树脂基复合摩擦材料摩擦磨损机理研究及有限元模拟
摘要
树脂基摩擦材料的组分大致可分四个部分,即粘接剂、增强材料、填料和摩擦调节剂,并分别由纤维、矿物填料、润滑材料和增摩材料为主体构成。
在所有的组分中,粘接剂具有非常重要的地位,其中酚醛树脂(PF)基摩擦材料受到最广泛的关注和应用。然而酚醛树脂脆性较大且耐热性能有限,以其为基体的摩擦材料容易在350℃下产生较严重的热衰退和磨损。苯并噁嗪树脂(BZ)是一种新型的酚醛树脂,近年来在复合材料领域得到关注,以其为基体的复合材料有高强度、高模量和良好的耐热性能等较多优点,然而由于工艺上的原因,如固化温度过高、固化速度慢等,仍未在摩擦材料领域规模运用。本研究将采用酚醛树脂和丁腈橡胶(NBR)等对苯并噁嗪树脂改性,从而降低其固化温度并改善其热力学性能。聚合物的玻璃化转变会导致模量、强度和其它性能的变化,然而对于玻璃化转变对摩擦和磨损影响的却很少报道。本文研究了玻璃化转变对不同粘接体系的树脂基复合材料摩擦和磨损性能的影响,并建立了树脂热力学与摩擦学行为之间的内在联系。
增强组分对材料强度和摩擦性能均有重要影响。可在摩擦材料中采用纤维、片状和纳米材料进行增强填充。然而由于这类材料单独应用存在性能缺陷,单一的增强方式很难同时满足摩擦系数的速度、温度和压力稳定性和较好耐磨性能的综合性能的要求,一般需要混杂两种以上的增强材料,以满足摩擦材料综合性能要求。研究表明,纤维复合的协同作用有助于降低材料的磨损率,以及更好地提高复合材料的力学性能。然而目前对采用多尺度、多形态的增强材料复合体系的研究尚较薄弱。为了进一步提高摩擦材料摩擦系数的稳定性、强度和耐磨损性能,本研究制备了微米-纳米复合增强陶瓷型摩擦材料,以及具有“微米和纳米”尺度、“一维(纤维)和二维(片状)”形态、“无机和有机”材质的以多尺度、多维度和多材质为特征的多维复合增强体系。通过各增强组分的优势互补,可达到一定的协同效应,从而得到综合性能较好的共增强体系结构。
由于纳米材料填充改性的聚合物类复合材料结合无机材料和有机材料的优点,避免了大尺度复合材料的缺陷,具有较好的热学和力学性能,从而得到较广泛的应用。氧化锆具有高强度、高模量、耐磨损性能好和零热膨胀等一系列优良特点。为提高苯并噁嗪树脂的耐热性和耐磨性,我们在本研究领域首次采用纳米氧化锆对苯并噁嗪树脂复合,制备纳米氧化锆增强苯并噁嗪树脂复合材料,分别对氧化锆含量对复合材料玻璃化转变行为的影响,以及不同氧化锆含量复合材料的玻璃化转变对摩擦、磨损性能的影响进行研究并进行机理分析。
由于要起到传动和制动作用,制动材料要求相对较高的摩擦系数。因此,一些具有磨削性质的材料如SiO2、Al2O3、ZrSiO4、MgO等被加入并在提高传动力和制动力的稳定性方面取得了良好的应用。然而,这类研究主要集中在磨削颗粒尺寸和含量对摩擦磨损性能的影响上,很少关注其颗粒形态。随着对球形化材料研究和应用的深入,纳米和微米球形颗粒填充的复合材料逐渐受到关注。其复合材料显示出很多优异特性,如较高的硬度、高屈服强度和好的耐磨损性能。然而却几乎没有针对采用球形颗粒作为增磨材料的研究。本文针对于此,研究了球形和无规则氧化硅用作增磨材料的应用,分析颗粒的形状对摩擦磨损性能的影响,此外还对球形氧化硅进行表面改性,研究改性对摩擦性能的影响。
在摩擦材料中,摩擦系数的稳定性是一个非常重要的指标。摩擦材料的摩擦系数一般随速度的增加而降低,在高速制动下,该特征表现的更为明显。一系列的研究结果表明摩擦系数不但依赖于环境参数,还与材料自身的弹性、粘弹性和塑性等因素相关。尽管有大量模型用于研究摩擦学过程,由于接触条件、接触形貌和材料特征的复杂性,摩擦学模拟仍旧处于初级阶段。常用的摩擦学模型基于固定的接触距离,但事实上接触距离取决于较多条件,如相对运动速度和润滑特征,而不是一个固定值。相对于当前常用的基于接触距离的摩擦模型,我们提出了一个基于接触压力的摩擦模型。本模型中,接触对的法向接触距离将随着相对滑动速度的变化而变化,从而能用于模拟基于压力的接触摩擦系统并得出良好的模拟效果。
