香溪河流域土地利用与水土流失的关系研究
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摘要
随着社会和经济的发展,区域土地利用状况发生了变化,这也给水土流失的产生和发展带来影响。将“3S”技术应用于水土流失快速调查,可及时、准确掌握水土流失现状,通过对土地利用与水土流失变化关系的研究,探索其耦合机理,对了解水土流失变化规律,有效防治水土流失有着积极的理论和现实意义,同时也为研究区水土流失防治思路和目标的确定,加快生态建设工作步伐提供了技术支撑。
长江是我国流域面积最大的河流,但是长期以来,由于自然和人为因素的影响,流域水土流失问题十分严重,而且主要集中在上游地区。本文以上游的三峡库区香溪河流域为研究对象,综合运用“3S”技术、景观生态学、灰色系统理论、Mann-Kendall秩次趋势分析法等,开展了土地利用动态变化与水土流失时空变化过程关系的研究,取得如下结论:
(1)提出了区域土壤侵蚀强度及其影响因子有效提取的技术途径和方法。基于“3S”技术,通过人机交互结合计算机半自动解译、绿色生物量指标结合野外标志校正、土壤侵蚀强度空间分析等技术手段,可实现土地利用类型、植被覆盖度、土壤侵蚀强度的有效提取,野外复核正确率达89.1%。
(2)建立了土地利用状况动态变化评价方法体系。利用空间动态度分析、马尔可夫转移模型计算、景观格局分析等方法,可系统地评价土地利用状况的动态变化。研究表明:1988至1999年间,土地利用各类型都存在着相互转移,其中以耕地向林地、草灌、园地转移和草灌向林地、耕地转移为主,陡坡地退耕还林100.73 km2,转为草灌65.18 km2,改为园地48.44 km2等;土地利用类型景观破碎度在增加,土地利用格局由简单向复杂转变,景观斑块平均密度由1.73增到16.19。
(3)建立了土壤侵蚀时空变化过程评价方法体系。利用土壤侵蚀强度变化速率分析、空间重心转移分析、空间结构分形特征及稳定性分析等,可有效地分析土壤侵蚀强度时空变异过程。研究表明:各侵蚀强度等级年变化率由大到小排列次序为微度、极强度、强度、剧烈、中度、轻度;各强度等级斑块平均重心呈纬度变化幅度大于经度变化幅度的空间变化特征;除微度侵蚀外,其余侵蚀等级图斑的稳定性指数均呈增加趋势,表明各侵蚀等级在朝微度方向发展,水土流失状况趋于好转。
(4)初步阐明了不同土地利用类型与土壤侵蚀强度的耦合关系。研究表明:不同土地利用类型具有不同的土壤侵蚀率,侵蚀率较大的是园地、耕地、林地与草灌,而居民点、交通用地、水域等侵蚀率较小;景观格局平均形状指数和图斑数对土壤侵蚀结构的分维影响最大,而平均图斑面积对水土流失结构的分维影响较小。
(5)初步探讨了流域水土流失驱动因素及其定量分析方法。研究表明:自二十世纪八十年代末以来,香溪河支流高岚河小流域的径流量和输沙量均呈5a平均值下降趋势;香溪河流域输沙量变化中人为作用贡献率为53.8%,而自然因素贡献率为46.2%,引起香溪河流域输沙量变化的主要原因为人为因素。
With the development of the economy and society, land use condition changed and has affected the soil erosion process. Applied the“3S”technology to the soil loss fast investigate can help the government to hold the soil loss actuality in time and exactly. Through the study on the relationships between land use and soil loss variation, exploring the couple mechanism of the land use and soil loss variation, analyzing the soil loss development trend and rule, has the very important theory and practical meaning to learn the soil loss variation disciplinarian and soil and water conservation, at the same time, it can be support definitude the train of thoughts of soil and water conservation and expedite the ecosystem construction.
Changjiang River is the longest and largest basin in China. But, its soil erosion problem is very serious due to the dual effects of natural and artificial factors, according to investigation, soil erosion is mainly distributing in the up-stream of the Changjiang River. Taken Xiangxi River watershed of three gorges region as research object, using 3S technology, landscape ecology, gray system theory, and Mann-Kendall order trend analysis method, research on the coupling relation between dynamic change of land use and the spatial-temporal change process of soil and water loss was implemented, and the conclusions were as following:
(1) The technique approach and method for distilling regional soil erosion intensity and its factors were put forward. On the basic of 3-S technology, and by human-machine alternation and combined with half automatic interpretation of computer, and by biology biomass index combined with field indication calibration, and spatial analysis of soil erosion intensity, the effective extraction of land use type, vegetation cover index, soil erosion intensity could be realized, and the accuracy of field check amounted to 89.1%.
