耕地分等定级研究与基本农田保护区管理信息系统的建立
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摘要
随着人口的迅速增长和自然资源的不断消耗,可持续发展已经成为全球共同关注的重大课题,各项可持续发展的研究课题也在各个领域得到了迅速开展。耕地是一种不可再生的资源,是农业生产活动的基础,如何合理利用和有效保护耕地资源对我国这样一个人口众多,耕地资源又十分缺乏的国家来说显得十分重要。一方面,由于不断的城市化进程,大量的耕地被征用为建设用地,2001年全国建设占用耕地16.37万公顷;另一方面,是由于人为地不合理开发和过度利用造成了严重的水土流失,全国耕地面积占土地面积的13.7%,而其水土流失面积约占全国水土流失面积的33.3%,每年的土壤流失量是全国的66.7%,比全国平均比例分别高山约2.5倍和5倍,所以耕地的生态问题远比其他类型土地的生态问题严重,导致生态环境日趋恶化,生态平衡受到严重破坏。
     因此进行耕地分等定级工作是合理利用耕地资源的前提,评价结果将为提出一个合理的土地利用方案提供科学的参考,对优质耕地,适于种植的良田划为基本农田保护区;对耕作条件较差,但还有利用价值的耕地要进行有效的耕地改良措施,提高地力,改善耕作条件;对影响生态平衡,破坏生态环境,造成严重水土流失的坡耕地要有计划的实行退耕还林或退耕还草。
     地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,简称GIS)是二十世纪六十年代随着计算机技术的发展而产生并迅猛发展起来的一门全新技术。目前已广泛应用于地理(空间)信息的所有领域。由于GIS技术将空间数据和属性数据有机的结合起来,并具有强大的空间分析功能,因此将GIS技术用到耕地分等定级中来具有十分重要的研究意义和实用价值。
     本论文以浙江省仙居县缄关镇为例,利用土地利用现状图、地形图、土壤图,土壤成土母质和土体构型类型图,结合社会和经济资料,在ArcInfo8.1、hrcView3.1、MapInfo5.0等软件的支持下,运用ArcInfo8.1强大的空间分析功能对仙居县城关镇的耕地进行了分等定
    
     中文摘要
     级研究,具体内容包括以下几方面:
     .基础数据库的建立 将耕地分等定级所需的仙居县城关镇各
     种空间数据和属性数据进行分类、编码、输入、编辑,建立空间数据库
     和属性数据库。具体内容包括土地利用现状矢量图、利用地形图提取等
     高线建立城关镇的数字高程模地(TIN)、十壤欠量图、十壤成十母质和
     十体构型类吧欠量图的生成。
     .评价因子的分级和编码 根据评价囚于对耕地质量的影响程
     度,将评价因于的值进行分级。客观上这种等级指数存在着一定的差异,
     并且这种功级指数同耕地质量之间的差异有很人的相关性,这是对耕地
     进行分等定级前提。
     .评价因子的量化 为了在Arcview3.l 卜便丁分析和最后评价
     结果的量化表达,在对评价因于进行分级的基础上,将参评囚于进行量
     化处理,分别赋予各个等级具体的分值。
     .评价困子权重的确定 本研究采用层次分析法确定各评价冈
     于的权重。通过对评价因子进行分类,并根据对耕地质量的影响程度大
     小层层确定权重,并用CR检验权重是否合理,这减少了人为确定权重
     的主观性。
     .评价单元的确定 本研究采川 10 X 10米的栅格作为评价单
     元,每一种X茧数据都经过巫采样生成统一规格的栅格文件,可准确进
     行栅格图层叠加,克服了矢量数据叠加之后图斑极为破碎的缺点。
     .评价方法的选取 在评价单元确定为 10X 10米的栅格之后,
     将获得的各评价因于栅格图在Arclnfos.l软件的Arclnfo worksat1On
     的 Arcgrid tR块H用 outgrid=combine(ingridl,ingridZ,·,…·)命令
     对八幅同样像元大小的评价因子图进行叠加,对生成的属性表用“加权
     指数求和法”对其进行分析得到了每个像元的值,再确定耕地的等级。
     .评价囚子值的获取 从基础数据库中的TIN提取耕地的坡度、
     坡向和海拔高度评价因子的数据:从土壤图上提取耕地的士壤类型数
     据;从土壤成土母质和士体构型类型图上提取土壤的成土母质和土体构
     型评价因子的数据:从土地利用现状图中提取出河流和交通主干道,在
     互工且
     S
    