本文对摩擦材料中的粘接、增强、填充、调节体系以及摩擦模型进行研究,并得出以下具有一定创新意义的成果：
(1)加入PF和NBR能够降低BZ的固化温度,并提高其固化材料的耐热性。相应的,P-B-N共聚体系的tan δ宽度和峰值的增加与聚合物间与聚合物和填充增强材料之间更强的交联密度提高有关。玻璃化转变对摩擦磨损行为有明显的影响,测试过程中摩擦系数的明显升高的过程与树脂由玻璃态转变到高弹态的过程相对应。复合材料基体的玻璃化转变导致储能和损耗模量的变化进而对真实接触面积和接触区域的剪切力产生影响,从而导致摩擦力和磨损的变化。而P-B-N复合材料具有较高的玻璃化转变温度从而具有更稳定的摩擦系数和更低的磨损率。
(2)相对于单一增强方式,钛酸钾晶须-陶瓷纤维共增强方式下材料具备更好的热稳定性、摩擦稳定性和耐磨损性能,该机理源于两种增强材料之间具备的协同效应。以玻璃纤维、铜纤维、矿物纤维、芳纶纤维、纳米钛酸钾晶须和片状蛭石等材料构成具有“微米和纳米”尺寸,“一维(纤维)和二维(片状)”形态,“无机和有机”材质等特点的多维复合增强汽车摩擦材料,各增强相之间的互补和协同效应,使这种多维增强结构能将局部应力以多种方式扩散吸收,材料力学和摩擦磨损性能从而得以提高。
(3)加入少量的纳米氧化锆能很好的提高纳米氧化锆/苯并嗯嗪树脂复合材料的热、机械和摩擦磨损性能,且当加氧化锆入量为4%时,纳米复合材料具备较高的摩擦系数和最佳的耐磨性。摩擦系数的温度稳定性随压力的增加而降低。压力稳定性随温度变化,温度越高压力稳定性越差。在玻璃态和高弹态下,摩擦系数随速度的增加而降低,然而在玻璃化转变状态下,摩擦系数随速度的增加而增加。复合材料摩擦系数和压力、温度和速度稳定性与储能模量、损耗模量及基在玻璃化转变下的变化密切相关。这是由于摩擦表面形貌及其力学性质及粘弹性导致的能量耗散的温度依赖性所决定的。
(4)球形和无规则氧化硅增强树脂基复合摩擦材料中,复合材料摩擦系数,衰退和恢复性能均随着氧化硅的增加而增加,相对于普通球形氧化硅,无规则和表面改性球形氧化硅均更有助于提高摩擦系数、改善摩擦系数的抗衰退和恢复能力。树脂基复合材料磨损率随着氧化硅含量的增加而增加,然而球形氧化硅填充复合材料比无规则氧化硅填充复合材料具有更好的耐磨性,而表面改性球形氧化硅填充复合材料具有最佳的耐磨性。无规则氧化硅虽然能够提高复合材料的摩擦系数、抗热衰退和恢复性能,但却导致材料磨损率的增加。而改性球形氧化硅不但能改善复合材料热衰退和恢复性能还能提高材料的耐磨性。
(5)建立了基于接触距离的动态有限元摩擦模型模拟玻璃化转变对摩擦系数的影响,通过材料的玻璃化转变特征解释了材料的摩擦和磨损机理。模拟结果表明接触距离和接触过程中的能量损耗都与玻璃化转变密切联系,接触距离随速度而增加,能量损耗随速度增加而降低,导致切向支反力和摩擦系数随速度的增加而降低。
Typical friction material is constructed by for parts, the binder, reforcement materials, filler and fricition additive materials, and made use of the advantage of fiber, miner and lubrications.