(2) Evaluation method system on dynamic change of land use situation was established. By analysis of spatial dynamic degree, calculation of Markov diversion model, and landscape pattern analysis, the dynamic change of land use situation could be systematically evaluated. The research showed that, from 1988 to 1999, mutual diversion existed among different land use types, in which, the diversion from farmland to woodland, grassland and horticulture, and the diversion from grassland to woodland and farmland were dominating; steep slope field was changed to woodland, grassland, and garden plot with the area of 100.73 km2, 65.18 km2, and 48.44 km2 respectively; the fragment index of landscape for different land use types was increasing, and its structure became complex from simple; the figure spot density of landscape increased from 1.73 to 16.19, the diversity index decreased from 1.69 to 1.56.
(3) The evaluation method system for spatio-temporal change process of soil erosion was established. By analysis of change velocity of soil erosion intensity, analysis of spatial barycenter diversion, analysis of fractal characteristic and its stability of spatial structure, spatio-temporal change process of soil erosion intensity could be analyzed effectively. The research showed that, the annual change ratio of erosion intensity class was ranked as tiny, intense, tempestuously, moderate, and light; the change of average figure spot barycenter of each soil erosion intensity class at longitude was bigger than that at latitude; except tiny erosion, the figure spots of other erosion intensity class had the increasing trend, which showed that each erosion class developed toward tiny erosion, and the situation of soil and water loss was becoming better.
(4) The coupling relation between land use type and soil erosion intense was initially clarified. Research showed that different soil erosion types had different soil erosion ratio; the soil erosion ratio of horticulture, farmland, forest, grass land and bush land, was bigger, while that of residential area, traffic land, and water area was small; the dimension effect of average figure index and figure spots of landscape pattern on soil erosion structure was most, however, that of average figure area was small.
(5) The driving factors and its quantitative analysis method for soil and water loss were initially discussed. Which showed that the 5-year average of the runoff and sandiness in Gaolanhe small watershed, the branch of Xiangxi River, took on a decline trend since the end of 1980; and that the contribution rate of artificial action to the sediment transfer in Xiangxi River watershed was 53.8%, and that of natural factors was 46.2%, therefore, the main reasons that aroused the sandiness transfer change of Xiangxi River watershed were artificial factors.
长江是我国流域面积最大的河流,但是长期以来,由于自然和人为因素的影响,流域水土流失问题十分严重,而且主要集中在上游地区。本文以上游的三峡库区香溪河流域为研究对象,综合运用“3S”技术、景观生态学、灰色系统理论、Mann-Kendall秩次趋势分析法等,开展了土地利用动态变化与水土流失时空变化过程关系的研究,取得如下结论:
(1)提出了区域土壤侵蚀强度及其影响因子有效提取的技术途径和方法。基于“3S”技术,通过人机交互结合计算机半自动解译、绿色生物量指标结合野外标志校正、土壤侵蚀强度空间分析等技术手段,可实现土地利用类型、植被覆盖度、土壤侵蚀强度的有效提取,野外复核正确率达89.1%。
(2)建立了土地利用状况动态变化评价方法体系。利用空间动态度分析、马尔可夫转移模型计算、景观格局分析等方法,可系统地评价土地利用状况的动态变化。研究表明:1988至1999年间,土地利用各类型都存在着相互转移,其中以耕地向林地、草灌、园地转移和草灌向林地、耕地转移为主,陡坡地退耕还林100.73 km2,转为草灌65.18 km2,改为园地48.44 km2等;土地利用类型景观破碎度在增加,土地利用格局由简单向复杂转变,景观斑块平均密度由1.73增到16.19。
(3)建立了土壤侵蚀时空变化过程评价方法体系。利用土壤侵蚀强度变化速率分析、空间重心转移分析、空间结构分形特征及稳定性分析等,可有效地分析土壤侵蚀强度时空变异过程。研究表明:各侵蚀强度等级年变化率由大到小排列次序为微度、极强度、强度、剧烈、中度、轻度;各强度等级斑块平均重心呈纬度变化幅度大于经度变化幅度的空间变化特征;除微度侵蚀外,其余侵蚀等级图斑的稳定性指数均呈增加趋势,表明各侵蚀等级在朝微度方向发展,水土流失状况趋于好转。
(4)初步阐明了不同土地利用类型与土壤侵蚀强度的耦合关系。研究表明:不同土地利用类型具有不同的土壤侵蚀率,侵蚀率较大的是园地、耕地、林地与草灌,而居民点、交通用地、水域等侵蚀率较小;景观格局平均形状指数和图斑数对土壤侵蚀结构的分维影响最大,而平均图斑面积对水土流失结构的分维影响较小。
(5)初步探讨了流域水土流失驱动因素及其定量分析方法。研究表明:自二十世纪八十年代末以来,香溪河支流高岚河小流域的径流量和输沙量均呈5a平均值下降趋势;香溪河流域输沙量变化中人为作用贡献率为53.8%,而自然因素贡献率为46.2%,引起香溪河流域输沙量变化的主要原因为人为因素。
With the development of the economy and society, land use condition changed and has affected the soil erosion process. Applied the“3S”technology to the soil loss fast investigate can help the government to hold the soil loss actuality in time and exactly. Through the study on the relationships between land use and soil loss variation, exploring the couple mechanism of the land use and soil loss variation, analyzing the soil loss development trend and rule, has the very important theory and practical meaning to learn the soil loss variation disciplinarian and soil and water conservation, at the same time, it can be support definitude the train of thoughts of soil and water conservation and expedite the ecosystem construction.