     中文摘要
     ArcVie。3.1软件下运用其缓冲区功能,提取出耕地的交通条件和灌溉条
Sustainable development has become a fucos matter in the whole world, a variaty of study items is being put in practice. Crop land is the basis of agriculure produce, and which is not a regenerative resourse. It is very important how to make use of and protect it effectively to our coutry, which has many people and little crop land. On the one hand, a lot of high qulity crop lands have been occupied as a result of city expanding, on the other hand, water and soil have been eroding as a result of unreasonable exploitation, zoology environment has beening destroyed. So the work of class assessement of crop land is the premise of reasonable utilizing. The blue print of land use will be according as The assessment result, on the one hand , the excellent land will be proctected, on the other hand, the crop land, which bring to erode of water and soil, will be resume forest.
    Geographic Information System (GIS) is a wholly new advanced spatial technique, which took its place in 1960s and has been developing swiftly and violently with the development of computer technolgy. So far, it has been applied in almost all areas dealing with geographical or spatial information. A study on the class assessement of crop land has important theory and practice value. It can afford fast,handy and exact information for the land management department because the capablity of linking the spatial data and attribute data.
    This resarch was conducted at chengguan town in xianju county of zhejiang province. With the support of ArcInfoS.l, ArcView3.1, MapInfoS.O software, basic data in the study area has been established, which including soil map, land
    
    
    
    use map, contour map etc. And based on the database, the crop land class evaluation has been attained as follows:
     basic database establishment
    the design of database includes objectives, principle,demand, analysis conception and logical structure designs, data classification and data coding. It mainly include the foundation of TIN, and the item of the grade, slope and highness has been attained from it.
     Grade and coding of evaluate item
    According to the impact of evaluate item to the arable land quality, which were graded. The grade index is different objectively, and grade index has great correlation with arable land quality, which is premise of Grade-Determination of Arable Land.
     Quantization of evaluate item
    On the base of the grade of evaluate items, which were endowed with number.
     deciding the impact of item
    There are many methods to decide the impact of item, for example expert analysis method, Fuzzy Integrated Method. This reseach adopt the layer analysis method to decide the impact of item.
     deciding the evaluate cell
    The cell of 10 X 10 meter was conducted in this research, very vector map has been resampled to the same standard grid map. Different scale map can be used in this study, and the grid map can be exactly piled up.
     the choice of evaluate method
    The index accumulation method has conducted to evaluate land class, the integrated scores were counted and were decided the class of crop land.
     get the evaluate item's number
    get the number of slope .aspect and elevation from tin; get number of soil type from soil map.
    
    
    
     result of grade-determination of arable land
    The arable land , whose slope are less than 25 degree, are graded four grade According to the principle. The first grade arable land 725.41 hectares, the second grade arable land 1283.77 hectares, the third grade arable land 164.04 hectares, he forth grade arable land 34.17 hectares. The arable land whose slope exceed 25 degree would afforestated.
     compare the result of grade-determination of arable land with the result of basic farmland zone
    the result of analyzeing: the basic farmland zone account for the first grade arable land 557.28 hectares, the second grade arable land 817.93 hectares, the third grade arable land 135.86 hectares, he forth grade arable land 31.32 hectares, the afforestated land 86.14 hectares.
     establishing on Basic farmlan
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