The binders including phenolic (PF), benzoxazine (BZ) and nitrile (NBR) are studied in this paper. The effects of glass-to-rubber transition of resin matrix on the friction and wear characteristics of friction materials is examined, in relation to different types of thermosetting resins and blend resins.
Tribological and thermal behavior of both micrometer-sized ceramic fiber and nanometer-sized potassium titanate whisker (PTV) reinforced automotive brake linings were investigated. The glass fiber, copper fiber, mineral fiber, Kevlar, potassium titanate whisker and vermiculite were used to prepare the multi-reinforced non-asbestos organic (NAO) automotive friction materials. The multi-reinforced materials have the various characters of micro and nano sized structures, one and two dimensions, inorganic and organic natures. The mechanical and friction properties of the automotive friction material were investigated to optimize the experimental condition. It is important to emphasize that the friction performances were studied under the application condition. The reinforcing mechanism was discussed based on the environment scanning electron microscopy observation.
In the present work, nano ZrO2reinforced polybenzoxazine composites were produced. The friction behaviors of ZrO2-polybenzoxazine nanocomposites were evaluated on a Chase Friction Material Test Machine. An attempt was made to examine the effects of the glass-to-rubber transition on the friction and wear characteristics of ZrO2reinforced polybenzoxazine nanocomposites, in relation to the content of zirconium oxide. The thermal and tribological properties of the nanocomposites were measured by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMA) and friction test, respectively. In addition, the friction mechanism of the nanocomposites were proposed based on the experimental and reference results.
A high lever of firciont coefficient of frcion material is perfered. As result, materials such as SiO2, Al2O3, ZrSiO4and MgO were used to improve the firciont coefficient. To further improve the the fricion properties, the friction and wear behavior of friction materials filled with irregular and spherical silica particles is discussed in this paper. In addition, surface treated spherical silica powders were prepared and used as fillers to improve tribological properties of friction materials. Friction coefficient and wear tests in a DSM constant-speed tester were carried out and followed by SEM observations.
Using dynamic finite simulations we investigate how the friction coefficient depends on the sliding speed. The load dependent model we developed is corresponds to common friction systems, which is based on the constant load where the friction couples are sliding under fixed load for various speeds. Here we study the effect of the sliding speed on the contact distance between two contacting bodies. By investigating the energy dissipation of the contact bodies during the sliding process, we show how the friction coefficient is affected by the sliding speed.
Deatails are given follows:
(1) The effects of the glass-to-rubber transition of resin matrices on the friction and wear characteristics of friction materials were investigated. Pure and blend thermosetting resins were examined in the paper. The experimental results revealed that adding PF resin and rubber could lower the curing temperature and improve glass transition temperature of BZ resin. Correspondingly, the increasing temperature and broadening width of tan5peaks for P-B-N resin based friction materials were owing to relatively stronger intermolecular interactions between relatively complete polymer crosslinking network and fibers and other ingredients. P-B-N based friction material occupied relatively higher glass-rubber transition temperature, resulting in better ability to stabilize the friction coefficient and wear rate under relatively higher braking temperature.
(2) Multi-reinforced NAO automotive friction material has the various characters of micro and nano sized structures, one and two dimensions, inorganic and organic natures. The multi-reinforced material under the optimized condition possesses higher impact strength, better wear resistance and friction stability, resulting from the mix and synergistic effect of various reinforced materials. The results revealed that combined fiber-reinforced materials had higher impact strength, friction stability, and wear resistance than those with only one type of fiber.
