壤微生物和作物根系提供呼吸条件,改良土壤结构。种植一年后,耐重盐植物组合使土壤容重减小0.07g/cm3,孔隙度增加6.2%；中度耐盐植物组合使土壤容重减小0.08g/cm3,孔隙度增加8.4%；轻度耐盐植物组合使土壤容重减小0.10g/cm3,孔隙度增加9.7%。
6选择耐盐植物组合进行绿化可提高盐碱土的肥力
试验证明,种植各种耐盐植物后,盐碱土壤的N、P、K水平和有机质含量均有不同程度的提高。耐重盐植物组合使土壤中的N增加42%,P增加34%,K增加15%,有机质含量比种植前的重盐碱地提高27.2%；中度耐盐植物组合使土壤中的N增加19%,P增加14%,K增加9%,有机质含量比种植前的重盐碱地提高21.4%；轻度耐盐植物组合使土壤中的N增加15%,P增加10%,K增加7%,有机质含量比种植前的重盐碱地提高17.3%。
同时结合试验进行适宜耐盐植被的配套技术研究,,为今后黄河三角洲的绿化提供一定的依据。
The reason of much soil which is formed by dropping back of sea, the water table, the rate of mineralization of groundwater and the ratio of evaporation and rainfall are high the sparse of vegetation, the environment is seriously pollutated day by day. So it was hampered the development of local economy seriously. This paper is based on the reality of Yellow River Delta, in the view of the present study, we choiced 15 kinds of representative halophyte, used the period of plants to salt-sensitive to quick select a saline and alkaline areas suitable for afforestation of salt-tolerant trees, grass, flowers and other vegetation. The different plants are used in different salt content of Yellow River dike, dipo, berm in combination. From their growth and on soil structure, soil fertility and other aspects were studied, and salt-tolerant vegetation suitable for the supporting technology. It has solved the green weight problems of Yellow River Delta area.Major test content and results are as follows:
1、Yellow River levee salt saline and alkaline soil has a certain distribution.
The salt content from Victory Bridge to the Yellow River is increasing, the higher salinity, the nearer Estuary.
2、Screening the salt-tolerant grass, flowers and salt tolerant trees and other vegetation by the salt tolerance test. Form top to bottom of the dike, dipo and slope land, the soil salinity is ascending.
Salt-tolerant grass:Suaeda glauca Bge、Pucinellia temuiflora、Phragmites communis Trin
Salt flower:Limonium gmelinii (Wildl.) Kuntze、Iris ensata Thunb Chip、Hemerocallis fulva L.
Salt-tolerant tree:Tamarix chinensis Lour.、Robinia hispida L.、Fraxinus velutina Torrbie
3、Selecting the green mode in different halophytes at the lots of different salinity
①The green mode of heavy saline sloped, content salt of which is more than 1.0%.
Taking plants Tamarix chinensis Lour, Suaeda glauca Bge, Limonium gmelinii (Wildl.) Kuntze and Iris ensata Thunb Chip. Which have strong salt-tolerant ability to green. Tamarix chinensis Lour do hedge, Suaeda glauca Bge, Limonium gmelinii (Wildl.) Kuntze and Iris ensata Thunb Chip plant to do reading glasses. The dipo shows a blue.
②The green mode of moderate salt sloped, content salt of which is from 0.6% to 1.0%.
The test area was dominated by red Hemerocallis, Supplemented by Limonium gmelinii (Wildl.) Kuntze、Iris ensata Thunb Chip and Phragmites communis Trin. The section with according to the needs of color with blue, red, yellow, white for different combinations to form a variety of pure color landscape dipo.
③The green mode of moderate salt sloped, content salt of which is under 0.6%.
Salt contentof test section is relatively low, Cassia Yellow River dike choose Robinia hispida L. intercropping Fraxinus velutina Torr as a street tree. Pucinellia temuiflora as ground cover plants green mode for embankment afforestation, dipo mainly yellow Hemerocallis.Other varieties of Hemerocallis and Iris ensata Thunb Chipand other color flower with a growing proportion. Robinia hispida L and Fraxinus velutina Torr as landscape tree dotted where uneven.
4、Choice Combination of Halophyte to Promote Saline Soil Desalination
The result of this test showes the vegetation cover were more, and the evaporation was smaller after the planting halophyte. The increase of soil salt was restrained on certain level, and desalination the surface layer were speed up. The decrease of soil content combination of heavy pattern from 60cm are:10.49% for 0-20cm; 8.87% for 20-40cm;4.35% for 40-60cm; The decrease of soil content combination of moderate pattern from 60cm are:12.23% for 0-20cm; 9.04% for 20-40cm; 4.76% for 40-60cm; The decrease of soil content combination of light pattern from 60cm are:13.16% for 0-20cm,9.56% for 20-40cm,5.08% for 40-60cm.
5、Choosing combination of salt-tolerant plants for landscaping improvements the physical structure of soil
The result showes the unit weight of soil would turn light, and porosity would increase after the planted halophyte. It is better for providing the respiratory condition for soil microorganism and root of crop at the same time, and improving the construction of soil. One year later, the combination of halophyte of heavy, moderate, light, the unit weight to decrease 0.07g/cm3,0.08g/cm3,0.10g/cm3, and the porosity to increase 6.2%,8.4%,9.7% respectively.
6、Choicing Combination of Halophyte to Afforest San Improve the Fertility of Saline Soil
The result showes the content of N,P,K and organic matter were all increased in different level after the kinds of planted halophyte.The content of N,P,K and organic matter increased 42%,34%,15%,27.2% respectively. The combination of moderate of halophyte improved the N is 19%, the content of P increased 14%, K increased 9% and organic matter increased 21.4%respectively; The combination of light of halophyte improved the N is 15%,the content of P increased 10%, K increased 7%and organic matter increased 17.3% respectively.
At the same time, it was combined with testing conduct technology of supporting the appropriate salt-tolerant vegetation.
引文
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[32]宋玉民等,柽柳耐盐性能及主要栽培技术研究[J],盐生植物利用与区域农业可持续发展,气象出版社2002
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[40]张锐,严慧峻,魏由庆,等.有机肥在改良盐渍土中的作用[J].土壤料,1997,(4)：11-14
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[43]鲁娟,刘增洪等.芦苇的特性、开发利用及其防除方法[J].杂草科学,2007,(3)：7-9
[44]王国生.芦苇高产栽培技术[J].现代农业科技,2007,(9)：30-31
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[47]洪立州,周春霖等.碱蓬人工栽培技术[J].中国蔬菜,2003,(3)：52
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[58]Zhang J-F, Fang Y-F, Makeschin F, L i X-F, Qin G-H. Agroforestry and its application in am elioration of saline soilsin eastern China coastal region. In the Proceedings of theSecond International Conference on Sustainable Agriculturefor Food, Energy and Industry(in press). 2002
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[63]Kovda VA. Loss of productive Land due to Salinazation. Ambio,1983,14(2):91-93
[64]MakeschinF,LandgrafD,ZhongZ,Nachhaltige Agroforstwitschaft aufsa-linen Koestenboeden der Provinz Zhejiang(VR China) Wiss-enschaftliche zeitschrift der Technischen University Dresd-en,2001(4):102-108
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[66]Qureshi R H,Barrett-Lennard E G.Saline Agriculture for irrigated land in Pakistan:A handbook.Canberra:Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research,1998
[67]Lin H X,Zhang H L(张慧麟),HouXY(侯学煜).Cheical composition of indication plants in the acid,calium and saline soils.J Soil(土壤杂志),1957,3(3)：24-281
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