Changjiang River is the longest and largest basin in China. But, its soil erosion problem is very serious due to the dual effects of natural and artificial factors, according to investigation, soil erosion is mainly distributing in the up-stream of the Changjiang River. Taken Xiangxi River watershed of three gorges region as research object, using 3S technology, landscape ecology, gray system theory, and Mann-Kendall order trend analysis method, research on the coupling relation between dynamic change of land use and the spatial-temporal change process of soil and water loss was implemented, and the conclusions were as following:
(1) The technique approach and method for distilling regional soil erosion intensity and its factors were put forward. On the basic of 3-S technology, and by human-machine alternation and combined with half automatic interpretation of computer, and by biology biomass index combined with field indication calibration, and spatial analysis of soil erosion intensity, the effective extraction of land use type, vegetation cover index, soil erosion intensity could be realized, and the accuracy of field check amounted to 89.1%.
(2) Evaluation method system on dynamic change of land use situation was established. By analysis of spatial dynamic degree, calculation of Markov diversion model, and landscape pattern analysis, the dynamic change of land use situation could be systematically evaluated. The research showed that, from 1988 to 1999, mutual diversion existed among different land use types, in which, the diversion from farmland to woodland, grassland and horticulture, and the diversion from grassland to woodland and farmland were dominating; steep slope field was changed to woodland, grassland, and garden plot with the area of 100.73 km2, 65.18 km2, and 48.44 km2 respectively; the fragment index of landscape for different land use types was increasing, and its structure became complex from simple; the figure spot density of landscape increased from 1.73 to 16.19, the diversity index decreased from 1.69 to 1.56.
(3) The evaluation method system for spatio-temporal change process of soil erosion was established. By analysis of change velocity of soil erosion intensity, analysis of spatial barycenter diversion, analysis of fractal characteristic and its stability of spatial structure, spatio-temporal change process of soil erosion intensity could be analyzed effectively. The research showed that, the annual change ratio of erosion intensity class was ranked as tiny, intense, tempestuously, moderate, and light; the change of average figure spot barycenter of each soil erosion intensity class at longitude was bigger than that at latitude; except tiny erosion, the figure spots of other erosion intensity class had the increasing trend, which showed that each erosion class developed toward tiny erosion, and the situation of soil and water loss was becoming better.
(4) The coupling relation between land use type and soil erosion intense was initially clarified. Research showed that different soil erosion types had different soil erosion ratio; the soil erosion ratio of horticulture, farmland, forest, grass land and bush land, was bigger, while that of residential area, traffic land, and water area was small; the dimension effect of average figure index and figure spots of landscape pattern on soil erosion structure was most, however, that of average figure area was small.
(5) The driving factors and its quantitative analysis method for soil and water loss were initially discussed. Which showed that the 5-year average of the runoff and sandiness in Gaolanhe small watershed, the branch of Xiangxi River, took on a decline trend since the end of 1980; and that the contribution rate of artificial action to the sediment transfer in Xiangxi River watershed was 53.8%, and that of natural factors was 46.2%, therefore, the main reasons that aroused the sandiness transfer change of Xiangxi River watershed were artificial factors.
引文
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