(3) Additing small amount of nano ZrO2increase the storage modulus and Tg values of the ZrO2-BZ nanocomposites, due to the exceptional mechanical strength of ZrO2particles and the interfacial adhesion between ZrO2and polymer to restrict the segmental motion of polymer. Comparable to the pure resin, the nanocomposites possessed relatively higher COF values with the increase of applied pressure under varying temperatures, which was resulted from the reinforcement of ZrO2resulting in the increased storage modulus and glass transition temperature. The nanocompistes containing4wt%ZrO2occupied relatively higher modulus and glass-rubber transition temperature, resulting in better capability to stabilize the friction coefficient and wear rate under the applied conditions. The results also revealed that the temperature and load sensitivity of nanocomposites increased with the increasing of load and temperature. This behavior was speculated to be due to the effect of the temperature dependence of modulus in the surface topography and strength. But speed sensitivity varies with the temperature, due to the effect of temperature dependence of viscoelastic response in the energy dissipation.
(4) Compared to irregular silica, the spherical silica powders could improve the wear resistance but decrease the friction coefficient. The surface treated spherical silica powder is more effective in the improvement of the wear resistance, fade and recovery properties, but with the similar friction coefficient of irregular silica filled materials. This makes it possible to be used as friction-improving fillers in brake materials. Mechanisms for the improvement are also discussed in this paper.
(5) Using dynamic finite simulations, we developed a load dependent model which is corresponds to common friction systems, and based on the constant load where the friction couples are sliding under fixed load for various speeds. The contact distance increased with the sliding speed. An increase of the sliding speed also leads to a decrease in the polymer chains response time to the contact stress and the increase in storage moduli. The dependence of the reaction force on sliding speed can be rationalized by assuming that the frequency dependence of the polymer chains relaxation times is affected by the damping effects of contact stress. The deformation volume and relaxation times decreased with the increase of the sliding speed, which result in the decrease of energy dissipation.
在所有的组分中,粘接剂具有非常重要的地位,其中酚醛树脂(PF)基摩擦材料受到最广泛的关注和应用。然而酚醛树脂脆性较大且耐热性能有限,以其为基体的摩擦材料容易在350℃下产生较严重的热衰退和磨损。苯并噁嗪树脂(BZ)是一种新型的酚醛树脂,近年来在复合材料领域得到关注,以其为基体的复合材料有高强度、高模量和良好的耐热性能等较多优点,然而由于工艺上的原因,如固化温度过高、固化速度慢等,仍未在摩擦材料领域规模运用。本研究将采用酚醛树脂和丁腈橡胶(NBR)等对苯并噁嗪树脂改性,从而降低其固化温度并改善其热力学性能。聚合物的玻璃化转变会导致模量、强度和其它性能的变化,然而对于玻璃化转变对摩擦和磨损影响的却很少报道。本文研究了玻璃化转变对不同粘接体系的树脂基复合材料摩擦和磨损性能的影响,并建立了树脂热力学与摩擦学行为之间的内在联系。
增强组分对材料强度和摩擦性能均有重要影响。可在摩擦材料中采用纤维、片状和纳米材料进行增强填充。然而由于这类材料单独应用存在性能缺陷,单一的增强方式很难同时满足摩擦系数的速度、温度和压力稳定性和较好耐磨性能的综合性能的要求,一般需要混杂两种以上的增强材料,以满足摩擦材料综合性能要求。研究表明,纤维复合的协同作用有助于降低材料的磨损率,以及更好地提高复合材料的力学性能。然而目前对采用多尺度、多形态的增强材料复合体系的研究尚较薄弱。为了进一步提高摩擦材料摩擦系数的稳定性、强度和耐磨损性能,本研究制备了微米-纳米复合增强陶瓷型摩擦材料,以及具有“微米和纳米”尺度、“一维(纤维)和二维(片状)”形态、“无机和有机”材质的以多尺度、多维度和多材质为特征的多维复合增强体系。通过各增强组分的优势互补,可达到一定的协同效应,从而得到综合性能较好的共增强体系结构。
由于纳米材料填充改性的聚合物类复合材料结合无机材料和有机材料的优点,避免了大尺度复合材料的缺陷,具有较好的热学和力学性能,从而得到较广泛的应用。氧化锆具有高强度、高模量、耐磨损性能好和零热膨胀等一系列优良特点。为提高苯并噁嗪树脂的耐热性和耐磨性,我们在本研究领域首次采用纳米氧化锆对苯并噁嗪树脂复合,制备纳米氧化锆增强苯并噁嗪树脂复合材料,分别对氧化锆含量对复合材料玻璃化转变行为的影响,以及不同氧化锆含量复合材料的玻璃化转变对摩擦、磨损性能的影响进行研究并进行机理分析。
由于要起到传动和制动作用,制动材料要求相对较高的摩擦系数。因此,一些具有磨削性质的材料如SiO2、Al2O3、ZrSiO4、MgO等被加入并在提高传动力和制动力的稳定性方面取得了良好的应用。然而,这类研究主要集中在磨削颗粒尺寸和含量对摩擦磨损性能的影响上,很少关注其颗粒形态。随着对球形化材料研究和应用的深入,纳米和微米球形颗粒填充的复合材料逐渐受到关注。其复合材料显示出很多优异特性,如较高的硬度、高屈服强度和好的耐磨损性能。然而却几乎没有针对采用球形颗粒作为增磨材料的研究。本文针对于此,研究了球形和无规则氧化硅用作增磨材料的应用,分析颗粒的形状对摩擦磨损性能的影响,此外还对球形氧化硅进行表面改性,研究改性对摩擦性能的影响。
在摩擦材料中,摩擦系数的稳定性是一个非常重要的指标。摩擦材料的摩擦系数一般随速度的增加而降低,在高速制动下,该特征表现的更为明显。一系列的研究结果表明摩擦系数不但依赖于环境参数,还与材料自身的弹性、粘弹性和塑性等因素相关。尽管有大量模型用于研究摩擦学过程,由于接触条件、接触形貌和材料特征的复杂性,摩擦学模拟仍旧处于初级阶段。常用的摩擦学模型基于固定的接触距离,但事实上接触距离取决于较多条件,如相对运动速度和润滑特征,而不是一个固定值。相对于当前常用的基于接触距离的摩擦模型,我们提出了一个基于接触压力的摩擦模型。本模型中,接触对的法向接触距离将随着相对滑动速度的变化而变化,从而能用于模拟基于压力的接触摩擦系统并得出良好的模拟效果。
本文对摩擦材料中的粘接、增强、填充、调节体系以及摩擦模型进行研究,并得出以下具有一定创新意义的成果：
(1)加入PF和NBR能够降低BZ的固化温度,并提高其固化材料的耐热性。相应的,P-B-N共聚体系的tan δ宽度和峰值的增加与聚合物间与聚合物和填充增强材料之间更强的交联密度提高有关。玻璃化转变对摩擦磨损行为有明显的影响,测试过程中摩擦系数的明显升高的过程与树脂由玻璃态转变到高弹态的过程相对应。复合材料基体的玻璃化转变导致储能和损耗模量的变化进而对真实接触面积和接触区域的剪切力产生影响,从而导致摩擦力和磨损的变化。而P-B-N复合材料具有较高的玻璃化转变温度从而具有更稳定的摩擦系数和更低的磨损率。
(2)相对于单一增强方式,钛酸钾晶须-陶瓷纤维共增强方式下材料具备更好的热稳定性、摩擦稳定性和耐磨损性能,该机理源于两种增强材料之间具备的协同效应。以玻璃纤维、铜纤维、矿物纤维、芳纶纤维、纳米钛酸钾晶须和片状蛭石等材料构成具有“微米和纳米”尺寸,“一维(纤维)和二维(片状)”形态,“无机和有机”材质等特点的多维复合增强汽车摩擦材料,各增强相之间的互补和协同效应,使这种多维增强结构能将局部应力以多种方式扩散吸收,材料力学和摩擦磨损性能从而得以提高。
(3)加入少量的纳米氧化锆能很好的提高纳米氧化锆/苯并嗯嗪树脂复合材料的热、机械和摩擦磨损性能,且当加氧化锆入量为4%时,纳米复合材料具备较高的摩擦系数和最佳的耐磨性。摩擦系数的温度稳定性随压力的增加而降低。压力稳定性随温度变化,温度越高压力稳定性越差。在玻璃态和高弹态下,摩擦系数随速度的增加而降低,然而在玻璃化转变状态下,摩擦系数随速度的增加而增加。复合材料摩擦系数和压力、温度和速度稳定性与储能模量、损耗模量及基在玻璃化转变下的变化密切相关。这是由于摩擦表面形貌及其力学性质及粘弹性导致的能量耗散的温度依赖性所决定的。
(4)球形和无规则氧化硅增强树脂基复合摩擦材料中,复合材料摩擦系数,衰退和恢复性能均随着氧化硅的增加而增加,相对于普通球形氧化硅,无规则和表面改性球形氧化硅均更有助于提高摩擦系数、改善摩擦系数的抗衰退和恢复能力。树脂基复合材料磨损率随着氧化硅含量的增加而增加,然而球形氧化硅填充复合材料比无规则氧化硅填充复合材料具有更好的耐磨性,而表面改性球形氧化硅填充复合材料具有最佳的耐磨性。无规则氧化硅虽然能够提高复合材料的摩擦系数、抗热衰退和恢复性能,但却导致材料磨损率的增加。而改性球形氧化硅不但能改善复合材料热衰退和恢复性能还能提高材料的耐磨性。
(5)建立了基于接触距离的动态有限元摩擦模型模拟玻璃化转变对摩擦系数的影响,通过材料的玻璃化转变特征解释了材料的摩擦和磨损机理。模拟结果表明接触距离和接触过程中的能量损耗都与玻璃化转变密切联系,接触距离随速度而增加,能量损耗随速度增加而降低,导致切向支反力和摩擦系数随速度的增加而降低。
Typical friction material is constructed by for parts, the binder, reforcement materials, filler and fricition additive materials, and made use of the advantage of fiber, miner and lubrications.
The binders including phenolic (PF), benzoxazine (BZ) and nitrile (NBR) are studied in this paper. The effects of glass-to-rubber transition of resin matrix on the friction and wear characteristics of friction materials is examined, in relation to different types of thermosetting resins and blend resins.
Tribological and thermal behavior of both micrometer-sized ceramic fiber and nanometer-sized potassium titanate whisker (PTV) reinforced automotive brake linings were investigated. The glass fiber, copper fiber, mineral fiber, Kevlar, potassium titanate whisker and vermiculite were used to prepare the multi-reinforced non-asbestos organic (NAO) automotive friction materials. The multi-reinforced materials have the various characters of micro and nano sized structures, one and two dimensions, inorganic and organic natures. The mechanical and friction properties of the automotive friction material were investigated to optimize the experimental condition. It is important to emphasize that the friction performances were studied under the application condition. The reinforcing mechanism was discussed based on the environment scanning electron microscopy observation.
In the present work, nano ZrO2reinforced polybenzoxazine composites were produced. The friction behaviors of ZrO2-polybenzoxazine nanocomposites were evaluated on a Chase Friction Material Test Machine. An attempt was made to examine the effects of the glass-to-rubber transition on the friction and wear characteristics of ZrO2reinforced polybenzoxazine nanocomposites, in relation to the content of zirconium oxide. The thermal and tribological properties of the nanocomposites were measured by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMA) and friction test, respectively. In addition, the friction mechanism of the nanocomposites were proposed based on the experimental and reference results.
A high lever of firciont coefficient of frcion material is perfered. As result, materials such as SiO2, Al2O3, ZrSiO4and MgO were used to improve the firciont coefficient. To further improve the the fricion properties, the friction and wear behavior of friction materials filled with irregular and spherical silica particles is discussed in this paper. In addition, surface treated spherical silica powders were prepared and used as fillers to improve tribological properties of friction materials. Friction coefficient and wear tests in a DSM constant-speed tester were carried out and followed by SEM observations.
Using dynamic finite simulations we investigate how the friction coefficient depends on the sliding speed. The load dependent model we developed is corresponds to common friction systems, which is based on the constant load where the friction couples are sliding under fixed load for various speeds. Here we study the effect of the sliding speed on the contact distance between two contacting bodies. By investigating the energy dissipation of the contact bodies during the sliding process, we show how the friction coefficient is affected by the sliding speed.
Deatails are given follows:
(1) The effects of the glass-to-rubber transition of resin matrices on the friction and wear characteristics of friction materials were investigated. Pure and blend thermosetting resins were examined in the paper. The experimental results revealed that adding PF resin and rubber could lower the curing temperature and improve glass transition temperature of BZ resin. Correspondingly, the increasing temperature and broadening width of tan5peaks for P-B-N resin based friction materials were owing to relatively stronger intermolecular interactions between relatively complete polymer crosslinking network and fibers and other ingredients. P-B-N based friction material occupied relatively higher glass-rubber transition temperature, resulting in better ability to stabilize the friction coefficient and wear rate under relatively higher braking temperature.
(2) Multi-reinforced NAO automotive friction material has the various characters of micro and nano sized structures, one and two dimensions, inorganic and organic natures. The multi-reinforced material under the optimized condition possesses higher impact strength, better wear resistance and friction stability, resulting from the mix and synergistic effect of various reinforced materials. The results revealed that combined fiber-reinforced materials had higher impact strength, friction stability, and wear resistance than those with only one type of fiber.
(3) Additing small amount of nano ZrO2increase the storage modulus and Tg values of the ZrO2-BZ nanocomposites, due to the exceptional mechanical strength of ZrO2particles and the interfacial adhesion between ZrO2and polymer to restrict the segmental motion of polymer. Comparable to the pure resin, the nanocomposites possessed relatively higher COF values with the increase of applied pressure under varying temperatures, which was resulted from the reinforcement of ZrO2resulting in the increased storage modulus and glass transition temperature. The nanocompistes containing4wt%ZrO2occupied relatively higher modulus and glass-rubber transition temperature, resulting in better capability to stabilize the friction coefficient and wear rate under the applied conditions. The results also revealed that the temperature and load sensitivity of nanocomposites increased with the increasing of load and temperature. This behavior was speculated to be due to the effect of the temperature dependence of modulus in the surface topography and strength. But speed sensitivity varies with the temperature, due to the effect of temperature dependence of viscoelastic response in the energy dissipation.
(4) Compared to irregular silica, the spherical silica powders could improve the wear resistance but decrease the friction coefficient. The surface treated spherical silica powder is more effective in the improvement of the wear resistance, fade and recovery properties, but with the similar friction coefficient of irregular silica filled materials. This makes it possible to be used as friction-improving fillers in brake materials. Mechanisms for the improvement are also discussed in this paper.
(5) Using dynamic finite simulations, we developed a load dependent model which is corresponds to common friction systems, and based on the constant load where the friction couples are sliding under fixed load for various speeds. The contact distance increased with the sliding speed. An increase of the sliding speed also leads to a decrease in the polymer chains response time to the contact stress and the increase in storage moduli. The dependence of the reaction force on sliding speed can be rationalized by assuming that the frequency dependence of the polymer chains relaxation times is affected by the damping effects of contact stress. The deformation volume and relaxation times decreased with the increase of the sliding speed, which result in the decrease of energy dissipation.
引文
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